Plant Quality Research Articles

Biofortification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with zinc and manganese lead to improve the grain yield and quality in sandy loam soil

IntroductionMicronutrients particularly Zn and Mn play a vital role in agricultural plants as well as human beings. Categorization of existing genotypes in wheat toward Zn and Mn application is extremely important to select the most efficient Zn as well as Mn genotype with higher yield and quality.MethodsIn this study, the differentiation of 14 genotypes was done for nutrient use efficiency characteristics through two methods to identify the most efficient Zn and Mn wheat genotypes. The categorization of genotypes was done based on efficiency and responsiveness under control and Zn + Mn treated conditions.Results and discussionThe mean values of plant growth parameters, crop yield, nutrient concentration (Zn, Mn, N, P and K), quality parameters (crude fiber and protein content) and nutrient utilization efficiency were considerably greater in Zn + Mn treated plots signifying the higher response of traits toward Zn and Mn application. The interaction between genotype and Zn + Mn indicated that the application of Zn + Mn significantly affected the studied genotypes for different characteristics. The results of the study indicated that genotypes PBW-824, BWL-8855, PBW-872, PBW-869 and PBW Zn1 were efficient in terms of crop yield. Based on the quality parameters, genotypes PBW-824 and PBW-869 were the highest ranked among the studied genotypes. The identified Zn + Mn efficient genotypes would be valuable resources for higher crop production along with improved wheat grain quality.

Horticultural Plants Facing Stressful Conditions—Ways of Stress Mitigation

Rapidly progressing climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of drought and salinity stresses, which are the major factors affecting crop production and the quality of ornamental plants, fruits, and vegetables [...]

GIFTdb: a useful gene database for plant fruit traits improving.

Fruit traits are critical determinants of plant fitness, resource diversity, productive and quality. Gene regulatory networks in plants play an essential role in determining fruit traits, such as fruit size, yield, firmness, aroma and other important features. Many research studies have focused on elucidating the associated signaling pathways and gene interaction mechanism to better utilize gene resources for regulating fruit traits. However, the availability of specific database of genes related to fruit traits for use by the plant research community remains limited. To address this limitation, we developed the Gene Improvements for Fruit Trait Database (GIFTdb, http://giftdb.agroda.cn). GIFTdb contains 35 365 genes, including 896 derived from the FR database 1.0, 305 derived from 30 882 articles from 2014 to 2021, 236 derived from the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) database, and 33 928 identified through homology analysis. The database supports several aided analysis tools, including signal transduction pathways, gene ontology terms, protein-protein interactions, DNAWorks, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), and Protein Subcellular Localization Prediction (WoLF PSORT). To provide information about genes currently unsupported in GIFTdb, potential fruit trait-related genes can be searched based on homology with the supported genes. GIFTdb can provide valuable assistance in determining the function of fruit trait-related genes, such as MYB306-like, by conducting a straightforward search. We believe that GIFTdb will be a valuable resource for researchers working on gene function annotation and molecular breeding to improve fruit traits.

Combined effects of biostimulants, N level and drought stress on yield, quality and physiology of greenhouse-grown basil

Precise nitrogen (N) supply is an agronomic practice of crucial importance to achieve optimal crop performance without compromising product quality. However, excessive use of synthetic N fertilizers may have deleterious effects on both agroecosystem and human health. Thus, the development and use of strategies aiming to ameliorate the losses caused by water constraints and N deficiency are essential for fostering resilient and sustainable agroecosystems. In this regard, the impact of three drought stress levels (DS) [100%, 80% and 60% of the field capacity (FC)] in combination with four N supply rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1) on sweet basil cultivated in a protected environment was investigated. The interactive biostimulatory action of Kelpstar® seaweed extract (SWE) and Tyson® protein hydrolysate (PH) was also explored. The study focused on the effects of these treatments on yield, physiological attributes, functional traits, and volatile compounds profile. Drought stress led to a reduction in yield by 12.5% and 21.1% under irrigation at 80% and 60% FC, respectively, compared to well-watered plots (100% FC). Furthermore, drought stress levels linearly decreased total leaf area (-15.4% and -26.2% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), and volatile compounds, such as trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene. Conversely, an increase in N application rate positively influenced yield (8.6% and 12.2% for N100 and N150, respectively), total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150), nitrate content, and the presence of specific volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene, when compared to no N application. Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control. Similarly, plant protein hydrolysate increased yield (+16.1), stomatal conductance (+10.4), WP (+13.7), total chlorophyll (+4.3), phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%), β-cis-ocimene and eugenol, compared to the control. Notably, the increased yield, improved quality, and enchanced physiological traits observed after biostimulant application, especially under drought stress or N deficiency conditions, underscore the potential role of biostimulants in increasing resilience of basil plants. Thus, the foliar application of SWE and PH offer a valuable strategy for enhancing plant yield and quality under sub-optimal conditions, while simultaneously enhancing water and N use efficiency.

Disturbed electron transport beyond PSI changes metabolome and transcriptome in Zn-deficient soybean

Low Zn availability in soils is a problem in many parts of the world, with tremendous consequences for food and feed production because Zn deficiency affects the yield and quality of plants. In this study we investigated the consequences of Zn-limitation in hydroponically cultivated soybean (Glycine max L.) plants. Parameters of photosynthesis biophysics were determined by spatially and spectrally resolved Kautsky and OJIP fluorescence kinetics and oxygen production at two time points (V4 stage, after five weeks, and pod development stage, R5–R6, after 8–10 weeks). Lower NPQ at 730 nm and lower quantum yield of electron transport flux until PSI acceptors were observed, indicating an inhibition of the PSI acceptor side. Metalloproteomics showed that down-regulation of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and Zn‑carbonic anhydrase (CA) were primary consequences of Zn-limitation. This explained the effects on photosynthesis in terms of decreased use of excitons, which consequently led to oxidative stress. Indeed, untargeted metabolomics revealed an accumulation of lipid oxidation products in the Zn-deficient leaves. Further response to Zn deficiency included up-regulation of gene expression of cell wall metabolism, response to (a)biotic stressors and antioxidant activity, which correlated with accumulation of antioxidants, Vit B6, (iso)flavonoids and phytoalexins.

<i>In Silico</i> Analysis of <i>Phalaenopsis Orchid Homeobox1</i> (<i>POH1</i>) Functional Gene for Shoot Development in <i>Phalaenopsis</i> Orchid

The most favorite ornamental crop in Indonesia is orchid which benefited as floriculture. Therefore, the quality of this crop must be improved. Biotechnology is appropriate to be used to improve the quality and quantity of orchid plants. To conduct this method, researchers must know what genes function in plant development. In Phalaenopsis orchids, the gene has been identified as homeobox genes called Phalaenopsis Orchid Homeobox1 (POH1). This research aims to conduct in silico analysis of the gene. The materials were retrieved from mRNA and amino acid databases. Then, the materials are aligned, visualized, motif location analysis, motif function discovery, phylogenetic construction, and protein 3D structural modelling. Based on mRNA and amino acid alignment, there are 4 domain regions that are conserved in POH1 and other homologous genes, such as KNOX1, KNOX2, ELK Domain, and Homeobox KN Domain, which roles as a transcription factor involved in plant development. SWISS-MODEL and ColabFold were used in protein modelling of the protein. By ColabbFold modelling, the modelling prediction uses 325 residues, higher than SWISS-MODEL in 59 residues. ColabFold validation by Ramachandra Plot depicts having the most favourite regions is 68.6%, while SWISS-MODEL is 92.3%. Another validation parameter is overall quality factor and QMEAN Score. Protein modelling by ColabFold has overall quality factor 89.252 and QMEAN Score 0.41 ± 0.05. However, SWISS-MODEL 3D prediction has overall quality factor 98.039 and QMEAN score of 0.71 ± 0.11.

Growth and metabolism of pea (Pisum sativum) via biostimulants based on greener ZnO nanoparticles

The purpose of this study was to identify the most important physiological and biological effects of green synthesis ZnO nanoparticles at a size of 65 nm, biostimulant (Folcare) and interaction biostimulant ZnO NPs on plant growth and metabolism. As our understanding of biostimulants’ preventive and restorative modes of action has increased, it is critical to maintain the best crop output and quality possible. The reduction of fertilizers must be substituted by strategies that improve the nutrients uptake or their utilization by the plants. New processing methods are required as an efficient green process or an integrated (hybrid) process for different new technologies of interest. The effects of NPs, biostimulant, and combination ZnO NPs biostimulant on plant cell metabolism were examined in cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria of cells from the stems, roots, and leaves. The interaction NPs/biostimulant had a beneficial effect on the morphological and physiological indicators of plant health than when nanoparticles and biostimulant are applied separately. Folcare biostimulant coupled with zinc oxide nanoparticles improved pea crops growth. The improved of the quality of pea plants can be explained at least, in part, by increase in antioxidant activities during plant growth phenophase.

Effect of organic and synthetic mulches on some morpho-physiological and yield parameters of ‘Zard’ olive cultivar subjected to three irrigation levels in field conditions

Olive is one of the most important crops in arid and semi-arid areas. Prolonged water stress in these regions may adversely affect olive plant quality and productivity of fruits. To address the mitigation of unfavorable consequences of drought stress, the use of water-retaining mulches can be a beneficial solution. To achieve this purpose, the responses of olive cultivar ‘Zard’ as affected by mulch amendment [olive pomace, animal manure, nylon film, superabsorbent and control (without mulch)] and irrigation level (100 %ET as a normal condition and both 75 %ET and 50 %ET to simulate moderate and severe drought stress, respectively) were assayed. As a result, drought stress significantly retarded growth parameters, but fruit dry matter accumulation indicated the opposite behavior. Chlorophyll a + b, calcium, potassium, relative water content, and fruit yield also represented a declining tendency in severity-dependent behavior and conversely, sodium, antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and peroxidase), oxidative markers, pulp/pit ratio, osmolytes (proline and total carbohydrates), and phenolic content increased in olive trees exposed to drought stress. Animal manure and especially olive pomace as organic mulches notably exhibited pragmatic influences on morpho-physiological as well as yield traits and improved pomological characteristics, regardless of tree water status. It was concluded that mulches used as water retaining agents, especially olive pomace and animal manure, can be effectively used to promote drought tolerance, growth and yield of olive trees growing in water deficit conditions. In general, using natural mulches is a good way to overcome drought stress.

Impact of transplanting dates, cultivars and zinc on performance of onion (Allium cepa)

An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Horticulture farm of Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan to determine the effect of transplanting date, cultivar and zinc application method on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.). Experiment was conducted in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consist of 2 transplanting dates, viz. 10th December and 01st January; and 3 cultivars, viz. RO-01, RO-59 and Bhima Shakti were kept in main plot; and in sub- plots, 4 methods of zinc application, viz. control, soil application of ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha, dipping of onion seedlings in zinc solubilizer solution before transplanting and foliage spray of ZnSO4 @0.5% at 30 and 45 days after transplanting were kept. Significantly higher plant growth, bulb yield (416.8, 358.0 and 387.4 q/ha) and quality of onion were recorded in 01st January transplanting date. Among the cultivars, significantly higher plant growth, bulb yield (417.5, 358.4 and 388.0 q/ha) and quality of onion were recorded in Bhima Shakti but these parameters were at par with RO-59. In zinc application methods, significantly higher plant growth, bulb yield (41.5, 35.8 and 38.7 t/ha) and quality of onion were noticed under foliar application of ZnSO4 @0.5% but these were found at par with soil application of ZnSO4. Thus, the conclusion of findings was that the transplanting of Bhima Shakti cultivar on 01st January and with foliar application of ZnSO4 @0.5% had the potential effect to increase onion performance.

Development of a user‐friendly automatic ground‐based imaging platform for precise estimation of plant phenotypes in field crops

AbstractPlant phenotyping is the science to quantify the quality, photosynthesis, development, growth, and biomass productivity of different crop plants. In the past, plant phenotyping employed methods such as grid count and regression models. However, the grid count method proved to be labor‐intensive and time‐consuming, while the regression model lacked accuracy in calculating leaf area. To address these challenges, a portable automatic platform was developed for precise ground‐based imaging of field plots. This platform consisted of a frame, an RGB camera, a stepper motor, a control board, and a battery. The RGB camera captured images, which were then processed using MATLAB software. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the results obtained from the grid count, regression model, and image processing techniques. The correlation coefficient (r) between the image processing technique and the regression model for sunflower was found to be 0.98 and 0.97, respectively, whereas for kidney bean it was 0.99 and 0.96, respectively. The minimum and maximum values for leaf area density (LAD) of all selected sunflower leaves were determined to be 0.132 and 0.714 m²/m³, respectively. For kidney bean leaves, the minimum and maximum mean LAD values were found to be 0.081 and 0.239 m²/m³, respectively. Ergonomic aspects of the developed automatic system were studied. The developed system had lower physiological parameters, such as working heart rate of 99 beats/min, work pulse of 18 beats/min, oxygen consumption of 786 mL/min, and energy consumption of 11.5 kJ/min compared to the grid count method. Thus, developed automatic ground‐based imaging system would significantly reduce physiological workload and associated hazards. Therefore, the developed method proved satisfactory in comparison to other techniques, offering a quick, efficient, and user‐friendly approach for determining plant phenotypes.

Identification of Longan Species Based on Leaf Shape Texture and Color Using KNN Classification

This study aims to identify the type of longan based on the shape, texture and color of the leaves using KNN classification. With a method that can identify the type of longan automatically, farmers and researchers can obtain information more quickly and accurately about the type of longan that is being cultivated or studied. This can help in choosing the right variety, more efficient maintenance, and improve the quality and productivity of longan plants. This research is an experimental research consisting of eight steps, namely preparation, theoretical studies, data collection, data analysis and processing, testing and implementation and the last is the final stage. Based on research conducted at UD Mitra Tani on Jalan Madura No. 81 Kebun Lada, Kec. Binjai Utara, Binjai City, North Sumatra, the results of data analysis from longan leaves show that the most common type of longan found in the nursery is Red longan. This study was conducted to identify the dominant longan species in the population and gain a deeper understanding of the diversity of longan varieties in the region.

Family characteristics, phylogenetic reconstruction, and potential applications of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family.

The BAHD acyltransferase family is a class of proteins in plants that can acylate a variety of primary and specialized secondary metabolites. The typically acylated products have greatly improved stability, lipid solubility, and bioavailability and thus show significant differences in their physicochemical properties and pharmacological activities. Here, we review the protein structure, catalytic mechanism, and phylogenetic reconstruction of plant BAHD acyltransferases to describe their family characteristics, acylation reactions, and the processes of potential functional differentiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the BAHD family in human activities are discussed from the perspectives of improving the quality of economic plants, enhancing the efficacy of medicinal plants, improving plant biomass for use in biofuel, and promoting stress resistance of land plants. This review provides a reference for the research and production of plant BAHD acyltransferases.

Irrigation and potassium fertilization effects on plant growth, tuber yield, quality, and water use efficiency of potato

Irrigation and potassium fertilization effects on plant growth, tuber yield, quality, and water use efficiency of potato

Enhancing Seed Potato Production from In Vitro Plantlets and Microtubers through Biofertilizer Application: Investigating Effects on Plant Growth, Tuber Yield, Size, and Quality

Seed potato production often relies on mineral fertilizers. However, biofertilizers offer an eco-friendly, cost-effective means to enhance nutrient uptake, plant growth, yields, and quality while bolstering stress resilience. Two cultivars (‘Spunta’ and ‘Russet’), two in vitro materials as microtubers and plantlets, and four bio-fertilizers were used to produce seed minitubers. These bio-fertilizers included mycorrhiza (T2), microalgae (T3), beneficial bacteria (PGPR) (T4), and vermicompost (T5). Treatment T1, which received 100% mineral nutrients, was used as the control, while the bio-fertilizers were given 40% of the mineral nutrition relative to the control. The study clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the biofertilizers used in improving plant growth parameters, particularly highlighting the efficacy of vermicompost. The highest seed tuber yield of 173.12 g was obtained from the combination of ‘Spunta’ + microtuber + vermicompost’. In both varieties, in vitro microtubers led to a higher seed yield than in vitro plantlets. In terms of tuber diameter, tuber weight, and tuber number, the performance of the ‘Spunta’ cultivar was significantly higher than that of the ‘Russet’ cultivar. Seed tubers derived from in vitro microtubers had a larger diameter and were heavier than those derived from in vitro plantlets. However, seed tubers produced from in vitro plantlets were of a smaller size but more in number. In in vitro potato seed tuber production, we recommend the use of ‘Spunta’ cultivar and in vitro microtuber, supplementing with vermicompost to enhance yield, size, number curbing costs, and eco-friendliness.

Comparison of Peat–Perlite-based and Peat–Biochar-based Substrates with Varying Rates of Calcium Silicate on Growth and Cannabinoid Production of Cannabis sativa ‘BaOx’

Growers have been searching for alternative horticultural growing media components because of their desire to use sustainable resources. Biochar is a carbon-based material that has been evaluated for use as an alternative aggregate in peat-based soilless substrates. Additionally, silicon (Si) has been examined as a beneficial element to promote plant growth and plant quality in a variety of crops. However, there has been limited research regarding the interaction of biochar as an aggregate and Si in soilless substrates. This study aimed to determine the impact of Si and biochar on plant growth and nutrient uptake for greenhouse-cultivated hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Hemp plants were grown in one of 12 different substrate blends: with two rates of calcium silicate (CaSiO3), two aggregate types of biochar (medium or coarse) or perlite, and aggregate percentages of 85% peat + 15% aggregate and 70% peat + 30% aggregate. The cannabinoid concentration, plant height, diameter, or total plant biomass were similar across all substrate blends after 12 weeks of growth. Additionally, the use of CaSiO3 as a Si substrate amendment increased Si foliar concentrations, and the addition of biochar to peat-based mixes did not limit the Si availability for plant uptake. However, Si substrate amendments did not impact plant height, diameter, or total plant biomass. This suggests that the biochar tested during this study is suitable in peat-based substrates for C. sativa ‘BaOx’ production at rates up to 30% (by volume) in peat-based substrates with CaSiO3 amendments.

Pest categorisation of Pochazia shantungensis.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Pochazia shantungensis (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Ricaniidae) for the EU following commodity risk assessments of Malus domestica, Prunus persica, P. dulcis and Robinia pseudoacacia plants for planting from Türkiye in which P. shantungensis was identified as a pest that could potentially enter the EU. The native range of P.shantungensis is China (Shaanxi, Shandong and Zhejiang provinces), but around 2010, the species entered the Republic of Korea and rapidly spread. Small and localised populations were also recently found in Türkiye (Marmara) and southern Russia (Krasnodyarskiy kray). Within the EU, a few individuals have been recorded in Italy (Pistoia province, Tuscany), in one locality in southern France (Alpes-Maritimes), in the Netherlands (Western Netherlands) and in one garden in Germany (Baden-Württemberg) where it was eradicated. P. shantungensis is not listed in Annex II of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is polyphagous, feeding on plants belonging to more than 200 species including many crop and ornamental plants. Economically important hosts in the EU include apple (M. domestica), citrus (Citrus spp.), walnut (Castanea sp.) and ornamentals such as hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.) and camellia (Camellia japonica), as well as forest trees, mostly deciduous. In the Republic of Korea, the species has one generation per year. It overwinters as eggs and goes through five nymphal instars. Its impact is due to oviposition obstructing the vascular system of its hosts, depletion of the host resources and egestion of honeydew promoting the development of sooty moulds. Plants for planting constitute the main pathway for entry into the EU and for spread. Climatic conditions in southern EU countries and host plant availability in those areas would allow establishment and spread. The introduction of P. shantungensis is expected to have an economic impact in the EU through the reduction in yield, quality and commercial value of fruits and ornamental plants. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and further spread. P.shantungensis meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

Impact of plant-based protein hydrolysate and different iodine doses on celery plant production and quality

Impact of plant-based protein hydrolysate and different iodine doses on celery plant production and quality

Local biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in agroecosystems of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of long-term field experiments (2005-2022) to study the distribution and migration of trace elements in the soil-plant-animal system on the example of agrocenoses of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. A biogeochemical assessment of the content of trace elements (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Se) in trophic chains under certain agroecological conditions is given. The analysis of geochemical factors affecting the accumulation of trace elements in various types of soils and plants growing on them has been carried out. Normative quantitative characteristics of the action of trace elements on the chemical composition of the soil, productivity and quality of plants of grain, fodder and vegetable crops have been established. The relationship of macro- and microelements when they enter plants is shown, depending on the level and ratio of chemical elements in the soil, the physiological needs of the plant organism at different stages of ontogenesis.The parameters of the intake of trace elements into the body of animals with plant food under the conditions of model experiments have been established. Structural and functional changes in animal organs during feeding with crop products grown with different content of trace elements are analyzed.

COMPARISON OF THE THICKNESS OF RICE STRAW MULCH, RICE HUSK AND REEDS ON THE OBSERVATION OF THE NUMBER OF FRUIT PLANTS TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum)

Mulch is a surface covering material used to prevent weed growth, protect soil moisture, keep the soil structure stable and protect against erosion. The thickness of the mulch itself is also very influential on the life processes and development of plants. This study aims to determine and study the ratio of types of mulch thickness to observations of the number of fruits of tomato plants.method was used literature review by searching several journals that discussed the thickness of mulch of various types of organic mulch, namely rice straw, rice husk, and reeds using the search engine Google Scholar and Connected Papers with the keywords mulch thickness, type -types of organic mulch, and tomato plants. Several journals show that the difference in dosage or thickness of mulch which is consistent with one level higher than low content is significantly different which affects plant height, number of branches, number of flowering, and number of fruit produced. So it can be concluded that the use of organic mulch is very good for improving the quality of tomato plants and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of temperature, humidity and nutrients in the soil.

Plant Growth Bio-stimulants of Seaweed Extract (Sargasum boveanum): Implications Towards Sustainable Production of Cucumber

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the growth and quality of cucumber fruits, in response to different concentrations (C0, C0.75, and C1.5 g L-1) and different application methods (M1: foliar sprays, M2: fertigation, M3: combined foliar sprays and fertigation) of seaweed extract (SwE). The simultaneous use of the method and different concentration of SwE increased the fresh weight of the leaf, fruit weight, yield, number of leaves, evaporation, fruit length, fruit diameter and firmness, stomatal conductance, and nitrate concentration of fruit. On the other hand, the highest amount of fruit firmness (69.25 and 69.27 N) was observed in M2C0.75 and M2C1.5 compared to other treatments, respectively. The M1C0.75 treatment increased the fruit diameter by 26.52% more than the M1C0 treatment. Fruit weight, fruit length, and yield were in the following order in different treatments, M1C1.5˃ M1C0.75 ˃ M3C1.5. So that only in the M1C1.5 treatment, fruit weight, yield, and fruit length were 25, 52.55, and 25.86% higher than the M1C0 treatment, respectively. Generally, the M1 and M3 in concentrations of 0.75 and 1.5 created better plant growth, fruit shape, and quality characteristics compared to the second method (M2) and the C0 treatment. Therefore, the concentration of 1.5 g L-1 and the use of foliar spraying methods, and the combination of foliar spraying and fertigation can be recommended to achieve the maximum yield and quality of cucumber fruits.