Poisonous Plants Research Articles

Melatonin-priming ameliorates aluminum accumulation and toxicity in rice through enhancing aluminum exclusion and maintaining redox homeostasis.

Seed priming can effectively enhance the plant's ability to withstand stress during subsequent growth and development; however, the role of melatonin-priming in attenuating aluminum (Al) toxicity remain unknown. In this study, 10, 50 and 100μM melatonin were selected for rice seed priming to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of melatonin against Al toxicity. Al stress inhibited seed germination by induction of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and reduction of α-amylase activity. However, melatonin-priming substantially rescued the Al-induced poor germination of seeds, as evidenced by less ABA content and higher α-amylase activity. Compared to no priming under Al stress, melatonin-priming significantly increased root elongation and plant fresh weight of rice seedlings by 135.1% and 39.4%, respectively. Melatonin-priming scavenged Al-induced superoxide anion (O2·-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bursts by activating the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and antioxidants (ascorbate and glutathione) in root tips, thereby reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and callose levels and ultimately mitigating oxidative damage. Furthermore, melatonin-priming enhanced Al resistance by inhibiting Al uptake into the symplast through increased citric acid secretion. The decrease of Al deposition in the cell wall was attributed to melatonin-stimulated reduction of cell wall pectin and hemicellulose contents under Al stress. Collectively, these findings reveal a positive role of melatonin-priming in alleviating Al toxicity in plants.

Concentration-dependent interactive toxicity of cadmium and mercury: Non-negligible effects on phytoremediation by indigenous Artemisia lavandulaefolia.

The indigenous species Artemisia lavandulaefolia, widespread in areas co-contaminated with Cd and Hg, has the potential for phytoremediation. However, the mechanisms that underlie these plants' resistance to combined Hg and Cd stress are unelucidated. The influence of the dosage of one metal on another has also not been adequately quantified. We investigated the combined and interactive effects of varying doses of Cd and Hg on this species' growth, heavy metal accumulation, and physiological responses. We found that increased Hg and Cd in the co-contaminants inhibited biomass by 16-59 %. The interaction between these heavy metals on growth was concentration-dependent, with an antagonistic effect (concentration addition index (CAI) and effect addition index (EAI) < 0) at low concentrations and an additive effect at high concentrations. An increase in one metal had a beneficial effect on the aboveground accumulation of the other metal, reaching bioconcentrations of 20.16 and 2.25 for Cd and Hg, respectively. Furthermore, the elevation of Cd in the solution increased the proportion of Hg in the cell walls to 31.5 %; however, increasing the Hg dose did not change the Cd concentration in this substructure. Our results also demonstrate that different physiological responses occurred with increased Hg and Cd in the co-contaminants. The elevation of Hg in the mixture had a greater effect on photosynthetic systems than the increased Cd levels. The antioxidant systems of roots and leaves play important roles in attenuating Hg and Cd stress, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed concentration-dependent trade-offs between heavy metal accumulation and plant growth and between the above- and belowground antioxidant activities of Artemisia lavandulaefolia for the first time. With increasing Hg, plants preferred to stimulate belowground antioxidant activity, whereas high concentrations of Cd followed the opposite trend. This study provides a theoretical basis for the phytoremediation of this species under combined heavy metal pollution. It highlights that the concentration-dependent interaction between Hg and Cd on plant toxicity should not be ignored during phytoextraction in co-contaminated environments.

Boron contributes to enhance antimony tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by activating antioxidant system, modifying the cell wall component and promoting cell wall deposition of Sb.

Boron (B) is essential for plant growth and helps mitigate metal toxicity in various crop plants. However, the potential role and underlying mechanisms of B in alleviating antimony (Sb) toxicity in rice remain unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of H₃BO₃ supplementation (30, 50, and 75μM) on morphological growth, physiological and biochemical traits, Sb content, and the subcellular distribution of Sb in rice plants under 100μM Sb stress during the seedling stage in a hydroponic system. The results revealed that Sb toxicity severely impaired rice growth, reducing shoot biomass by 38.3%, shoot and root length by 38.9% and 23.2%, and leaf relative water content by 15.5%. Supplementation with 30μMB mitigated these adverse effects by enhancing photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis, restoring root activity, and improving oxidative balance through increased antioxidant enzyme activities in rice tissues. Furthermore, B supplementation significantly reduced Sb concentration in roots by 56.28%, while promoting Sb distribution in the cell wall (CW) fraction. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS) microanalysis confirmed that B enhanced Sb adsorption on root CWs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated increased carboxyl groups in the CWs following B application under Sb treatment. Moreover, B supplementation increased the levels of pectin and hemicellulose and elevated pectin methylesterase (PME) activity by 22.0%, 69.0%, and 29.0% in roots, respectively, thus promoting Sb chelation onto the CWs. Taken together, our results provide a scientific basis and theoretical guidance for applying B to alleviate Sb toxicity in crops.

Glycine betaine mitigates cadmium toxicity in plants via redox homeostasis and osmotic adjustment

Glycine betaine mitigates cadmium toxicity in plants via redox homeostasis and osmotic adjustment

Flowers marigold fermentation influence on the flavonoids content and polyphenoloxidase activity

Introduction. Fermentation is a biochemical process that changes the qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active substances (BAS) and, accordingly, may change the pharmacological activity and toxicity of medicinal plants. Fermentation usually carried out for fresh medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). However, to date, there is no information on the relationship between enzyme activity (in particular, polyphenol oxidase) and the BAS content. In this work, calendula flowers standardized for flavonoids were used as a model object. Purpose of the study. To assess the effect of calendula flower fermentation on the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Material and methods. The object of the study was calendula flowers (Calendulae flos, Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae). The following fermentation options were studied: hot fermentation at 40 and 60°С; fermentation under natural conditions; cold fermentation, as well as thermal and ultrasonic pre-treatment. Immediately after the completion of fermentation, heat and ultrasound treatment, the polyphenol oxidase activity was determined in the processed fresh MPRM using the method of A.N. Boyarkin. After 6 hours of fermentation of fresh MPRM at 40 and 60°С; after 1 day of fermentation under natural conditions; after cold fermentation and ultrasound treatment, heat treatment was carried out to stop the polyphenol oxidase activity. The flavonoid content was determined spectrophotometrically by the reaction with aluminum chloride. Results. Hot fermentation of fresh calendula flowers at 40°С for 2–3 hours leads to a significant increase in the flavonoid content; hot fermentation at 60°С reduces the its content. The flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity at 40°С are higher than at 60°С. A reliable relationship was revealed between the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Cold fermentation reduces the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Natural fermentation for 3 days increases the flavonoid content. Ultrasonic treatment significantly increases the flavonoid content. Heat treatment does not significantly increase the its content. Thermal inactivation of the enzyme after hot, cold and natural fermentation and ultrasonic treatment reduces the flavonoid content. Conclusion. Among all the studied methods of pre-treatment of fresh calendula flowers (hot, cold and natural fermentation, heat and ultrasonic treatment with and without thermal inactivation), the most significant increase in flavonoid content was achieved with ultrasonic treatment.

Abortions and Congenital Malformations in Small Ruminants Associated with Toxic Plant Consumption in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

The Northeast of Brazil is a leading region for small ruminants. However, these herds are primarily located in the semi-arid region and face significant losses due to fetal and perinatal mortality, frequently linked to the consumption of teratogenic toxic plants during pregnancy. This study investigated the clinical and epidemiological aspects related to abortions and malformations in 80 small ruminant farms in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Necropsies were also performed on fetuses and neonates, along with histopathological, molecular, and serological analyses of the herds to differentiate other conditions. Malformations were identified on approximately 42 farms, with arthrogryposis being the most common abnormality. Toxic plants, including Mimosa tenuiflora and Cenostigma pyramidalis, were recorded on 95.23% of the properties with reported malformations. Additionally, necropsies confirmed the association between the occurrence of these plants and malformations, abortions, and mortality, excluding infectious causes. These results underscore the urgent need for prevention and control strategies to mitigate the impact of toxic plants on small ruminant production in the semi-arid region.

Hydrogen Sulfide Mitigates Manganese-Induced Toxicity in Malus hupehensis Plants by Regulating Osmoregulation, Antioxidant Defense, Mineral Homeostasis, and Glutathione Ascorbate Cycle

Manganese (Mn) is a toxic metal element that adversely affects plant growth. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered an important signaling molecule with significant potential in alleviating various abiotic stresses. However, there is limited information available on the role of H2S in alleviating manganese stress in plants. In this study, the effects of exogenous H2S and its scavenger, homocysteine thiolactone (HT), on the physiological and biochemical parameters of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis seedlings were evaluated. Our results show that H2S treatment significantly alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative damage induced by manganese stress in Malus hupehensis seedlings, primarily by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and up-regulating the ascorbate-glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle. H2S treatment increased photosynthetic pigment content and helped maintain osmotic balance in leaves, thereby enhancing key gas exchange parameters and mitigating manganese-induced suppression of photosynthesis. H2S treatment enhanced the absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn under manganese stress, significantly reduced manganese accumulation in Malus hupehensis seedlings, and modulated the transcriptional expression of MTPs, facilitating the transfer of manganese to the leaves. Thus, H2S reduces oxidative damage and promotes growth under Mn stress, highlighting its important role in plant stress tolerance.

Exploring The Physiological Response Of Three Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Cultivars To Cadmium Stress

Barley is one of the world’s earliest domesticated crops, ranks fourth grain cereal after maize, rice and wheat. Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread, non essential and toxic heavy metal pollutant reflecting toxicity for both plant and animals. Here, we made an effort to investigate the responce of three barley cultivars using various cadmium dosage. 0, 25-50 µM Cd, 100 µM Cd and 150 µM Cd were taken as different cadmium doses. Results of this study revealed that decrease in shoot length and weight was observed with the increase in cadmium dose. Sentosa and Tarm 92 were found most succeptible and resistant cultivars of barley respectively. Decrease in chlorophyll and proline contents were observed with an increase in cadmium dosage. Higher cadmimum accumulation was observed in root tissues. Effects of cadmium stress were observed for various mineral contents in these cultivars and an increse in calcium contents was also observed. Manganese, copper and zinc content of seedlings increased against low cadmium dosage. However, decrease in the concentration of these mineral was observed against higher Cd dosage. We are confidant that findings of this study will be helpful for the understanding of how cadmium toxicity effects the growth and yield of crops

Synergistic effects of allantoin and Achyranthes japonica-biochar profoundly alleviate lead toxicity during barley growth.

Lead (Pb), a toxic metal, causes severe health hazards to both humans and plants due to environmental pollution. Biochar addition has been efficiently utilized to enhance growth of plants as well as yield in the presence of Pb-induced stress. The present research introduces a novel use of biochar obtained from the weed Achyranthes japonica to enhance the growth of plants in Pb-contaminated soil. An experiment was performed with 7 treatments: Control, Pb2+ (10 mg kg-1) only, biochar (4 %) only, allantoin (4 g kg-1) only, biochar combined with Pb2+, allantoin combined with biochar, as well as a combination of allantoin and biochar with Pb2+. Lead toxicity alone markedly diminished plant growth metrics, including root and shoot length, biomass (wet and dry), chlorophyll concentration, and grain production. The application of biochar, allantoin, or their joint administration markedly enhanced the length of shoots (by 50.3 %, 29 %, and 70 %), length of roots (by 69 %, 50 %, and 69 %), and fresh biomass of shoots (by 5 %, 29 %, and 5 %), respectively. This enhancement is ascribed to improved soil characteristics and more efficient absorption of nutrients. The application of biochar, allantoin and their combination improved the tolerance against Pb2+ by increasing the total chlorophyll level by 12 %, 16 %, and 17 %, respectively, vs. the control. Likewise, these amendments significantly (p < 0.05) improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, POD, and CAT by 49 %, 29 %, and 49 %, respectively. The resistance towards Pb2+ was enhanced by biochar, allantoin, and their combined application, with lower Pb2+ concentrations in shoots (59.9 %, 40.1 %, and 49.8 %), roots (48.2 %, 24.1 %, and 58.3 %), and grains (60.2 %, 29.7 %, and 40.1 %) compared to solely Pb-stress, respectively. In summary, converting the weed Achyranthes japonica into biochar and integrating it with allantoin provides an eco-friendly approach to control its proliferation while efficiently alleviating Pb-induced toxicity in plants.

The combination of hyperspectral imaging, untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics highlights a coordinated stress-related biochemical reprogramming triggered by polyethylene nanoparticles in lettuce.

Polyethylene nanoplastics (NPs) are widely diffused in terrestrial environments, including soil ecosystems, but the stress mechanisms in plants are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two increasing concentrations of NPs (20 and 200mgkg-1 of soil) in lettuce. To this aim, high-throughput hyperspectral imaging was combined with metabolomics, covering both primary (using NMR) and secondary metabolism (using LC-HRMS), along with lipidomics profiling (using ion-mobility-LC-HRMS) and plant performance. Hyperspectral imaging highlighted a reduced plant growth pattern. Several vegetative indexes indicated plant toxicity, with 20mgkg-1 NPs significantly decreasing lettuce density and vegetation health (as indicated by NDVI and plant senescence reflectance indexes). Consistently, photosynthetic activity also decreased. At the biochemical level, metabolomics and lipidomics pointed out a multi-layered broad biochemical reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolism involving a decrease in sterols, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and glycerophospholipids in response to NPs. The reduction in phosphatidylinositol coincided with an accumulation of diacylglycerols (DAG), suggesting the activation of the phospholipase C lipid signaling pathway. Moreover, nanoplastic treatments down-modulated different biosynthetic pathways, particularly those involved in N-containing compounds and phenylpropanoids. Our mechanistic basis of NPs stress in plants will contribute to a better understanding of their environmental impact.

Non-Targeted Metabolome Analysis with Low-Dose Selenate-Treated Arabidopsis

Selenate, the most common form of selenium (Se) in soil environments, is beneficial for higher plants. Selenate is similar to sulfate in terms of the structure and the manner of assimilation by plants, which involves the reduction of selenate to selenide and the replacement of an S moiety in the organic compounds such as amino acids. The nonspecific incorporation of seleno-amino acids into proteins induce Se toxicity in plants. Selenate alters the plant metabolism, particularly the S metabolism, which is comparable to the responses to S deficiency (−S). However, previous analyses involved high concentrations of selenate, and the effects of lower selenate doses have not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic changes induced by selenate treatment through a non-targeted metabolome analysis and found that 2 µM of selenate decreased the S assimilates and amino acids, and increased the flavonoids, while the glutathione levels were maintained. The results suggest that the decrease in amino acid levels, which is not detected under −S, along with the disruptions in S assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis pathways, and the energy metabolism, present the primary metabolic influences of selenate. These results suggest that selenate targets the energy metabolism and S assimilation first, and induces oxidative stress mitigation, represented by flavonoid accumulation, as a key adaptive response, providing a novel, possible mechanism in plant stress adaptation.

Enhancing indigenous plant growth in metal(loid) contaminated soil using biochar.

Soil around mines contaminated with metal(loid) is not suitable for growing plants and it is necessary to select indigenous plants with tolerance for metal(loid) and ameliorate metal toxicity in soil using soil amendments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to improve the soil environment to make it suitable for plant growth by treating chicken manure derived-biochar in soil contaminated with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Biochar application increased soil pH and significantly reduced bioavailable As, Cd and Pb, thereby lowering toxicity in plants. Indigenous plant growth also increased by 30.2 and 91.3% in As and Pb contaminated soil under biochar treatment, respectively. Especially, Artemisia japonica Thunb. was effective for phytoextraction due to its accumulation of metals from contaminated soil, along with biochar application. Carex breviculmis R. Br. and Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don. showed decreased above-ground Cd uptake by 57.6 and 44.9%, respectively, and As, Cd and Pb uptake by Juncus decipiens (Buchenau) Nakai decreased by 47.3, 65.7, and 94.1%, respectively, following biochar treatment. Juncus decipiens (Buchenau) Nakai, displayed tolerance in As, Cd and Pb contaminated soils and showed similar growth with or without biochar treatment, while the other three indigenous plant species failed to grow in the absence of biochar treatment. Therefore, J. decipiens is the most suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils, and biochar further promoted plant health and growth.

Itch.

A camping trip will quickly become unpleasant if a horde of mosquitoes descends while you pitch your tent, or you find yourself in a patch of poison oak. Whether due to an insect bite, a poisonous plant, or a chronic skin disease, everyone has experienced the urgent sensation of itch and the sweet relief of scratching. The itch-scratch cycle is so powerful that just reading about itch or seeing someone scratching elicits a strong desire to scratch. Itch is a unique sensation that is mediated by specialized neurons that innervate the skin. In this primer, we will discuss recent advancements that define the molecules and cells that mediate acute itch and that promote chronic itch associated with inflammatory diseases.

An Effective Approach for Kidney Diseases detection using Transfer Learning

An essential issue in public health, chronic kidney disease is characterized by a high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality rate. India is home to 17% of the world's population, but having less than 3% of the total land mass. Results have been less than ideal due to a combination of factors, including a low gross domestic product, a large percentage of patients living below the poverty line, and inadequate funding for health care. In addition, despite ongoing concerns about communicable diseases, high rates of child and maternal mortality, and a competition for resources, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other non-communicable diseases have frequently been disregarded. High prevalence of chronic kidney disease in India is due to multiple factors. According to data from the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund, 28% of infants weigh less than 2.5 kg when they are born. Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and reduced kidney volume at delivery may result from nutrients deficiency during pregnancy, such as hypovitaminosis A.A GFR of 60 or above is considered normal. Consult your physician regarding the reevaluation of your GFR(Glomerular Filtration Rate).GFRs below 60 may signify kidney pathology. Inquire with your physician on the preservation of kidney health.A GFR of 15 or lower indicates renal failure. Dialysis or kidney transplants are necessary for the majority falling below this threshold. Consanguinity and genetic inbreeding enhance kidney and urinary tract congenital abnormalities and obstructive or reflux nephropathy risk. Poverty, poor sanitation, pollution, water contamination, overcrowding, and known and unknown nephrotoxins (including heavy metals and plant poisons in indigenous treatments) can cause glomerular and interstitial kidney disorders. The rising prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compounds these exposures. India is anticipated to have the most diabetics by 2030.

Comparative Study of Phytolacca Species Through Morphological, Chloroplast Genome, and Phylogenetic Analysis

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. and P. americana L. are recognized as the primary sources of Phytolaccae Radix, which is traditionally utilized for various medicinal purposes. However, because of their potent toxicity, it is essential to distinguish these species. This study has aimed to clarify the classification of Phytolacca species based on their morphology and genetic differences. The chloroplast genome of P. acinosa was sequenced and comparative analyses were conducted to identify the regions of variation and nucleotide diversity among the species. The results revealed that P. acinosa shares more sequence similarity with other Phytolacca species than with P. americana. Additionally, the dN/dS analysis showed that the ndhH gene of P. americana had a value of 1.0871, indicating positive selection. The phylogenetic tree, supported by strong bootstrap values and posterior probabilities, confirmed that P. acinosa and P. americana formed distinct clusters. Furthermore, the estimated divergence time between P. acinosa and P. americana was approximately 15.07 million years ago, indicating that they diverged earlier than P. insularis, P. polyandra, P. japonica, and P. latbenia. These findings indicated that P. acinosa and P. americana are phylogenetically distinct species, highlighting the need for accurate species identification and taxonomic reassessment to ensure the safe use of these toxic medicinal plants.

The counteracting role of nitrate during ammonium toxicity in plants

The counteracting role of nitrate during ammonium toxicity in plants

Poisonous plants: A review

Poisonous plants: A review

Drugs from poisonous plants: Ethnopharmacological relevance to modern perspectives

Drugs from poisonous plants: Ethnopharmacological relevance to modern perspectives

Unveiling the mechanism of micro-and-nano plastic phytotoxicity on terrestrial plants: A comprehensive review of omics approaches.

Micro-and-nano plastics (MNPs) are pervasive in terrestrial ecosystems and represent an increasing threat to plant health; however, the mechanisms underlying their phytotoxicity remain inadequately understood. MNPs can infiltrate plants through roots or leaves, causing a range of toxic effects, including inhibiting water and nutrient uptake, reducing seed germination rates, and impeding photosynthesis, resulting in oxidative damage within the plant system. The effects of MNPs are complex and influenced by various factors including size, shape, functional groups, and concentration. Recent advancements in omics technologies such as proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and microbiomics, coupled with emerging technologies like 4D omics, phenomics, spatial transcriptomics, and single-cell omics, offer unprecedented insight into the physiological, molecular, and cellular responses of terrestrial plants to MNPs exposure. This literature review synthesizes current findings regarding MNPs-induced phytotoxicity, emphasizing alterations in gene expression, protein synthesis, metabolic pathways, and physiological disruptions as revealed through omics analyses. We summarize how MNPs interact with plant cellular structures, disrupt metabolic processes, and induce oxidative stress, ultimately affecting plant growth and productivity. Furthermore, we have identified critical knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions, highlighting the necessity for integrative omics studies to elucidate the complex pathways of MNPs toxicity in terrestrial plants. In conclusion, this review underscores the potential of omics approaches to elucidate the mechanisms of MNPs-phytotoxicity and to develop strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of MNPs on plant health.

Nephroprotective and diuretic effect of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze leaf extract; acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment.

Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze of the family Amaranthaceae has been extensively used in traditional medicinal practices in Brazil and India for its reputed efficacy in promoting diuresis, as well as treating wounds, inflammation, postnatal symptoms, diarrhea, and cough. Its selection for this study was driven not only by its ethnomedicinal significance but also by its rich phytochemical composition, including bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which are known to exhibit nephroprotective and diuretic effects. Additionally, while many species from the Amaranthaceae family have demonstrated similar therapeutic properties, A. brasiliana remains underexplored in this context. Therefore, this research aimed to scientifically evaluate its potential nephroprotective and diuretic activities, providing a pharmacological basis for its traditional uses. This experiment was designed to determine nephroprotective effect against cisplatin-induced kidney injury and diuretic effect of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) in rats. This study also aimed to evaluate the toxicity of plant's extract by performing acute and sub-acute toxicity trials. In current study, the nephroprotective effect of aqueous-ethanol extract of A. brasiliana was evaluated after induction of kidney injury with cisplatin. Extract was given in three doses as 75mg/kg, 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg. A diuretic activity was also performed by comparing results with control and standard (furosemide). Extract was given in three doses as 75mg/kg, 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg. A 14 day trial for acute toxicity assessment was performed at doses 2000mg/kg and 3000mg/kg, whereas a 28 day trial for sub-acute toxicity assessment was performed at doses 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. The biological active ingredients were identified and determined using HPLC technique. The aqueous-ethanol extract of A. brasiliana (ABAE) safeguarded the rats from toxic effects of cisplatin. This extract also enhanced urine output. The protective effect of ABAE increased with increasing dose and produced maximum nephroprotective effect and diuresis at a dose 300mg/kg. The outcomes from acute toxicity trials suggested that LD50 lied beyond 3000mg/kg, and no antagonizing effects occurred in sub-acute toxicity trials at doses 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. ABAE posed no toxicities on kidney, liver, and heart tissues as evident from histopathological, hematological, and serum biochemical analysis. HPLC-DAD analysis of ABAE indicated the presence of betanin, kaempherol, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and oxalic acid. These results demonstrate an abundant supply of bioactive chemicals found in A. brasiliana (L.) extracts, which should be taken into account to improve renal functions with fewer negative effects.