Root Extracts Of Plants Research Articles

Transgenic tobacco and tomato plants expressing Wasabi defensin genes driven by root-specific LjNRT2 and AtNRT2.1 promoters confer resistance against Fusarium oxysporum

Antifungal peptides are a potential group of defense molecules that have been utilized to develop resistance to various plant pathogens. Wasabi defensin (WD) gene (0.5 kb) consists of cysteine-rich peptides that show potent growth inhibition of pathogenic filamentous fungi, such as Botrytis cinerea. Under regulation by the root-specific LjNRT2 or AtNRT2.1 promoter, WD gene was expressed in the roots of transgenic tobacco and tomato plants by Agrobacteriummediated transformation. The regenerated plants showed stable integration of the transgene, with different insertion sites, and the transgene was expressed in the root tissues but not in the leaf tissues. This result confirmed that WD protein accumulated only in the roots of transgenic plants. In a bioassay for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum, all transgenic plants showed increased resistance to the fungus as compared to non-transformed plants. Protein extracts from root and leaf tissues were assayed for antifungal activity and the activity was express as the number of colonies formed per cm2 (CFU cm−2). The CFU values of the root and leaf extracts of control plants did not show significant differences. In contrast, the CFU values of the root extracts of the transgenic plants were significantly lower than those of the leaf extracts and much lower than those of control. These results suggest that LjNRT2 and AtNRT2.1 promoters triggered the antifungal gene expression in the roots and conferred increased resistance to the root pathogen F. oxysporum. In the view of bio-safety, the root-specific expression of the transgene is desirable because the roots of tomato are not edible.

HPTLC Analysis, Antioxidant and Antigout Activity of Indian Plants.

The HPTLC analysis, antioxidant, and antigout activity of Asparagus racemosus, Withania somnifera, Vitex negundo, Plumbago zeylanica, Butea monosperma and Tephrosia purpurea extracts were investigated. The chemical fingerprinting were carried out by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), antioxidant activity by ABTS, DPPH, FRAP radical scavenging assays, and antiogout activity by cow milk xanthine oxidase. The HPTLC fingerprint qualitatively revealed predominant amount of flavonoids. The TEAC values ranged from 45.80 to 140 µM trolox/100 g dry weight for ABTS, from 85 to 430 µM trolox/ 100 g dw DPPH, and 185 to 560 µM trolox/100 g dw for FRAP respectively. Plants used in this study was found to inhibit the toxicity, as seen from the decreased LPO and increased GSH, SOD and CAT levels. The total phenolic and flavonoid content ranged from 10.21 to 28.17 and 5.80 to 10.1 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 gdw respectively. The plant extracts demonstrated significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity at 100 g/mL and revealed an inhibition greater than 50 % and IC50 values below the standard. This effect was almost similar to the activity of allopurinol (Standard drug) against xanthine oxidase (90.2 ± 0.4 %). These plant root extract will be subjected for further extensive studies to isolate and identify their active constituents which are useful for against inflammation and gout.

Comparative analysis of lycorine in wild plant and callus culture samples of Hymenocallis littoralis by HPLC-UV method.

The Hymenocallis littoralis, an ornamental and medicinal plant, had been traditionally used for wound healing. In the present study, an analytical method using HPLC with ultraviolet detection was developed for the quantification of lycorine in the extracts of different parts of wild plant and tissue culture samples of H. littoralis. The separation was achieved using a reversed-phase column. The method was found to be accurate, repeatable, and sensitive for the quantification of minute amount of lycorine present in the samples. The highest lycorine content was found in the bulb extract (2.54 ± 0.02 μg/mg) whereas the least was in the root extract (0.71 ± 0.02 μg/mg) of the wild plants. Few callus culture samples had high content of lycorine, comparable to that of wild plants. The results showed that plant growth regulators, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone at 4.5 μM (2.58 ± 0.38 μg/mg) or a combination of 2,4-D at 9.00 μM with 4.5 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), were the optimum concentrations for the production of high lycorine (2.45 ± 0.15 μg/mg) content in callus culture. The present analytical method could be of value for routine quantification of lycorine in the tissue culture production and standardization of the raw material or extracts of H. littoralis.

Anticholinesterase and mutagenic evaluation of in vitro-regenerated Agapanthus praecox grown ex vitro

Beyond establishing micropropagation protocols for medicinal plants, it is important that the efficacy and safety of propagated plants be ascertained for these plants to be accepted for use in traditional medicine. The use of propagated plants could alleviate/reduce over-exploitation of wild populations. The present study evaluated the anticholinesterase and mutagenic properties of 1-yr-old tissue culture-derived Agapanthus praecox grown ex vitro and naturally grown mother plants. The tissue culture-derived plants were regenerated using different plant growth regulators. A dose-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme was observed in all the tissue culture-derived and naturally grown mother plants. The leaf extract of tissue culture-derived plants regenerated with a combination of benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) demonstrated a significantly low AChE-inhibitory activity. Conversely, the root extract of plants regenerated with BA alone demonstrated the highest AChE-inhibition activity (IC50 = 0.20 mg/mL) when compared to extracts from other treatments and the naturally grown mother plants. None of the samples were found to be mutagenic in the absence of metabolic activation. The present study indicated that regenerated plants could be used as potent substitutes for naturally grown plants in traditional medicine. However, the choice of treatment used during micropropagation operation may significantly influence the therapeutic potential of regenerated plants, even after 1 yr of growth.

Investigation in the roots compositions of the Pimpinella boissieri M. Heroe grown wild in Kurdistan – Iraq using GC and LC-MS

Many plant root extracts are known for their potential medicinal uses on living systems due toone or more of their active compounds. In this study, the root’s composition of a rare species ofpimpinella “Pimpinella boisseiri” grown in wild in Kurdistan – Iraq was investigated after beingfreeze dried, ground, extracted and purified. The purified ethanolic extract was analysed by LCMSand two chlorogenic acids were identified including 3, 4, 5, - Caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4DicaffeolyQuinic Acid and 3, 5-Feruloyl Quinic Acid. Hydro-distillation extract of the groundroots resulted in obtaining azulene (0.5 %). This characterization of pimpinella root extractsrevealed the presence of the chlorogenic acids and Azulene. On SEM analysis with built-in XRayanalysis for the endosperm and the outer coat of the roots, the former showed to containMg, P, S, and K, whereas the outer coat found to contain calcium and to a lesser extend iron,beside the elements found in the endosperm.

In vitro antagonistic efficacy of plant extracts on the enzyme activity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated in culture from the diseased fruit samples of chilli (Capsicum annuum). The fungus was identified by morphological and molecular analysis. Plant root extracts of A. precatorius and R. tetraphylla and chemical fungicide, dithane-M45 were tested for their inhibitory effects on the cell wall degrading enzymes of C. gloeosporioides under in vitro condition. The activity of cell wall degrading enzymes viz. polymethyl galacturonase (PMG), pectin transeliminase (PTE) and the carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC) was assayed. Root extracts of A. precatorius was found to be more efficient in inhibiting both the pectinolytic (PMG and PTE) and cellulolytic (CMC) enzymes than dithane-M45. The inhibitory effects of enzyme might be due to the presence of fungitoxic compounds such as phenolics, proteins and flavonoids in the root extracts of A. precatorius. On the contrary, extract of R. tetraphyllawas found to induce enzyme activity. Key words: Plant extract, botanical pesticide, pectinolytic enzyme, cellulolytic enzyme.

Evaluation of In-vitro Anthelmintic activity of Nerium indicum Mill root extracts.

Article history Intestinal worms affect a host of individuals resulting in malnutrition, stunted growth, intellectual retardation and cognitive deficits. Nerium indicum Mill belonging to the family Apocynaceae is a wild plant known kaner in Hindi as well as exile tree, Indian oleander. Phytochemical study of the plant root extracts reveals to contain various phytoconstituents like glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids. Hence roots of the plant was collected, authenticated, powdered and extracted with various solvents by hot extraction to obtain petroleum ether, chloroform, & ethanol extracts and also cold maceration to obtain ethanol extract and evaluated for its anthelmintic activity on adult Indian earthworms (Pheritima posthuma), which have anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal roundworms parasites of human beings. Four concentrations (10, 30, 50 and 100mg/ml) of various extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole was used as reference standard. Dose dependent activity was observed in all plant extracts; although at all concentration level Ethanolic extract exhibited more activity in terms of time taken for paralysis as well as death of worms in a less time as compared to other extracts. All extracts shows standard comparable activity at 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml concentration. Thus extracts exhibited anthelmintic activity and could be an inexpensive and readily available source of anthelmintic treatment.

Intake of Some Biological Seeds and Root Extracts of Plants Improves Fertility and Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

An experiment was conducted to determine the fertility and hatchability of eggs laid by Turkey hens fed extracts of okra seed, pumpkin seed and guava root powder for 8 weeks. Twenty four, 32 weeks old turkeys (4 toms and 20 hens) were randomly selected and allotted into four treatment groups; T1 (No extract or feed supplementation); T2 (50 ml okra seeds extracts/ litre of water); T3 (50 ml guava root extract/ litre of water) and T4 (50 g pumpkin seed powder/kg of feed). Turkey hens were subjected to artificial insemination and eggs laid in the period were collected and determined for fertility and hatchability. Total and weekly egg production of hens was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 and T4 groups of birds. The number of fertile eggs, early, middle and late dead embryo was better (P < 0.05) for the same groups of birds compared to other treatments. Egg hatchability percentage of hens in T2 and T4 groups were markedly improved and higher (P < 0.05) than those in T1 and T3 groups. Fertility and hatchability of eggs in T1 and T3 were similar (P > 0.05). The findings concluded that feeding okra and pumpkin seed extracts to breeder turkey hens can improves the fertility and hatchability of the eggs.

Enhancement of Wheat Growth and Zn Content in Grains by Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria

Two bacterial isolates (B1 and B2), recovered from the rice rhizosphere produced siderophore and indole acetic acid and solubilized insoluble phosphate, ZnO and ZnSO4.7H2O. Based on routine biochemical tests, both the isolates were characterized as species of Pseudomonas. A shift in pH from 7 to 5 was observed in minimal medium supplemented with Zn compounds after 15 days of bacterial growth. Isolate B1 solubilized maximum amount of ZnO (1.348ppm) after 15 days of incubation. In a pot experiment on wheat (PBW 373), application of bacterial isolates and their consortium with ZnSO4.7H2O @ 5mM significantly enhanced plant height, chlorophyll, grain number per plant over control after 90 days of sowing. Consortium (B1B2) treated wheat plants showed 31% increase in grain Zn over control. HPLC analysis of the root extract of bacterized wheat plants showed the dominance of oxalic, maleic, á-ketoglutaric and fumaric acid. Presence of higher amount of valine and leucine, sugar, protein and phenolic compounds was observed in the root extracts of consortium treated wheat plants than control.

Effects of Fe Deficiency on Organic Acid Metabolism in Pisum sativum Roots

Iron deficiency induces several responses to iron shortage in plants. Metabolic changes occur to sustain the increased iron uptake capacity of Fe-deficient plants. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of Fe deficiency on the organic acid metabolism in Pisum sativum roots. For this purpose, seedlings of Pisum sativum (cv. Douce) were grown under controlled conditions, in the presence of iron sufficient (C) or deficient (D) mediums. Our results showed that PEPC activity increased by 290% in root extracts of Fe deficient plants, compared to the control. Citrate concentration increased in Fe deficient Pisum roots (114% of the control). As well, MDH, CS and ICDH activities showed a marked increase in roots subjected to D treatment. However, the extent of stimulation was especially important for MDH and ICDH activities (99% and 150% of the control, respectively). These data suggest that the capacity of Douce cultivar to increase organic acid metabolism enzyme activities under iron deficiency is related to its better Fe-use efficiency, which indicate the tolerance level of this cultivar to iron chlorosis.

Effects of Root Extracts of Withania Coagulans on Withdrawal Syndrome in Albino Mice

It is known that repeated use of opioid drugs causes physical dependence and tolerance. Dependance can be measured by evocation of abstinence sign by abrupt drug withdrawal or administration of a narcotic antagonist or both. After induction of dependence by morphine, mice are divided in to seven groups using distilled water as the control group. The other six groups were injected by different concentrations of plant root extract. To assess morphine withdrawal, mice injected naloxone (5 mg/kg) i.p. on the day 4 th after three consecutive days of morphine injection, withdrawal syndrome was assessed by placing each mouse in a 30 cm high glass box and recording the incidence of escape jumps for 60 mins. Animal receiving acute treatment with morphine displayed dependence. The Albino mice treated with alcoholic, chloro- form and ethyl acetate extracts of Withania coagulans roots could decrease incidence of escape jumps in number or de- crease development of morphine dependence and other hand addiction following naloxone administration.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Microbial Activity Studies of the Root Extract of Anthocleista Djalonensis (Cabbage Tree)

The phytochemical screening of the root extract of Anthocleista djalonensis were carried out and indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugar, steroids, phlobatanins, volatile oils and alkaloids which are active components present in the plant that makes it medicinal. 44.0 g of the powdered plant root extract using hexane gave a yield of 9.6 %, 39.77 g extract using methanol gave a 27.3 % yield, 28.9 g extracted using chloroform gave a yield of 11.2%. The thin layer chromatographic analyses carried out showed that two components separated from the hexane extract, two from chloroform extract, and one from methanol extract using the solvent mixture of ethanol/benzene/chloroform (1:1:3), ethanol/benzene (2:1), ethyl acetate/chloroform /petroleum ether (4:4:3). The anti microbial activity studies carried out showed that the plant extract is an antibacterial agent. It showed sensitivity towards disease causing organisms like Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhill and Staphylococci. This result reveals more on the the use of the plant Anthocleista djalonensis for herbal medicine.

Use of solid phase extraction for the sequential injection determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in dynamic water systems

In this work, a solid phase extraction sequential injection methodology for the determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in dynamic water systems was developed. The determination of the enzymatic activity was based on the spectrophotometric detection of a coloured product, p-nitrophenol, at 405nm. The p-nitrophenol is the product of the catalytic decomposition of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, a non-coloured substrate. Considering the low levels expected in natural waters and exploiting the fact of alkaline phosphatase being a metalloprotein, the enzyme was pre-concentrated in-line using a NTA Superflow resin charged with Zn2+ ions. The developed sequential injection method enabled a quantification range of 0.044–0.441 unit mL−1 of enzyme activity with a detection limit of 0.0082 unit mL−1 enzyme activity (1.9μmolL−1 of pNP) and a determination rate of 17h−1. Recovery tests confirmed the accuracy of the developed sequential injection method and it was effectively applied to different natural waters and to plant root extracts.

Carboxylate metabolism changes induced by Fe deficiency in barley, a Strategy II plant species

The effects of iron (Fe) deficiency on carboxylate metabolism were investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using two cultivars, Steptoe and Morex, which differ in their Fe efficiency response. In both cultivars, root extracts of plants grown in Fe-deficient conditions showed higher activities of enzymes related to organic acid metabolism, including citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, compared to activities measured in root extracts of Fe-sufficient plants. Accordingly, the concentration of total carboxylates was higher in Fe-deficient roots of both cultivars, with citrate concentration showing the greatest increase. In xylem sap, the concentration of total carboxylates was also higher with Fe deficiency in both cultivars, with citrate and malate being the major organic acids. Leaf extracts of Fe-deficient plants also showed increases in citric acid concentration and in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fumarase activities, and decreases in aconitase activity. Our results indicate that changes in root carboxylate metabolism previously reported in Strategy I species also occur in barley, a Strategy II plant species, supporting the existence of anaplerotic carbon fixation via increases in the root activities of these enzymes, with citrate playing a major role. However, these changes occur less intensively than in Strategy I plants. Activities of the anaerobic metabolism enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and lactate dehydrogenase did not change in barley roots with Fe deficiency, in contrast to what occurs in Strategy I plants, suggesting that these changes may be Strategy I-specific. No significant differences were observed in overall carboxylate metabolism between cultivars, for plants challenged with high or low Fe treatments, suggesting that carboxylate metabolism changes are not behind the Fe-efficiency differences between these cultivars. Citrate synthase was the only measured enzyme with constitutively higher activity in Steptoe relative to Morex leaf extracts.

Determination of saikosaponin, phenolic and podophyllotoxin contents of five endemic Bupleurum root extracts and their effects on MCF-7 cells

Bupleurum species are among the plants used in Chinese medicine for phytotherapy. Various compounds obtained from plants have been found to exhibit anticancer activity. In this study, phenolic compounds, saikosaponins and podohyllotoxin contents of total root extracts from endemic Bupleurum species (Bupleurum sulphureum, Bupleurum lycaonicum, Bupleurum turcicum, Bupleurum heldreichii, Bupleurum pauciradiatum) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total phenol content and free radical scavenging activities of total extracts were also identified. Finally, the effects of plant root extracts on viability of P-gp overexpressing paclitaxel resistant (MCF-7/Pac) and vincristine resistant (MCF-7/Vinc) MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cell lines and their parental line (MCF-7/S) were evaluated by cytotoxicity tests. Results showed that saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D and isoquercitrin contents of the root extracts were higher compared to podophyllotoxin, catechin and quercetin. While, B. lycaonicum root extract has about 1.5 fold more total phenol content with respect to others, B. turcium root extract has the highest free radical scavenging activity. According to cytotoxicity tests, B. turcicum and B. pauciradiatum root extracts were more toxic to the MCF-7/Pac cell line than the root extracts of other three species. In addition, B. heldrechii extract has been found to be the most toxic to the MCF-7/Vinc cell line among the others. Key words: Bupleurum species, plant phenolics, saikosaponin, podophyllotoxin, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), MCF-7.

Effect of <i>Clitoria ternatea</i> linn plant root extract on the hippocampal area Ca 3 and pancreas of juvenile diabetic rats- A preliminary investigation

BACKGROUND: Encephalopathy is a major complication in juvenile diabetes mellitus which cripples the potential physiomorphological growth and development in early childhood. It is very essential to diagnose and initiate the treatment at the earliest to prevent the possible complications. The ancient medical science Ayurveda mentions number of remedies to treat cognitive dysfunctions, the herbal root of Clitoria ternatea plant is one among them. METHODS: The diabetes was induced in 22 days (post natal) wistar rats by giving intra peritoneal injection of Streptozotocin at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight (bw). After the confirmation of diabetic state, the treatment with oral administration of alcoholic root extract of Clitoria ternatea at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw was started immediately and continued for one month of duration. At the end of 30 days treatment the animals were sacrified, brain and pancreatic tissue was collected and they were subjected to gross histological studies. RESULTS: On microscopy the brain tissue was showing homogenous architecture, the hippocampal CA3 region neurons were showing gross viable changes in the cell morphology, and in the pancreatic tissue, there was a reduction in the cell hypertrophy along with relatively less inflammatory changes in the islet cells of Langerhans. CONCLUSSION: The alcoholic root extract of herb Clitoria ternatea has shown significant gross impact in preventing the possible complications related to brain hippocampal area CA3 and pancreatic tissue in juvenile diabetic rat experimental models. These benefits could be due to interference of number of chemical compounds present in this extract.

Shatavarin production from in vitro cultures of Asparagus racemosus Wild

Asparagus racemosus is one of the important medicinal plants found in India, China and other parts of the world. This plant is known to produce steroidal saponins called Shatavarins. Callus cultures of A. racemosus were initiated in a modified MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L NAA and 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP and compared for growth and production of saponin over a period of 60 days. Saponin production was evaluated at a regular interval of 15 days. Root calli produces more saponin compared to nodal calli and maximum accumulation was found to be 10.38 ± 0.14 mg/g of callus after 60 days of inoculation. Total saponins from the nodal calli were found to be 7.69 ± 0.136 mg/g of callus. Compared to wild type roots, in vitro cultures showed 20 fold increases in shatavarin levels. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms of the cultures indicated that the overall saponin profile of in vitro and in vivo plant root extract is similar. Key words: Tissue culture, secondary metabolites, multiple growth regulators, saponins.

Carboxylate metabolism in sugar beet plants grown with excess Zn

The effects of Zn excess on carboxylate metabolism were investigated in sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown hydroponically in a growth chamber. Root extracts of plants grown with 50 or 100 μM Zn in the nutrient solution showed increases in several enzymatic activities related to organic acid metabolism, including citrate synthase and phospho enolpyruvate carboxylase, when compared to activities in control root extracts. Root citric and malic acid concentrations increased in plants grown with 100 μM Zn, but not in plants grown with 50 μM Zn. In the xylem sap, plants grown with 50 and 100 μM Zn showed increases in the concentrations of citrate and malate compared to the controls. Leaves of plants grown with 50 or 100 μM Zn showed increases in the concentrations of citric and malic acid and in the activities of citrate synthase and fumarase. Leaf isocitrate dehydrogenase increased only in plants grown with 50 μM Zn when compared to the controls. In plants grown with 300 μM Zn, the only enzyme showing activity increases in root extracts was citrate synthase, whereas the activities of other enzymes decreased compared to the controls, and root citrate concentrations increased. In the 300 μM Zn-grown plants, the xylem concentrations of citric and malic acids were higher than those of controls, whereas in leaf extracts the activity of fumarase increased markedly, and the leaf citric acid concentration was higher than in the controls. Based on our data, a metabolic model of the carboxylate metabolism in sugar beet plants grown under Zn excess is proposed.

Improving antioxidant activity in transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata plants via overexpression of the γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-tmt) gene

Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv (Companulaceae) is a folk medicine in Korea. To shift the content of tocopherol and enhance its antioxidant properties, we overexpressed the γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-tmt) gene in C. lanceolata. The antioxidant activity of methanolic crude extracts of the transgenic plants was compared to that of control plants using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method, with α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxy toluene as standard antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of the leaf and root extracts of transgenic plants was higher (IC 50 12–17.33 and 408–524 μg/ml, respectively) than that of control plant leaf and root extracts (18 and 529 μg/ml, respectively). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic compounds confirmed an increase in the levels of 12 major phenolic acids and flavonoids in the leaf and root extracts of transgenic plants compared to control plants. We also found that the rate of photosynthesis was 48% higher in transgenic plants than in control plants. Based on these results, we suggest that increases in the α-tocopherol level in transgenic C. lanceolata plants may result in increases in the photosynthetic performance and antioxidant metabolism of these plants.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of <i>Combretum micranthum</i> L.

The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of Combretum micranthum L. (root) were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans respectively. The plant (root) extracts were obtained using ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and distilled water solvents. All the test organisms were studied using the Agar Diffusion Method (ADM) and were susceptible to crude and ethyl acetate extracts but Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were resistant. The extracts of Combretum micranthum L. had broader spectrum of activity than the commercial antibiotics tested against isolates. Results of the study confirmed the chemotherapeutic values in ethnomedicine of extracts of this plant in the treatment of various ailments. Key words: Antimicrobial, Extracts, Combretum micranthum