Spraying Of Plants Research Articles

Exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide alleviates drought stress in cucumber seedlings

Drought limits plant growth and crop yield worldwide and more frequent occurrences of water shortages are expected according to climate change projections. However, relatively little is known about whether the spraying of plants leaves with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) would alleviate the symptoms of drought stress. In this study, 3-week-old cucumber seedlings exposed to different soil water contents (non-limiting soil water conditions, medium drought, and severe drought) were foliar-sprayed with 1.5mM H2O2. Growth, photosynthesis and oxidative defense system were determined after one week of treatment. Results showed that exogenous H2O2 significantly increased biomass, leaf relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content, coupled with increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn), especially under medium drought. Meanwhile, superoxide anion radicals (O2−), electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased whereas the activities of key antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) as well as soluble sugar and proline contents increased in H2O2-treated plants. Hence, exogenously applied H2O2 considerably improved drought tolerance of cucumber plants by increasing the plant antioxidative defense system and the capacity for osmotic adjustment to alleviate membrane lipid peroxidation and to reestablish cell turgor, and thereby increasing photosynthesis, particularly under medium drought.

The influence of NANO-GRO® organic stimulator on the yielding and fruit quality of field tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Abstract The effect of different methods of NANO-GRO® application on tomato plant growth and yield and its quality was determined. Four treatments were used: soaking seeds with NANO-GRO®, plants spraying, double application: soaking seeds + plants spraying and a control without NANO-GRO®. The cultivar Mieszko F1 was used for the study. A significant influence of NANO-GRO® application method on tomato plant growth, yield and quality was observed. Pre-sowing application positively influenced plant height and the thickness of the stems. The highest total and marketable yield was observed in plants whose seeds were soaked with NANO-GRO® (respectively 87.02 and 53.13 t ha−1) and in those with double application (respectively 73.48 and 45.67 t ha−1). The lowest marketable yield was found in the plants from the control (37.01 t ha−1). The highest lycopene content compared to the control was measured in fruits from plants sprayed with NANO-GRO®.

İşletmelerde Pamuk Üretim Tekniği ve Girdi Kullanım Durumu: Antalya İli Örneği

This study was aimed to examine the cotton production techniques and determined of input use in the cotton production. The primary data used in research was obtained from 94 cotton-growing farms by surveying method in the Antalya province. The data belonged to 2011 production period. In the research area 95.74% of agricultural farms made conventional farming. It was determined that cotton seed was used 2.43 kg per decares and 27.7% of farmers had soil analysis and 24.5% of them applied fertilizer according to the analyses. It was determined that the average fertilizer applications per decares were 24.9 kg nitrogen, 17.2 kg phosphorus, 8.2 kg potassium and 0.5 kg sulfur fertilizer. It was calculated that the average number of plant spraying 5.4, the number of irrigation 4.53 in the cotton cultivation. The application level of water-saving irrigation techniques of farmers was low(2.12% of farmers used drip and sprinkler irrigation system). Labor force was used as 53.95 hours and machine was calculated as 3.06 hours per decares. Mechanization of the cotton harvest increased. It was determined that 47.87% of farmers did not receive consultancy services; 22.34% of farmers were knowledgeable about the concept of integrated pest management and 41.5% of farmers were knowledgeable about good agricultural practices in the region. In order to increase the production of cotton in the region; new varieties which will be compatible to the region, higher levels of yield, resistant to disease and pests should be developed and farmers should be informed about technical applications by extension personnel.

Effect of UV radiation and artificial acid rain on productivity of wheat

Responses of physiological parameters to UV irradiation of seeds and acid spraying of plants grown from them have been studied in several wheat species. It has been shown that, in a given species, presowing UV irradiation alone and combined UV and acid treatment generally produce a similar effect. Moreover, they have no significant influence on the yielding capacity of most species and, in some cases, even improve this parameter. All the species studied may be regarded as tolerant of these stress factors.

Silicon, acibenzolar-S-methyl and potassium phosphite in the control of brown spot in rice

This study investigated the effects of silicon (Si), acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), and potassium phosphite (Phi) on the potentiation of rice resistance to infection by Bipolaris oryzae. The treatments included the soil amended with Si (1.25 g of calcium silicate per kg of soil), spraying of plants with ASM (500 mg∙L–1), Phi (5 mL∙L–1), and distilled water (control) 24 h before inoculation with B. oryzae. The treatments Si supply and the spraying of ASM and Phi were effective in reducing the area under brown spot progress curve and the number of lesions per cm2 of leaf. Polyphenoloxidases activity was higher for plants supplied with Si. On plants sprayed with ASM, the activities of polyphenoloxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-lyases, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanases increased. The spraying of plants with Phi did not increase the activities of the studied defense enzymes. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that brown spot symptoms can be greatly reduced with the use of Si, ASM, and Phi.

IMPORTANCE OF KINETIN FOR SOME GROWTH CHARACTERS OF Zea mays L. UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITION

A field experiment was conducted during two seasons Spring and Autums 2014 at the expermeatal field of Field crop Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad to study the importance of Kinetin for some traits of Zea mays L. under water stress condition , by using randomized complete Block Design in the arrangement of a split-plot with three replications . Skipping irrigation elongation T2, emergence of aers T3, 10% flowering feminization T4, milk stage T5, and dough stage T6 . All these treatments were irrigated when 85% of the available water was depleted with control treatment T1 which was irrigated when 50% of the available water was depleted , were assigned as a main plots while the Kinetin spray in the six and ten leaves stages K1,K2 in addition to without spray K0 treatment were assigned as a sub-plots. The results showed that Skipping irrigation at Elongation, and 10% flowering feminization led to lower average plant height, leaf area , leaf area indx , Dry matter yield , growth rate and the dry weight of the root. The plant spray with Kinetin at ten leaves stage gave the highest average of plant height(160.8 , 157.09 cm) , leaf area (5783 , 5872 cm2) , leaf area index (4.13 , 4.19 ) , plant dry weight (186.26 , 196.05 gm.plant-1) , crop growth rate (16.83 , 20.89 (gm.m2)-1.day-1) and root dry weight (26.14 , 26.77 gm.plant-1) for both season respectively . Therefor we recomned the necessity to irrigate in the following stages Elongation, emergence of Areanas, and specialy 10% flowering feminization , in addition to possibility of spray Zea mays plant with kinetin to improre tolerate of water stress.

Enhancement of yield, nutritional and nutraceutical properties of two common bean cultivars following the application of seaweed extract (Ecklonia maxima)

In the present study, application of Ecklonia maxima extract (Kelpak SL – a water soluble concentrate) was optimized and its impact on yield, nutraceutical and nutritional potential of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (var. Aura and Toska) was measured. The study was carried out in 2012 and 2013 in Poland. During the growing season, 0.2% and 0.4% solution of Kelpak SL was applied by single and double spraying of plants. These four treatments with Kelpak SL were compared with the control, where no biostimulator was applied. Kelpak SL treatments stimulated the yield of both cultivars studied. The application of E. maxima extract had no effect on the content of starch, free sugars or proteins in seeds of either of the tested cultivars. The highest level of phenolics was found for double sprayed Toska plants. All the tested variants of Kelpak SL application significantly increased the content of anthocyanins in the seeds. Also, both the reducing power and antiradical ability of Aura seeds were elevated in all the studied treatments. E. maxima extract is a natural, environmentally friendly and safe preparation increasing the yield and nutraceutical quality of beans without any negative effect on their nutritional quality.

Effects of foliar application of nano-fertile fertilizer containing humic acid on growth, yield and nutrient concentration of mint (Mentha sativa) in aquaponic system

Due to recent droughts in Iran and other parts of the world and consequently limited water resources, tending to aquaponic system, in which fish and plants grow together, is a logical and practical method. For this reason, in the current experiment, possibility of mint planting in aquaponic system and the effects of applying nano-fertile fertilizer containing 60% humic acid on its growth was investigated. Mint rhizomes were planted in pure-perlite-contained pots and after reaching trnsferable stage, the plants were transferred to course-sand medium of aquaponic system. Nanofertile fertilizer concentrations for foliar spray were 0 (control), 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L, with 100 mL for each treatment. Foliar application was continued every week, for 6 weeks, and the plants were harvested after 60 days. Results showed that all concentrations of foliar spray of mint plants with nano-fertile fertilizer increased fresh and dry weight of shoot and root as compared to control. Nano-fertile fertilizer increased chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, Fv/Fm, and PI as compared to control plants. Plant growth enhancement and better physiological conditions of nanofertile sprayed plants were correlated with higher potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, manganese and copper content in shoots of the treated plants. Therefore, considering higher concentration of some nutrients and chlorophyll content in the leaves of plants treated with nano-fertile fertilizer and consequently higher photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and photosynthesis performance index (PI), it is concluded that nano-fertile-treated plants had a better photosynthesis condition and thus carbon fixation was carried out well, dry matter was increased and plant growth was improved.

EFFECT OF N, P AND CU FERTILIZATION ON ONION YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRIENTS UPTAKE

A pot experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University during the winter season of 2013/2014 to investigate the effect of phosphorus, nitrogen and copper fertilization on yield and nutrients uptake of onion (Allium cepa L.).The experiment was carried out in factorial experiment in complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The obtained results could be summarized as the following: - Fertilizing onion plants with the highest level of phosphorus fertilizer (100 kg P2O5 fed-1) produced the highest values of all studied characters in the season. - Application of the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg N fed-1) produced the highest values of yield, quality and nutrients uptake characters of onion in the season. - Foliar spraying of onion plants with Cu at rate of 50 ppm significantly surpassed control treatment (without spraying with Cu) and produced the highest values of all studied characters in the season. It can be concluded that fertilizing onion plants with 100 kg P2O5 fed-1 and 150 kg N fed-1 in addition to foliar spraying with 50 ppm Cu in the form of CuSO4 at three times in order to maximizing its yield, quality and nutrients uptake under the environmental conditions of Mansoura district, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

Close-range air-assisted precision spot-spraying for robotic applications: Aerodynamics and spray coverage analysis

Orchards and grapevines are currently sprayed overall. Most bush and tree crop sprayers use airflow assistance which generates movements in canopy exposing both sides of the leaves to the spray. Also, large coherent vortices are formed further contributing to improved spray coverage. A new close-range air-assisted spot-spraying method for the selective treatments of disease foci is evaluated here which is promising for reduction of pesticides. Targets structures are expected to have typical diameters around 150 mm and the size of the unit matches this. In contrast to conventional methods, this size of unit prevents the generation of large scale coherent turbulent structures in the airflow that could provide spray coverage of both sides of the target leaves. Therefore, to enhance the beneficial effects of local turbulence, and to induce leaf movement whilst retaining the small size of the spray unit, a rotating screen to generate airflow pulses with discrete peaks in velocity was added and tested. Experiments on the close-range spraying of young grapevine plants using the rotating airflow screen were performed. A high-speed camera, image analysis system and water sensitive papers were used for analysis of the spraying. Natural frequencies of individual leaves showed sharp fluctuations at discrete frequencies and single leaf fluctuations of root mean square velocity corresponded well to the pulsating airflow. Spraying was evaluated as percentage spray coverage and number of droplet impacts. Spray coverage of front side of leaves (facing the sprayer) was good, but coverage on the back of the leaves was limited.

Efeito antagônico de feijão-de-porco sobre Meloidogyne enterolobii em tomateiro

RESUMOO presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito antagônico do feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) sobre Meloidogyne enterolobii em tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum). Foram estudados os efeitos do extrato aquoso de sementes de feijão-de-porco, nas concentrações 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g de sementes /100 mL de água sobre a eclosão e a mortalidade de juvenis (J2) in vitro. Em condições de casa-de-vegetação, avaliou-se o efeito da rega do solo, a pulverização das plantas com extrato aquoso e a incorporação de farinha de sementes ao solo, sobre os índices de galhas (IG) e de massas de ovos (MO) em raízes de tomateiro. Os resultados mostraram que todas as concentrações do extrato foram eficientes tanto na redução de eclosão como na mortalidade de juvenis de M. enterolobii, quando comparados à testemunha, também encontrou-se correlação positiva entre as concentrações. Houve redução no número de galhas e de massas de ovos tanto na rega do solo como na pulverização do extrato, sendo o efeito proporcional à concentração do extrato. Com a incorporação de farinha de sementes ao solo, houve efeito fitotóxico em todos os tratamentos, não se mostrando um método adequado.

Influence of plant growth regulators and microfertilizers on yield of seed lines and hybrids of sunflower

The aim and tasks of the study. Establish the effect of plant growth regulators and Treptolem Radostim Quantum and micro fertilizers on yield and economic efficiency in growing lines Sh1010A, H526V, H720V and sunflower hybrids Romance and Maximus. Objective of the study was to identify the most effective options for use of drugs and the influence of presowing treatment of seeds along with spraying to increase productivity and economic efficiency of cultivation of sunflower lines and hybrids.Material and methods. Studies conducted in the fields of the Plant production Institute nd. a V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS. Presowing seed processing by growth regulators sunflower plants Radostim and Treptolem combined with seed treatment Apron and Kruіzer, spraying of plants by growth regulators and microfertilizer Quantum-oil conducted in phase 4-5 pairs of leaves.Results and discussion. It shows the influence of plant growth regulators, micro fertilizers and pesticides on productivity and economic efficiency of the production lines and hybrids of sunflower. The most effective in increasing yields line Сх1010А have a dual use of the drug by Treptolem in combination with microfertilizers when spraying, line Х720В and hybrid Romance - double use of the drug by Treptolem, line Х526В – presowing treatment of seeds Radostim or Treptolem, and for hybrid Maximus – double use a drug Radostim in combination with microfertilizers when spraying.The application of growth regulators of plants, microfertilizers and pesticides provides increased production of seeds of sunflower lines on 0.08-0.17 t/ha and hybrids on 0.14-0.21 t/ha and encourage the multiplication of new hybrids, and also increases the additional profit on 17746-26577 uah/ha and on 231-597 uah/ha respectively.Conclusions. Consequently, the use of plant growth regulators and microfertilizers in hybrid sunflower seed production is economically justified and profitable and should be an important element of modern technologies of growing of high-quality sunflower seeds.

A Planting Guide for Coastal Communities

A coastal planting guide is presented as a tool for Extension professionals to create and promote for landscapers and property owners in coastal areas. As coastal regions are subject to salt spray and occasional flooding, information is needed on native plants that can grow under such conditions. Such a guide should include salt spray and soil salt tolerances of native plants in addition to growth preferences. With increasing population pressures in coastal areas and predictions of increased storm intensity and frequency due to climate change, this tool can guide coastal residents and the landscaping industry in sustainable choices and practices.

The response of hydroponically grown lettuce under Mn stress to differentiated application of silica sol

A way to alleviate excessive Mn nutrition of plants is through silicon application. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of different Si concentrations in a nutrient solution and Si plant spraying treatments (in the form of silica sol) on the yielding and nutritional status of hydroponically grown lettuce under Mn-stress. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in a phytotron. The influence of the following Si levels in the nutrient solution (5.5 – control; 15.5; 23.25 and 31 mg Si dm-3) and foliar sprays (distilled water; Si solution) were investigated. Silicon supplied through fertigation significantly affected the plant’s nutrient status and alleviated the Mn stress, increasing fresh matter production, RWC (Relative Water Content) and the number of leaves per plants, while decreasing the share of dry matter. The Si nutrition did not change the content of Mn in the leaves, but caused a significant increase in N, P, Na, Fe and Si concentrations with a simultaneous decrease of Zn and Cu levels. The content of Ca, Mg and K was relatively stable (except for the treatment with the most intensive Si nutrition). Generally, the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe within the tested Si range were higher than in the control, while being lower in the case of Zn and Cu. Overall, the foliar application of Si did not change plant yielding, the number of leaves on plants and most macro- and microelement concentration in leaves, but modified significantly the RWC as well as the Cu and Na content. The dry matter content under Si nutrition was varied. In summary, an effective method to alleviate Mn-stress is to apply silica sol to a nutrient solution used for plant fertigation.

Integrated control of rice kernel smut disease using plant extracts and salicylic acid

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) at three concentrations i.e. 2.5, 5 and 7 mM and plant extracts from pick tooth (Ammi visnaga), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), artemisia (Artemisia judaica), mint (Mentha viridis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) on the infection of rice kernel smut disease caused by Tilletia barclayana were studied. Spraying of rice plants with different concentrations of SA at seven days before infection was the most effective treatment against pathogen infection. Among all plant extract treatments, M. viridis and S. aromaticum were the most effective treatments. Additionally, our results showed increased levels of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chitinase as well as total protein contents in the treated plants compared with the control. In conclusion, accumulations of these oxidative enzymes in plants treated with SA and plant extracts provide their role in the activation of induced resistance against T. barclayana.

Air Assisted Sprayer for Improved Spray Penetration in Greenhouse Floriculture Crops

Air assisted spraying is considered as one of the better pesticide application technique. Incorporation of air assistance in the spraying system improves the deposition uniformity in the entire plant canopy structure and spray deposition on the lower part of the plant leaves. In the view of this, an air assisted sleeve boom sprayer was developed for greenhouse floricultural crops. The developed sprayer consisted of air delivery system and spray delivery system. Air delivery system consisted of blower, lance assembly and a tapered air sleeve. Spray delivery system consisted of a pesticide tank, horizontal triplex pump, pressure hose and nozzles. Blower and pump were operated by 5 HP electric motor. Air sleeve and nozzles were supported on horizontal boom. The whole assembly of the sprayer was mounted on the trolley. The developed sprayer was tested in the laboratory to study the effect of different air velocity (9, 12, 16 and 20 m/s) and pump discharge (2.5, 4.5, 7 and 9 L/min) levels on droplet size (VMD), droplet density and uniformity coefficient at six different positions of the artificial plant canopy. Test results revealed that an increase in air velocity resulted in better spray penetration and uniform spray coverage. The optimum results of droplet size (100–150 µm), droplet density (25–35 droplets per cm2) and uniformity coefficient at all plant positions were observed for air velocity of 20 m/s and pump discharge of 2.5 L/min.

Effect of Asahi SL Application on Common Bean Yield

The experiment was carried out in 2010 and 2011 on experimental fields of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the State School of Higher Education in Chelm, Poland to study the effect of Asahi SL on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Aura cultivar yielding. Bean seeds were sown at the depth of 3 - 4 cm, spacing of drills 45 cm, to achieve the density of 30 plants per 1 m2. During the vegetation period 0.1% and 0.3% concentration of Asahi SL was applied in two application frequencies: single spraying of plants (in the 2 – 3 leaves stage) or double spraying of plants (first in the 2 – 3 leaves stage and second at the beginning of the bean's blooming). Four different variants of spraying with Asahi SL were compared with the control, where biostimulator was not applied. The number and weight of seeds, the number of pods and the weight of thousand seeds according to International Seed Testing Association (ISTA, 2010) method were recorded. It was found that single spraying of plants with Asahi SL advantageously influenced on bean yield increasing the number and the weight of seeds and the number of pods. Control, where biostimulator was not applied was characterized with the lowest yield factor parameters. The highest thousand seeds weight was found for the application of 0.1% Asahi SL solution and in the control.

Effect of bulb sizes, growing substrates and paclobutrazol doses on potted Chincherinchee (Ornithogalum thyrsoidesJacq.)

The experiment was carried out during 2010- 2011 to find out the suitable bulb size, growing substrate and paclobutrazol dose for desirable growth, flowering and display ability of potted chincherinchee (Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.). The experimental treatments comprised of three sizes (>2.0–2.5, >2.5–3.0 and >3.0–3.5 cm) and five growing substrates and three doses of paclobutrazol (0, 10 and 20 ppm). In general, bulb sizes, growing substrates and paclobutrazol doses have exhibited significant effects on various growth, flowering and pot display ability attributes of chincherinchee. The highest values for most of the desirable parameters, viz., plant spread (23.39 cm), number of florets opening at a time (28.56), duration of flowering (39.11 days) and pot display ability score (80.44) were recorded in S3 × M3 × P2 in rhododendron forest soil + FYM + vermicompost (2:1:1, v/v) and spraying of plants with 20 ppm paclobutrazol.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕДПОСЕВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ СЕМЯН ТОМАТА НА ИХ ПОСЕВНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА И ПОРАЖЕННОСТЬ БОЛЕЗНЯМИ

Species composition of infected tomato seeds was determined: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersіcі, Alternarіa solanі, Aspergіllus spp., Rhіzopus spp., Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. The effect of plant growth regulators, biological fungicides on sowing seeds quality has been studied. It was found that presowing treatment of seeds of cv. Kremenchugskiy and cv. Karasy increases the germination ability, vigor, and disease resistance. Spraying of tomato plants during vegetation has decreased the development of fungal diseases such as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersіcі (up to 4,8%), Aspergіllus spp. (up to 2,3 %), and Rhіzopus spp. (up to 5,8 %).

Effect of Fylloton Application on Photosynthetic Activity of Moldavian Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)

Abstract The field experiment was carried out in 2014 in Perespa, Poland to examine the impact of biostimulant Fylloton on the photosynthetic activity of Moldavian dragonhead cv ‘Alba’. Moldavian dragonhead seeds were sown in April at a depth of 1-1.5 cm, with the spacing 45 x 20 cm. During the growing season, Fylloton was foliar-applied at a dose 2 l/ha (0.7%) and 3 l/ha (1%) by single spraying or double spraying of plants. One week after application of biostimulator, the photosynthetic activity of plants was measured. Use of Fylloton had a positive impact on the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and chlorophyll content in the leaves of Moldavian dragonhead plants. Fylloton is environmentally friendly preparation and helps to improve the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus. It should therefore be recommended for use in sustainable agriculture.