Plant Production Institute Research Articles

Characteristics of introduced varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the zone of the Southern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Aim. To assess new introduced varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) of different ecological and geographical origin in conditions of the Southern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine according to a set of productivity and adaptability indicators. Methods. During 2018–2020 in the conditions of Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev NAAS of Ukraine (Poltava region, 49°18′21″N, 33°13′56″E) 30 new pea samples originating from Belarus, Azerbaijan, Canada, Poland and the Netherlands were studied. In the ripening phase of pods and seeds (BBCH 86–90) in field and laboratory conditions yields, productivity, 1000 beans weight, early-ripening, plant height and height of attachment of the lower pods above the soil level, number of nodes to the first pod and their total number per plant, number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod parameters were studied. Results. As a result of studying new samples of pea, the range of variation of their yield from 200.5 to 300.0 g/m2 was established, while the varieties ‘Aleks’, ‘Atlant’, ‘Minskiy ovoschnoy’ (Belarus), ‘Fidan’ (Azerbaijan), ‘Dacota’ (Canada), ‘Angela’ (Netherlands) were more productive, in which the mass of grain from the plant exceeded 10.0 g. The productivity of the plant was high due to both the increased number of seeds and the weight of 1000 grains. Almost all the studied samples were mediumripe (71–80 days) and are optimal for the Southern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The most early maturing (64–69 days) were the Belarusian varieties ‘Yan’, ‘Gontso’, ‘Goryinets’, ‘Alfa’, ‘Pryivabnyi’, ‘Malyish’ and the Dutch ‘Angela’ variety. The lowest varieties were Belarusian varieties – ‘Goryinets’, ‘Vlad’, ‘Alfa’, ‘Atlant’ and others (31.0–60.0 cm), which can be used as sources on this basis. Special attention should be paid to varieties that combine several valuable features: ‘Aleks’, ‘Atlant’, ‘Minskiy ovoschnoy’, ‘Korelicheskiy ovoschnoy’, ‘Slodyich’, ‘Malyish’, ‘Kosmay’, ‘Kelvidon’ (Belarus), ‘Fidan’ (Azerbaijan), ‘Jof’ (Poland), ‘CDC Limerick’ (Canada), ‘Orix’ (Spain). Conclusions. The above varieties can be recommended as sources of valuable traits for practical use in breeding, and they are suitable for cultivation in the Southern Forest-Steppe, subject to inclusion in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine.

Elucidation of gene action and combining ability for productive tillering in spring barley

The purpose of the present study is to identify breeding and genetic peculiarities for productive tillering in spring barley genotypes of different origin, purposes of usage and botanical affiliation, as well as to identify effective genetic sources to further improving of the trait. There were created two complete (6 × 6) diallel crossing schemes. Into the Scheme I elite Ukrainian (MIP Tytul and Avhur) and Western European (Datcha, Quench, Gladys, and Beatrix) malting spring barley varieties were involved. Scheme II included awnless covered barley varieties Kozyr and Vitrazh bred at the Plant Production Institute named after V. Y. Yuriev of NAAS of Ukraine, naked barley varieties Condor and CDC Rattan from Canada, as well as awned feed barley variety MIP Myroslav created at MIW and malting barley variety Sebastian from Denmark. For more reliable and informative characterization of barley varieties and their progeny for productive tillering in terms of inheritance, parameters of genetic variation and general combining ability (GCA) statistical analyses of experimental data from different (2019 and 2020) growing seasons were conducted. Accordingly to the indicator of phenotypic dominance all possible modes of inheritance were detected, except for negative dominance in the Scheme I in 2020. The degree of phenotypic dominance significantly varied depending on both varieties involved in crossing schemes and conditions of the years of trials. There was overdominance in loci in both schemes in both years. The other parameters of genetic variation showed significant differences in gene action for productive tillering between crossing Schemes. In Scheme I in both years the dominance was mainly unidirectional and due to dominant effects. In the Scheme II in both years there was multidirectional dominance. In Scheme I compliance with the additive-dominant system was revealed in 2019, but in 2020 there was a strong epistasis. In Scheme II in both years non-allelic interaction was identified. In general, the mode of gene action showed a very complex gene action for productive tillering in barley and a significant role of non-genetic factors in phenotypic manifestation of the trait. Despite this, the level of heritability in the narrow sense in both Schemes pointed to the possibility of the successful selection of individuals with genetically determined increased productive tillering in the splitting generations. In Scheme I the final selection for productive tillering will be more effective in later generations, when dominant alleles become homozygous. In Scheme II it is theoretically possible to select plants with high productive tillering on both recessive and dominant basis. In both schemes the non-allelic interaction should be taken into consideration. Spring barley varieties Beatrix, Datcha, MIP Myroslav and Kozyr can be used as effective genetic sources for involvement in crossings aimed at improving the productive tillering. The results of present study contribute to further development of studies devoted to evaluation of gene action for yield-related traits in spring barley, as well as identification of new genetic sources for plant improvement.

TESTING OF MAIZE HYBRIDS OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The research results of maize hybrids of different maturity groups (FAO 199–399) during 2018–2020 in the conditions of the South-Western part of the Forest- Steppe of Ukraine are presented. 54 domestic registered and perspective hybrids of selection of various research institutions of Ukraine (SE Institute of Grain Crops NAAS, Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, Selection and Genetics Institu-te – National Center for Seed Production and Variety Studying, National Research Center Institute of Agriculture of NAAS, Bukovynian State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of NAAS) were studied. The planting density of early ripening hybrids was 70, mid-early ripening – 60, mid-ripening – 50 thousand plants/ha. Plants were evaluated for uniformity, resistance to stem breakage below the productive ear, the damage degree by boil smut, resistance to root lodging and general condition were determined. All maize hybrids were characterized by high rating (8–9 points) on these traits. Over the years of research, the mid-early hybrids were more productive in the conditions of Bukovyna (9.06 t/ha), the mid-ripening hybrids - the least adapted to these conditions – (8.62 t/ha). The best samples with high grain yield and low grain moisture content at harvest were identified. On average for three years, DB Lada (9.64 t/ha) and DN Synevyr (9.43 t/ha) had the highest grain yield among the early-ripening hybrids, and DB Varta (10.81 t/ha), DB Khotyn (9.96 t/ha), and Kitsmanskyi 215 SV (9.61 t/ha) – among the middle-early one. It was found that DN Synevyr and DB Lada early-ripening hybrids and Kitsmanskyi 215 SV, DB Kho-tyn, DB Varta mid-early hybrids significantly exceeded the standards each year. In view of this, the hybrids of these maturity groups merit attention in the conditions of the South-Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Key words: hybrids, maize, selection, yield, harvesting moisture content, maturity group, lodging resistance.

New gherkin cucumber lines to create F1 heterotic hybrids

Aim. To create and evaluate new bee-pollinated gherkin cucumber parental lines for the heterosis breeding of cucumber hybrids in open ground. Results and Discussion. The breeding experiments (in the collection and breeding nurseries) were conducted in open ground at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of NAAS in 2016-2019. In order to obtain new forms and to create lines, inbreeding and individual selections were used in accordance with traditional breeding methods. The farming technique was standard for this climatic zone. Based on the experimental results and literature review, models of cucumber genotypes with specified parameters were developed to implement the gherkin cucumber breeding technology. Due to the developed models and as a result of breeding for open ground, two gynoecious bee-pollinated gherkin cucumber lines for open ground have been created: BD 96-18 and Tomа-18. The lines are early-ripening (44 days), high-yielding (25.3–26.6 t/ha, or + 26–34 % to the yield from the check cultivar, Dzherelo). They are relatively resistant to downy mildew (7 points). The taste is excellent. Plants bear predominantly female flowers. Cukes are cylindrical and short (6–9 cm). The lines are intended to be used as parental forms. Conclusions. The new lines have been involved in breeding to create competitive heterotic gherkin cucumber hybrids. As of today, several F1 hybrid combinations have been derived from the new lines and the breeding work with them is going on The lines have been submitted to the NCPGRU of the Plant Production Institute named after VYa Yuriev of NAAS.

Monitoring of mulberry (Morus L.) plantations to identify samples that combine high productivity and decorativeness

Aim. The purpose of the research was to identify unique mulberry specimens in the existing plantations, adapted to the climatic conditions of the growth zone, with a different combination of economic characteristics. The collection of the dendrological park "Ustimivskyi", protective strips within the land use of the Ustymivska Experimental Station of Plant Production of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, private estates of residents of the villages of Ustymivka and Novobudova of the Globynska UTC of the Poltava region. Results and Discussion. Among the mulberry plants growing in the collection of the Arboretum, one can single out sample УП33 as the sweetest of the examined samples. УП21 has large fruits 2-3 cm long, pale pink, when fully ripe - purple; whole leaf, large, 20-25 cm long, dark green. On the territory of the introduction-quarantine nursery of the station, the sample КР1 grows, which has only male inflorescences and a leaf blade 15-18 cm long and is recommended as a decorative one. In the village Newly, the HC1 sample deserves attention - a tree with dark purple sub-fruits 2.5-3 cm long, the fruits are pleasant to the taste, the leaf is small, leathery. Sample HC2 has white subfruits up to 2 cm long, when fully ripe they are faintly sweet, but without a pronounced specific taste, the leaves are small, smooth on both sides. In 1952-1954, between the fields of the experimental station, for feeding silkworms, a forest strip was planted, where you can distinguish the ЛЯ4 sample with dark purple fruits up to 2 cm long with a neutral, but pleasant taste. In sample ЛЯ5, individual fruitlets in the subfruit are large, red-purple, which remain shiny when overripe. Among the samples growing in the homesteads of the residents of the villages of Ustymivka and Novobudoka, a number of samples can be singled out (УВ7, УВ14, УВ24, УН2, УБ1, НХ1), which combine high taste qualities and the size of the leaf plates. Conclusions. Along with basic varieties and species, seedlings with an interesting combination of economic and valuable traits are growing on the surveyed territories, which deserve further study and use in selection programs and greening of settlements.

ШЛЯХОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКІВ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ТА ЇЇ КОМПОНЕНТНИХ ОЗНАК ЛІНІЙ КУКУРУДЗИ

The article presents the results of studying the genotypic variability parameters and relationships between traits affecting the performance in corn lines. In a series of three-year trials in 2006–2020, genotypic levels of the performance and its constituents in mid-early and mid-ripening corn lines, which were bred in the Laboratory of Corn Breeding and Seed Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev and became a part of its working collection, were determined. It was found that the average group performance of mid-ripening lines was higher than that of mid-early ones with differences depending on kernel type. Path analysis of genotypic correlations between the performance and its constituents allowed for evaluation of direct and side effects. It was found that the coefficients of pair correlation between the performance and its constituents were positive and mostly low or moderate, ranging 0.327 for "kernel number per ear" trait to 0.656 for "ear diameter" trait. However, when the correlations between the studied traits were divided into direct and side effects, the direct path coefficients were only high for the impact of "kernel number per ear" and "1000-kernel weight" traits (0.835 and 0.812, respectively) on the performance. Such traits as the "ear diameter", "number of kernel rows" and "kernel number per row" had very low values of the direct path coefficients (0.041 – 0.098), but affected the performance indirectly through the “kernel number per ear” trait. The "number of kernel rows" (0.622) and "kernel number per row" (0.544) exerted the greatest indirect impact on the performance through the "kernel number per ear" trait. As to the “1000-kernel weight” trait, there were significant negative indirect effects of the "kernel number per ear" and "number of kernel rows" traits, with the path coefficients of -0.350 and -0.362, respectively. It was shown that "ear diameter"-, "number of kernel rows"-, and "kernel number per row"-oriented selections were indirect, as they are components of the "kernel number per ear" trait and are at another level in the performance module. The “kernel number per ear”- and “1000-kernel weight”-oriented direct selections for performance can be most effective, but regarding the latter, one should take into account the negative side effects of the "kernel number per ear" and "number of kernel rows" traits, which can be achieved by building up aggregated indexes. Keywords: corn, inbred line, performance, correlation analysis, path analysis.

State of National Plant Genebank of Ukraine in wartime of 2022

Aim: to analyze the state of the National Plant Genebank of Ukraine in the first half of 2022, during the military aggression of the Russian Federation. Results and Discussion. There is carried out formation and maintaining of the National Plant Genebank of Ukraine in wartime conditions of the first half of 2022. One of the largest National Plant Genebanks in terms of number and genetic diversity has been formed in Ukraine, which includes 154.000 accessions of 544 crops and 1.802 plant species. The formation and management of the National Plant Genebank is carried out by 30 institutions of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (NAAS), which are united in the Plant Genetic Resources System of Ukraine (PGRSU) under the scientific-methodical and organizational management of the National Center of the PGRSU. The military actions of the Russian Federation against Ukraine disrupted the normal course of the scientific process and made it practically impossible in four temporarily occupied institutions. The Institute of Bast Crops of NAAS and the Institute of Potatoes of NAAS resumed their work after the temporary occupation. The experimental base of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuryev of NAAS, the main building and warehouses of the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of NAAS. Despite the difficult conditions, the scientists preserve and study the genepool accessions and enrich the National Plant Gene Bank with new sources of valuable economic and biological traits. Conclusions. The National Plant Genebank of Ukraine is maintained under conditions of war with the Russian Federation. Most of accessions have been relocated to safer regions. Accessions and collections submitted for registration undergo examination. Accessions and collections submitted for registration are being examined. The National collection of plant gene pool accessionss and duplicate collections are maintained. On-line communication with institutions in the temporarily occupied territory is maintained.

Yield level and stability in corn hybrids of different ripeness groups

Purpose. To determine the yield and agronomic stability of new corn hybrids bred at the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS under climatic changes.
 Materials and methods. Twenty-eight experimental hybrids derived from lines of different genetic origins were studied. The field experiments were carried out in compliance with conventional techniques.
 Results and discussion. Of the hybrids tested, eight mid-early and two mid-ripening hybrids were distinguished, as their yields were higher than those of the conditional check hybrids by 0.42–2.32 t/ha. In addition to yield, the harvest moisture in grain is an important criterion for evaluating hybrids. In all study years, the harvest moisture in grain of the corn hybrids was at or below the standard. The maximum average yields in 2016–2018 were produced by mid-early hybrids Vektor (8.13 t/ha), KhA Bolid (8.19 t/ha), and Arho (8.13 t/a) and by mid-ripening hybrid UKhL 228 / KhA 408 (7.1 t/ha), exceeding the corresponding conditional check hybrids by 23–24%. When analyzing the corn hybrid yields depending on the growing zone, namely Steppe, Forest-Steppe and Woodlands, we noted that their average yield was 5.58, 8.96 and 7.13 t/ha, respectively. Of the hybrids studied, Vektor and Stavr provided the highest yields of 9.49 t/ha and 9.59 t/ha, respectively, with the grain moisture of 18% in the Forest-Steppe.
 Conclusions. The yield level and stability in the corn hybrids of different ripeness groups were evaluated. The hybrids gave high or moderate yields and were noticeable for high agronomic stability, providing consistently high yields under deteriorating growing conditions. Based to the trial results, three mid-early corn hybrids, Liubchyk (FAO 240), Stavr (FAO 290) and Vektor (FAO 270), were included in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine.

Donors of valuable breeding traits of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Analysis of the existing basic collections and identification of the core collections with clearly defined properties are important stages of the plant genetic banks activities. The NCPGRU pea collection has not been studied through this lens. The article presents results of the study of pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum) accessions as donors of valuable breeding traits for its multipurpose use in agriculture and processing industries. We examined 307 accessions representing the breeding material from the working pea collection of the Laboratory of Grain Legume Breeding of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev and the collection accessions of various eco-geographical origins of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NCPGRU). Eleven donors were selected by one or more important agronomic traits in combination with valuable economic characteristics (yield, performance, protein content in seeds, disease resistance (Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight)). The cultivars Modus, Efektnyi (multi-flowering (fn fna), leafless (tendril) (af)), Tsarevych (seed shedding resistance (def), leafless (af)), and SL DTR 94-120 (multi-flowering (fn fna), luhansk type of determinancy (d)) were chosen as donors for the grain pea breeding. Orpella (anthocyanin pigmentation of the corolla (A)) and Rezonator (stem length (Le)) were used for the grain/fodder pea breeding; Kharkivskyi Yantarnyi and Banan (seed culinary qualities) – for the groats pea breeding; Stambovyi (parchmentless pods (pv), fascicle stems (fa fas) and Asgrow sead (wrinkled seeds (r), leafless (af), multi-flowering (fn fna)) – for the garden pea breeding; Violena (the rb gene carrier – amylose-free starch) – for the technical pea breeding. All the accessions proved their donor capacities. A qualitatively new input material for practical selection has been derived by means of hybridization with some cultivars (Kharkivskyi Yantarnyi, Banan, Tsarevych, Violena, Asgrow seed). Further study of the NCHRRU pea collection aimed at identification of valuable accessions and creation a core collection is essential.

Environmental trial of pea breeding acessions

The aim of the study was to determine the information content and adequacy of the ecological testing points of the pea breeding material and to identify the "ideal" genotype.
 Materials and methods. The breeding material in the experiments was represented by cultivars bred at the PPI nd.a. V.Ya. Yuriev (Tsarevych, Oplot, Otaman, Metsenat, Korvet, Haiduk, and Malakhit) and ten breeding lines (SL 11-129, SL 11-213, SL 11-55, SL 11-58, SL 10-37, SL 11-32, SL 10-132, SL 09-118, SL 11-166, and SL 11-176). In addition there was one cultivar (Svit) bred at the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute. All the cultivars are leafless, semi-dwarf, mid-ripening, except for Tsarevych (mid-early). The field experiments were carried out in accordance with the methods of field experimentation, using the conventional pea growing technology. The seeding rate was 1.2 million germinable seeds/ha; the plot area was 10 m2. To evaluate the accessions for the variability in different environments, we used a regression model developed by S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russel, where the regression coefficient is an indicator of the genotype-environment interaction. This model is included in "Guidelines for Environmental Trials of Corn".
 Results and discussion. Thus, comparing the regression coefficient in pea cultivars Oplot, Tsarevych, Haiduk, Korvet, and Metsenat, we could conclude that these accessions were highly intensive in the OSES conditions and extensive in the PPI NAAS conditions (except for Metsenat). Regarding the regression coefficient in the breeding lines, none of them had a regression coefficient of 1.0. Over the study period, the regression coefficient was 1.4 only in line SL 11-58 (PPI NAAS) and 1.2 (OSES), characterizing this line as intensive regardless of the place of cultivation.
 Taking into account that the regression coefficient values of <1 are intrinsic to extensive accessions, lines SL 10-132 (RC = 0.4) and SL 11-176 (RC = 0.8) are preferred. Because these accessions also have a high genotypic effect. In addition, the regression coefficient in breeding line SL 09-118 was 0.9, with a genotypic effect of 0.07. Such combination of the indicators characterizes the line as relatively stable, with sufficient potential performance, and this breeding line will not be demanding to growing conditions similar to the OSES ones.
 Conclusions. Thus, the evaluation of both cultivars and breeding lines in the environmental trial showed that the pea breeding at the Plant Production Institute named after VYa Yuryev had a significant potential to create cultivars that would be well-adapted to both eastern and southern conditions, and that environmental trials remained an effective tool for assessing breeding material and selecting accessions with the maximum fulfillment of the genetic potential

Productivity of mustachioed pea varieties depending on the nutrition background under the conditions of the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The purpose of the research was to find out the effect of the main fertilization system in the crop rotation scheme on the yield and quality of seeds of moustachioed pea varieties in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out in the period 2016–2020 in the stationary crop rotation scheme of V.Y.Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS of Ukraine. The soil is powerful, poorly leached chernozem. The object of study were seven zoned varieties – Deviz, Tsarevych, Otaman, Oplot, Korvet, Haiduk and Malakhit. The experiment scheme included three backgrounds: 1 – crop rotation (without fertilizers); 2 – organic (manure aftereffect); 3 – organo-mineral (aftereffect of manure + N30P30K30 in the main application). The cultivation technology is generally accepted for the zone. The experimental results were statistically processed by the method of analysis of variance.
 Results and discussion. In unstable weather conditions 2016–2020 on the unfertilized background, the highest yield level was provided by the varieties Tsarevych (2.33 t/ha), Haiduk (2.28 t/ha) and Oplot (2.27 t/ha) with an excess of the standard variety Deviz by 0.19–0, 25 t/ha. Depending on the year of research, the maximum yield of these varieties varied within 3.04–3.21 t/ha, the minimum yield was 0.77–0.88 t/ha, and the range of variation was 2.27–2.38 t/ha. The productivity of the above mentioned varieties (2.75–2.77 t/ha) exceeded the standard by an average of 0.43–0.45 t/ha on the organic background, and compared with the unfertilized background, the increase in grain yield was 0.44–0.45 t / ha or 18.9–21.5 %.
 The highest yield (3.04–3.07 t/ha) and an increase in grain (0.77–0.84 t/ha) were provided by the varieties Tsarevych, Haiduk and Oplot on the organo-mineral background. This testifies to their good response to fertilizers and the possibility of cultivation using intensive technology. During the years of research, the maximum yield of these varieties was 4.16–4.39 t/ha, the minimum – 1.27–1.51 t/ha, and the highest range of its variation was from 2.79 t/ha to 2.89 t/ha. The smallest increase in grain on the organo-mineral background of fertilization was obtained in the varieties Malakhit and Korvet – 0.47 t/ha and 0.56 t/ha respectively. At the same time, the range of yield variation over the years was the smallest – 2.43–2.44 t/ha.
 The most favourable weather conditions for peas were in 2016, 2017 and 2020. Accordingly, this provided the highest level of average yield of varieties in terms of backgrounds: without fertilization – 2.70–2.72 t/ha, organic – 2.87–3.23 t/ha, organo-mineral – 3.14–3.83 t/ha. In the most unfavourable weather conditions of 2019, regardless of the nutritional background, the Tsarevych and Otaman varieties were more resistant to drought. The average yield of these varieties on the unfertilized background was 0.81 t/ha. At the same time, organic and organo-mineral nutritional backgrounds provided a significant increase in the grain – respectively 0.39 t/ha and 0.48 t/ha.
 Conclusions. On average for 2016–2020, the Tsarevych and Haiduk varieties were the most responsive to fertilization. The increase in grain of these varieties were consistently high – 0.44 and 0.47 t/ha on the organic background (aftereffect of manure) and 0.84 and 0.79 t/ha with the main application of N30P30K30 on the organic background respectively. On average, organic and organo-mineral fertilizer backgrounds for Tsarevych and Haiduk varieties ensured an increase in their productivity 0.38 t/ha and 0.69 t/ha respectively, with a yield under control (without fertilizers) of 2.21 t/ha.
 The dependence of the quality of pea grain on the variety and nutrition background was revealed. The highest protein content of grain was obtained in less productive varieties of Korvet and Malakhit with indicators, in the control of 24.09 and 23.35%, and on the organic-mineral background – 24.63% and 23.39% respectively.
 The possibility of the simultaneous increase in yield and protein content in the grain of the Haiduk variety has been established. The most significant gross protein harvest was obtained on the organic-mineral nutritional background in the Haiduk, Oplot and Tsarevych varieties (0.682–0.689 t/ha) with an increase of 16.8–17.8% in comparison with the standard variety Devyz. The increase in the gross yield of protein per hectare, in most varieties, depended on the level of their yield rather than on the protein content in the grain

Seed quality indicators of winter bread wheat accessions depending on the grain size

Purpose and objectives. To evaluate the effect of sorting seeds by size on their quality indicators: germination energy, laboratory germinability and 1000-grain weight.
 Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out in the experimental field of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS in accordance with the field experimentation method in 2016–2018; 26 winter bread wheat lines and varieties were studied. The varieties and lines were grown in variety trial experiments; the plot area was 10 m2. Seeds were separated on sieves of a laboratory separator RLU-3; the 1000-grain weight was measured; the laboratory germinability and germination energy were determined.
 Results and discussion. When winter bread wheat seeds are sorted on sieves, they are separated into fractions with various 1000-grain weights. The separated fractions of winter wheat seeds have different sowing qualities. The 2.5 x 20 mm seeds and 2.8 x 20 mm seeds are of the best quality (germination energy, germinability). It was found that in 2016–2018, the germination energy, laboratory germinability and 1000-gain weight changed depending on the growing conditions. They were the highest in 2017. The varieties with a high 1000-grain weight have been identified: Doskonala, Pryvablyva, Smuhlianka, and Haiok. The highest germination energy and germinability were intrinsic to varieties Yednist, Harmonika and Bunchuk. Yednist (93.3%), Harmonika (94.3%), Metelytsia Kharkivska (94.5%), Bunchuk (94.7%), Alians (93.3%), Podolianka (92.5%), Patriotka (93.6%), Zapashna (93.3%), Dyvo (93.7%), Doskonala (93.6%), Krasa Laniv (94.0%), Smuhlianka (93.1%), and Erythrospermum 408-13 (93.7%) had a high germinability of small seeds (2.2 x 20 mm). To clean these varieties, especially in years with low seed yields, it is recommended to use seeds of the standard size (2.2–2.5 x 20 mm).
 Conclusions. The relationships between the grain size and sowing qualities of seeds have been established. Separation of seeds is an effective technological method allowing for selection of top-quality seeds

Якість зерна гібридних ліній пшениці м'якої ярої – потомків гібридів синтетиків з сортом Харківська 26

Якість зерна гібридних ліній пшениці м'якої ярої – потомків гібридів синтетиків з сортом Харківська 26

Оil content in chickpea seeds of the national collection of Ukraine

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop grown and consumed worldwide. Oil content in chickpea seeds ranges from 4 % to 7 % according to various data sources. Considering the interest of breeders in this issue, as well as for the purpose of inventory of the presented chickpea genetic material in the collection of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, these studies were carried out. Field experiments were carried out in 2016-2018 in the scientific crop rotation of the Plant Production Institute n.a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS (Kharkiv, Ukraine). 43 samples (21 - kabuli type and 22 - desi type) of different ecological and geographical origin were studied. Oil content in chickpea seeds was determined using gravimetric method of S. V. Rushkovsky (Yermakov, 1987) in the laboratory for genetics, biotechnology and quality of the Plant Production Institute n.a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS. On average, over the years of study, in the kabuli type accessions, the oil content level in the seeds made 7.08 %; for accessions - 6.05 %. The range of variability of this trait for the kabuli chickpea ranged from 5.22 % to 8.69 %, and for desi - from 4.40 % to 7.26 %. A low variability of the studied trait was noted for both the kabuli (V = 6.88-15.04 %) and for desi (V = 8.98-14.15%) chickpea cultivars. The advantage in terms of oil content in seeds, regardless of the growing conditions, was retained for the kabuli type. The accessions with the maximum level of the “oil content in seeds” trait manifestation were selected as “reference” for each type: for kabuli - variety Pamyat (Ukraine) - 7.95 %, for desi - Yarina (Ukraine) - 7.13 %. The best oil-bearing chickpea samples can be used in specialized programs to create new genotypes with a higher oil content in seeds.

Investigation of the carbohydrates of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Camelina microcarpa Andrz

The aim of the work was to study the monosaccharide composition of WSPS, PS and HC, isolated from the raw materials of Camelina sativa and Camelina microcarpa and to establish the quantitative content of these fractions.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of the composition of biologically active substances of carbohydrate nature was carried out in herb and seeds of Camelina sativa (variety “Slavutych”) and Camelina microcarpa. Samples of seeds for growing plants were provided by the National Center for Genetic Resources of Plants of Ukraine (The Plant Production Institute ND. V.YA. YURIEVA, NAAS of Ukraine).
 For the studies, the carbohydrates were separated by the Bailey method into monosaccharide fractions, which were used for TLC and quantification using a modified Dreywood spectrophotometric method with anthrone reagent in concentrated sulfuric acid.
 Results. The presence of glucose, galactose and arabinose was determined in the hydrolysates of polysaccharide fractions of Camelina sativa of herb and seeds. Galactose, glucose, arabinose and xylose were found in the hydrolysates of polysaccharide fractions of Camelina microcarpa herb and seeds. The highest content of WSPS was determined in the herb of Camelina sativa, and the lowest - in the seeds of Camelina microcarpa. PS in the largest number were also found in the herb, and in the smallest – in the seeds of Camelina sativa. The content of the amount of HC was the highest in the herb of Camelina sativa, and the smallest – in the seeds of Camelina sativa.
 Conclusions. The presence of 3 monosaccharides in the raw material of Camelina sativa and 4 monosaccharides in the raw material of Camelina microcarpa was established by TLC. The quantitative content of monosaccharide fractions was determined by the spectrophotometric method, which in total predominated in Camelina sativa

Levels and variability of valuable economic characteristics of spring barley, depending on genotype and hydrothermal conditions

Purpose and Objectives. The purpose was to evaluate the yield, the growing period length, resistance to diseases and lodging of spring barley, depending on genotype and hydrothermal conditions, and to select starting material for combining breeding.Materials and Methods. One six-row cultivar and two-row chaffy and naked cultivars and lines of spring barley were studied. The experiments were conducted in accordance with methods qualifying examination of plant varieties at the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS in 2018–2020. The plot area was 10 m2, in four replications. Data were statistically processed by analysis of variance in the STATISTICA 10 software; posteriori comparison was performed by homogenous groups (Fisher LSD).Results and Discussion. It was found that naked accessions gave lower yields compared to the check cultivar Vzirets under any growing conditions. The sample of chaffy accessions was homogeneous in terms of yield, hence, no significant excess was noted, and cultivar Grace was the only one which consistently exceeded the the check cultivar. As to the growing period length, all the accessions under investigation were mid-ripening.Resistance to lodging was strongly dependent on genotype and weather. In 2020, severe waterlogging combined with low temperatures favored the vegetative mass development and severe lodging. Therefore, in 2020, none of the accessions of the studied sample was completely resistant to lodging. Cultivars Merlin and Krasen can be distinguished by very high or high group resistance to head smut, net blotch and powdery mildew.Conclusions. The study singled out six cultivars as breeding-valuable ones with a set of economic characteristics (high low-variable yield [11.06–18.59%], resistance to lodging [8.3–8.8 points], high resistance to the pathogens of head smut [7–9 points] and brown spot [6–9 points]): Grace, Khors, Vzirets, Gladys, Krasen, and Herkules. Awnless accessions were identified as sources of resistance to head smut. Line 14-561 called Herkules was submitted to the qualifying examination of plant varieties.

Environmental trials of a model population of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in contrast climates

Purpose – assess the capacities of a particular genotype and to offer breeders starting material that is adapted to a region where a would-be variety will be created.Materials and Methods. To accomplish this purpose, an environmental trial of collection bean (Phaseolus L.) accessions was carried out in four locations, which that differ in climatic characteristics: Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS – Kharkiv, eastern Forest-Steppe; Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS – Poltavska Oblast, southern Forest-Steppe; Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of NAAS – Chernivtsi, Woodlands; Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute -National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation – Odesa, southern Steppe.Results and discussion. Genotypes and test environments were assessed by GGE biplot method, which made it possible to graphically visualize the environmental trial results. To create varieties for different zones of Ukraine, we recommend to select parents with due account for weather conditions: South of Ukraine – drought-resistant genotypes with high heat resistance (Holberg); Woodlands – intensive genotypes (Pervomaiska, Mistseva Bomba 5); Forest-Steppe –stable genotypes with high drought resistance (Holberg, Nadiia, UD030104).Conclusions. From the GGE biplot results, the environmental trial locations, which allow one to fully assess the adaptability of a genotype, were identified: Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS and Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production. In their conditions, stable genotypes were distinguished: Holberg, Otrada, UD0300104, Bogema, UD0300152, N 201-15 and Sinelnikivska 8. Of these accessions, Holberg, Otrada, UD0300104 and Sinelnikivska 8 combined stability and high performance, approaching the "ideal" genotypes Holberg and UD0300104.

Differentiation of sunflower lines by cold tolerance

Purpose. The study purpose was to differentiate sunflower lines by cold tolerance and economically valuable traits for breeding hybrids with an increased adaptability to environmental stressors at the initial ontogenetic stages.Material and methods. Lines from a working collection of the Laboratory of Sunflower Breeding and Genetics of Plant Production Institute Industry named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS (sterility fixers and fertility restorers) were taken as the test material. The field experiments were carried out in the scientific crop rotation fields of the Institute (township Elitne, Kharkivska Oblast, Kharkivskyi Raion). The field experiments were planned and conducted in accordance with conventional methods, with due account for the zonal features of sunflower cultivation.In the laboratory, the breeding material was assessed for tolerance to low temperatures by cold germination of sunflower seeds, with due account for the temperature mode peculiarities (5°C) and the germination length of sunflower line and hybrid seeds in a refrigerated thermostat (10 days). Cold tolerance was determined by germinability of sunflower seeds at 5оС related to the control (25оС). The resistance of breeding material to the causative agent of downy mildew was assessed in the laboratory by the method developed by YeM Dolgova et al. The oil content in seeds was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Data were statistically processed using Excel software.Results and discussion. Using cold germination of seeds harvested in 2016-2018, we differentiated sunflower lines by tolerance to low temperatures at the initial ontogenetic stages.The low temperature tolerance of lines – sterility fixers (sterile analogues) was found to range 4.7% to 88.8%. A high cold tolerance was noted in lines Skh 93 A (88.8%), Skh 1006 A (79.3%), and Skh 777 A (76.4%). The cold tolerance of sunflower lines – fertility restorers was revealed to vary in the range of 11.3–93.6%. A high tolerance to low temperatures was noted in lines Kh 720 V (93.6%), Kh 4913 V (77.9%), and Kh 15146 V (62.0%).The field results characterized the lines - sterility fixers (sterile analogues) and fertility restorers by breeding characteristics and their year-to-year variability. The valuable economic features, morphological traits and resistance to the downy mildew pathogen are described for lines – sources of cold tolerance.Conclusions. By the laboratory method of cold germination, the sunflower lines were differentiated by tolerance to low temperatures at the initial ontogenetic stages. Five lines with a high cold tolerance - Skh 93 A (88.8%), Skh 1006 A (79.3%), Skh 777 A (76.4%), Kh 720 V (93.6%), and Kh 4913 V (77.9%) - were identified as sources of this trait. The genotypic diversity of the sunflower lines was evaluated by breeding characteristics and their year-to-year variability. The lines – sources of cold tolerance were characterized by valuable economic features, morphological traits and resistance to the causative agent of downy mildew

Characteristics of productivity of soft winter wheat samples from Common Bunt-Resistant Nursery (CBUNT-RES) in the southern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine

Purpose. Evaluate the introduced samples of soft winter wheat from the international nursery Common Bunt-Resistant Nursery (CBUNT-RES) of different ecological and geographical origin in the southern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine according to a set of productivity indicators in order to define the most valuable samples and describe them.Methods. During 2016–2019 on the base of Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production of the V. Ya. Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS the authors studied, evaluated and described 75 new soft winter wheat samples of various eco-geographical origins by productivity traits. In the field and laboratory conditions, indicators of yield and productivi­ty were determined: 1000 grains weight, plant height and ear length, the number of spikelets and grains in the ear, weight of ear and grain and early-ripening.Results. Plant material with increased parameters of economic and biological characters was identified. During studies, it was found that ‘F08347G8’, ‘F00628G34-1’ (Romania), ‘91-142A61/KATIA1//GRISET-4’, ‘SAULESKU#44/TR810200//GRISET-4’, ‘ATTILA/BABAX//PASTOR/4/…’ (IU067591) (Turkey), ‘INTENSIVNAYA//PBW343*2/TUKURU’, ‘SANZAR-8/KKTS’ (Mexico) were the high-yielding varieties. The samples of soft winter wheat as ‘F08347G8’, ‘F00628G34-1’ (Romania), ‘INTENSIVNAYA//PBW343*2/…’ (IU067637) (Mexico), ‘ATAY/GALVEZ87/6/TAST/…’ (IU067587), ‘DE9/MERCAN-2’, ‘KRASNODAR/FRTL/6…’ (IU067595), ‘SAULESKU#44/TR810200//GRISET-4’, ‘GANSU-1/3/AUSGS50AT34/…’ (IU067598), ‘ORKINOS-1*2/3/AUS…’ (IU067608), ‘KAMBARA1/ZANDER-17’ , ‘TAM200/KAUZ/4/CHAM6//…’ (IU067612) (Turkey) contained a large grain weight (more than 5.0 g), plant productivity in these samples was rather high due to increased amount of grains and the thousand kernel weight.Conclusions. The introduced soft winter wheat samples of various eco-geographical origins were adapted to the Southern Forest-Steppe and can be recommended as a source material in breeding to increasing productive capacity.

Allelic composition of puroindolinium genes and confectionery properties of flour of soft winter wheat samples

Purpose. Identification of soft winter wheat varieties and lines from the Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev, NAAS by allelic state of Pina–D1 and Pinb-D1 genes for targeted use in the breeding for high confectionery properties of flour. Methods. Identification of the Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes allelic state was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific primer pairs. Confectionery properties of flour were evaluated by determining the quality indicators: the water absorption capacity (WAC) of the flour, trial baking of cookies and evaluation of its quality. Results. According to the results of PCR analysis, 9 samples had an allelic composition of puroindoline genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties. Flour of the lines 'L137-26-0-2', 'L137-26-0-3' had the best confectionery properties, it had a WAC value less than 55%, cookies diameter 85 mm, cookies height 10 mm, estimation of a surface of cookies 7– 9 points, what meets the requirements for soft-grained wheat. 76% of the samples belonged to hard-grained varieties and had the corresponding alleles of the Pina-D1 or Pinb-D1 genes. In the studied sample, Pina-D1 gene is represented by 2 alleles: Pina-D1a and Pina-D1b. 27 samples had Pina-D1a allele, which also allows them to be used in breeding programs for grain quality when crossed with soft samples, 4 ones had Pina-D1b allele. As to Pinb-D1 gene, all hard grain samples had Pinb-D1b allele, and the 'Erythrospermum S 424-1 / 14' line was heterogeneous for Pinb-D1a / Pinb-D1b. The flour of these samples had typical for hard wheat quality indicators: WAC 68% and more, cookie diameter of 60–72 mm, cookie height of 13–15 mm, the surface evaluation of 1–4 points.Conclusions. The studies allowed to differentiate the breeding material and transfer a soft winter wheat cultivar of a confectionery use 'L137-26-0-3' ('Mazurok') which has an allelic structure of puroindolins genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties and high confectionery flour properties for qualification examination.