Planting Patterns Research Articles

Influence of Time of Weed Removal on Maize Yield and Yield Components Based on Different Planting Patterns, the Application of Pre-Emergence Herbicides and Weather Conditions

Influence of Time of Weed Removal on Maize Yield and Yield Components Based on Different Planting Patterns, the Application of Pre-Emergence Herbicides and Weather Conditions

Comprehensive Sampling and Detection Strategies for the Field Surveillance of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a significant threat to tomato production. Effective and accurate detection is critical for limiting the introduction and spread of ToBRFV. In this study, the impact of tomato planting patterns, growth stages, and cultivar variability on ToBRFV levels in tomatoes from distinct greenhouses and open fields were comprehensively analyzed. The results indicated that ToBRFV is detectable in asymptomatic tissues, regardless of artificial agroinoculation or natural infection. Additionally, higher viral levels were observed in newly emerging leaves and in fruits and sepals compared to old leaves. For tomato fruits infected with ToBRFV, the viral level in the mesocarp is higher than in the other interior parts, and no correlation was found between viral levels and the color of fruit lesions. Based on these results, it is recommended that new leaves and sepals should be given priority for testing of ToBRFV from tomato seedlings to the color turning stage, and that fruits and sepals are suggested to be collected at the full ripeness stage of tomato plants. This study underscores the importance of regular detection and optimal sampling beyond symptom observation in the surveillance of ToBRFV.

Oat and Forage Pea Mixed Sowing Improves Soil Chemical Fertility and Fresh and Dry Mass Yield in Light Saline–Alkali Land: Preliminary Results

Saline–alkali land is widely distributed worldwide, and poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity and ecological restoration, particularly in the Qaidam Basin. This study investigates the effects of intercropping and mixed sowing systems of oats (Avena sativa L.) and forage peas (Pisum sativum L.) on hay yield and soil chemical fertility in mildly saline–alkali soils of the Qaidam Basin. Through a comprehensive analysis of hay yield, soil chemical properties, and enzyme activities under different sowing methods (mixed sowing, intercropping, and monoculture) and row spacings (30, 25, 20 and 15 cm), an optimal planting pattern was identified. The 25 cm intercropping treatment produced the highest amount of fresh biomass (2242 kg hm⁻1), with an increase ranging from 3.17% to 70.44% compared to other treatments. Additionally, this treatment led to significant reductions in soil pH and electrical conductivity (by 3.87–8.31% and 5.13–6.05%, respectively), while enhancing organic matter content and enzyme activities. The intercropping system also demonstrated higher ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus contents compared to the mixed sowing system. Structural equation modeling revealed that row spacing indirectly influenced both hay yield and enzyme activities, with the 25 cm row spacing proving to be the most effective. A comprehensive evaluation using the TOPSIS model further affirmed that the 25 cm intercropping system significantly enhanced hay yield, soil chemical properties, and enzyme activities, making it the most suitable planting pattern for sustainable land management in the study area. Therefore, the 25 cm intercropping model not only optimizes hay yield, but also improves soil quality and ecological functions in saline–alkali land, offering valuable insights and practical recommendations for the sustainable use of saline–alkali land in the Qaidam Basin.

Analysis of Irrigation Water Requirements In The Secondary Channel of Rentang Irrigation Area

Effective management and planning of irrigation systems critically depend on accurately understanding the overall irrigation water requirements. This study aims to evaluate and project the irrigation water needs in the secondary channel of BSD 1, located in the Rentang Irrigation Area, Majalengka Regency, which serves an irrigation area of 620 hectares and is supplied by the Jatigede Dam and Cimanuk River. Factors such as effective rainfall, water layer changes, seepage, consumptive use, and land preparation are considered in determining water needs. The research employs the kp-01 concept, allowing manual calculations to determine irrigation requirements. Results indicate that irrigation water is necessary starting in early November due to the rice planting pattern. The manual calculations reveal a maximum irrigation water requirement of 1.55 m³ per second during the second period of May and a minimum requirement of 0.06 m³ per second during the second period of December. The findings highlight the importance of understanding seasonal variations and optimizing water resource allocation to ensure efficient irrigation practices. This study concludes that adopting precise calculation methods like kp-01 is essential for sustainable irrigation management and can serve as a reference for similar agricultural planning efforts in other regions.

The Analysis of Planting Procedures in Katiga Irrigation Area, Cigandamekar District, Kuningan Regency

Water Resources Management involves planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the conservation, utilization, and damage control of water resources. Various issues can arise from an insufficient irrigation water supply, particularly during the dry season. Therefore, assessing plant water requirements, irrigation water availability, and planting patterns is crucial. The Katiga irrigation area, covering 1,010 hectares, is actively used for rice cultivation. During the rainy season, the main crops grown by farmers are rice and secondary crops across three growing seasons. This research calculates water availability by determining the 80% discharge (Q80). The results indicate that the available water for the Katiga irrigation area, located in Cigandamekar Sub-District, Kuningan Regency, ranges from 201.20 l/sec to 1,137.55 l/sec, with the highest water requirement being 956.29 l/sec. The recommended planting pattern is 83% rice and 17% secondary crops for the first growing season, 66% rice and 34% secondary crops for the second growing season, and 29% rice and 17% secondary crops for the third growing season, with the additional division of the field into three groups.

Deciphering recent transposition patterns in plants through comparison of 811 genome assemblies.

Transposable elements (TEs) are significant drivers of genome evolution, yet their recent dynamics and impacts within and among species, as well as the roles of host genes and non-coding RNAs in the transposition process, remain elusive. With advancements in large-scale pan-genome sequencing and the development of open data sharing, large-scale comparative genomics studies have become feasible. Here, we performed complete de novo TE annotations and identified active TEs in 310 plant genome assemblies across 119 species and seven crop populations. Using 811 high-quality genomes, we detected 13 844 553 TE-induced structural variants (TE-SVs), providing unprecedented resolution in delineating recent TE activities. Our integrative analysis revealed a mutual evolutionary relationship between TEs and host genomes. On one hand, host genes and ncRNAs are involved in the transposition process, as evidenced by their colocalization and coactivation with TEs, and may play a role in chromatin regulation. On the other hand, TEs drive genetic innovation by promoting the duplication of host genes and inserting into regulatory regions. Moreover, genes influenced by active TEs are linked to plant growth, nutrient absorption, storage metabolism and environmental adaptation, aiding in crop domestication and adaptation. This TE dynamics atlas not only reveals evolutionary and functional features linked to transposition activity but also highlights the role of TEs in crop domestication and adaptation, paving the way for future exploration of TE-mediated genome evolution and crop improvement strategies.

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Lahan dengan Pola Agroforestri di Kampus IV Dusun Bangko, Halmahera Barat

Good forest management practices are hoped to have a positive impact on the economic conditions of local communities around the forest. One form of forest management in Indonesia is agroforestry. Agroforestry is a form of land management system designed to increase productivity and biodiversity, so it is often used as an example of a sustainable land management system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of plants planted and the agroforestry planting patterns used. The research method is through observation, inventory and careful documentation of the research being researched. The results of the study show that the agroforestry developed to utilize the land on campus IV, Bangko Hamlet is a simple agroforestry and complex agroforestry with an alternative rows planting pattern or also known as the path system. The types of forest plants developed are white teak (Gmelina arborea), motoa (Pometia pinnata), linggua (Petrocarpus Indicus), lofasa (Vitex cofasuss) and other MPTS plants, namely mango (Mangifera indica), durian (Durio), dragon fruit and banana agricultural crops (Musa Paradisiac), cassava (Manihot esculenta), corn (Zea mays) and several types of horticultural plants.

Assessment In Depth on the Anti‐seasonal Water Fluctuations and Vegetation Dynamic Trends in a Plateau Lake, Southern China

ABSTRACTHuman activities, such as dam construction for flow regulation, modify the natural hydrological regimes of lakes and rivers. The altered flow regimes substantially influence plant growth in the water level fluctuation zone, impacting both vegetation patterns and success. The relationships among above‐ground vegetation, soil seed bank and soil microorganisms remain unexamined. This study was performed in Lashi Lake, a plateau lake in southern China characterized by anti‐seasonal water level fluctuations, and Jizi Reservoir, a reference site exhibiting natural seasonal water level variations. The primary aim was to assess the distribution pattern of plant, soil seed bank and their corresponding soil microorganism over the three flood gradients, and the relationships among them were analysed simultaneously. The findings indicated that both plant community variety and seed bank diminished as the area of soil flooding increased. The soil seed bank was a strong indication of community diversity, particularly throughout late spring and late summer. Additionally, significant correlations between the alpha diversity of soil microorganisms and the concentrations of soil carbon, nitrogen and moisture were found across the flooding gradients. The organization and diversity of soil microbial communities were significantly correlated with the alpha diversity of the plant community and the soil seed bank. The findings demonstrate that both seed banks and soil bacteria play a dynamic role in the restoration of vegetation in areas experiencing anti‐seasonal water fluctuations.

The status and challenges of irrigation infrastructure performance in supporting the agricultural sector: A case study of Kediri Regency, Indonesia

The increase in population in rural and urban areas has an impact on food availability and security. Agriculture, as a major contributor to food security, faces increasing challenges, such as the decline in the area planted for agricultural commodities, the availability of labor, and the water provision for crops. Climate change will affect water availability, planting patterns, and agricultural production. The government has provided irrigation infrastructure services to increase agricultural production. Limited budget, authority, irrigation water sources, and irrigation service areas have not been able to meet farmers’ needs for irrigation water. This study aims to assess the performance of irrigation infrastructure services based on farmers’ perceptions of these services. Measuring irrigation infrastructure services is based on indicators of physical availability, physical quality, appropriateness, utility, and contribution to the economy. The level of satisfaction with irrigation infrastructure services was measured using a Likert scale. The data are used to compare expected values and perceived values. This measurement obtains service gaps, as mentioned in the IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) method. The respondents to this research are farmers or farmer groups who receive irrigation infrastructure services. The results show significant gaps in several indicators, namely the reliability of the irrigation system, application of irrigation technology, regular irrigation infrastructure checks (O&M), and resilience to climate change.

Targeted mutation of BnaMS1/BnaMS2 combined with the RUBY reporter enables an efficient two-line system for hybrid seed production in Brassica napus.

The recessive genic male sterility (RGMS) method has several benefits in hybrid seed production; however, it is seldom employed in industrial hybrid seed production owing to the difficulty of producing an ample number of pure male-sterile seeds. In this study, we present an efficient methodology for developing a two-line strategy to produce hybrid seed through targeted mutation of BnaMS1 and BnaMS2 in conjunction with the RUBY reporter in Brassica napus. In this method, male-sterile lines were successfully created directly from different elite rapeseed breeding lines through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis and enhanced Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. To establish an efficient transgenic maintainer, three seed production technology (SPT) cassettes carrying a functional BnaMS1 gene linked to different reporters (DsRed, BnaA07.PAP2, and RUBY) were tested and compared in rapeseed. The results indicated that the PMR-based reporter possesses advantages such as phenotypic stability and ease of identification at early stages, making it an ideal tool for rapid and efficient screening. Subsequently, ideal transgenic maintainer lines with a single hemizygous copy of the SPT cassette were successfully developed in the context of Bnams1Bnams2 double mutants. The progeny from crossing the maintainer line with its male-sterile counterpart exhibited a 1:1 segregation pattern of nontransgenic male-sterile and male-fertile maintainer plants, distinguishable by seedling color. This biotechnological approach to male sterility offers promising prospects for improving the propagation of recessive genic male-sterile plants and the development of hybrid seeds in rapeseed. Furthermore, it is simple to adapt this technique to more Brassica crops.

Influence of Row Pattern and Prohexadione Calcium on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Maturity and Pod Distribution

Many newer peanut cultivars are offering improved yield benefits but have larger canopies and have taken 10 or more days longer to reach maturity levels that were historically desired for optimal profitability of a crop. Prohexadione calcium growth regulator and twin row planting pattern have previously been individually reported to increase the amount of orange, brown or black pods compared to untreated alternatives. Twin row planting (i.e., planting two rows spaced 18-cm apart on 96-cm centers) has additionally been anecdotally associated with increased concentrations of pods nearer the taproot. Objectives of this work were to evaluate maturity development in single versus twin row planted peanuts and to evaluate how prohexadione calcium application would affect maturity development and pod distribution of both single and twin row planted peanut. Four cultivars were selected based on frequency of use in South Carolina then paired into experiments based on maturity requirements. Experiments were conducted at the Edisto Research and Education Center in Blackville, SC and the Pee Dee Research and Education Center in Florence, SC in 2021 and 2022. Peanut planted in twin row planting pattern yielded greater and had a higher percentage of orange, brown or black pods and total sound mature kernels. For FloRun 331 and Georgia-16HO in twin but not single rows, prohexadione calcium treatment increased the percentage of orange, brown or black pods. Although pod distribution effects for twin rows without and single rows with prohexadione calcium varied by maturity group, twin rows with prohexadione calcium exhibited pod distributions closer to the taproot than treated single rows. Twin row plots were associated with cooler ground temperatures than single rows, while the effects of prohexadione calcium on ground temperature varied between cultivars. Increased ground temperature was negatively correlated with pod maturity and main stem heights. Results from this work contribute to our understanding of potential benefits and variability across cultivars of the use of twin row planting pattern and prohexadione calcium treatment.

Optimizing Adaptive Agricultural Systems, Making Organic Fertilizer, and Drip Irrigation Technology in Sukamanah Village

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of several proposed solutions to improve the agricultural system. The main focus of this study is on introducing an adaptive agricultural system tailored to local environmental conditions, producing organic fertilizers using modern agricultural standards, and implementing drip irrigation technology. The results show that the introduction of an adaptive agricultural system significantly increases productivity through the selection of superior seeds and proper planting patterns. Furthermore, the production of organic fertilizer has proven to improve soil quality and crop yields through the layering method and the use of Effective Microorganisms (EM4). The application of drip irrigation technology enhances water use efficiency, reducing the overuse of water resources. Overall, these three solutions positively contribute to increased productivity, sustainability, and resource efficiency in modern agricultural systems.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK SISTEM AGROFORESTRI LAHAN GAMBUT DI KELURANGAN KALAMPANGAN

Destruction of forests and peat swamp lands in Indonesia is currently continuing, while restoration efforts have not yet produced real and satisfactory results. The rate of recovery of the peat ecosystem has still not been able to catch up with the rate of damage, which is increasingly worrying, especially due to fires that occur almost every dry season. This condition also occurs in Central Kalimantan Province, where peat ecosystem degradation has reached more than 35%. This research was conducted in Kalampangan Village, Sabangau District, Palangkaraya City, Central Kalimantan Province which is included in the Kahayan-Sebangau Peat Hydrological Unity (KHG) area. The methods used in this research were field observations, sampling in the field, making measuring plots (PU), interviews, key informants, research reports, journals, maps from the Central Kalimantan Provincial Forestry Service, data from the Central Statistics Agency. The results of the research are that the agroforestry system developed by farmers in Kalampangan Subdistrict can be classified into 6 (six) categories, namely: (1) agrisilviculture, with 4 (four) planting patterns; (2) agrosilvofishery, with 3 (three) planting patterns; (3) silvopasteur, with 3 (three) planting patterns; (4) agrofishery, with 1 (one) cultivation pattern; (5) apiculture, with 2 (two) cultivation patterns; and (6) Agropasturasilvofishery. One of the important components of the agroforestry system that has been developed by farmers in all peatland physiographies is fruit plants. The types of fruit plants that farmers have cultivated in each peatland physiography can be combined with experiences from other peat areas.

A tripartite transcriptional module regulates protoderm specification during embryogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Protoderm formation is a crucial step in early embryo patterning in plants, separating the precursors of the epidermis and the inner tissues. Although key regulators such as ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1) and PROTODERMAL FACTOR2 (PDF2) have been identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the genetic pathways controlling protoderm specification remain largely unexplored. Here, we combined genetic, cytological, and molecular approaches to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of protoderm specification in Arabidopsis thaliana. We report a novel role of the β-importin KETCH1 in protoderm specification. KETCH1 loss-of-function leads to aberrant protoderm cell morphology and absent ATML1 transcription in embryos. We further demonstrate that KETCH1 directly interacts with an RNA Polymerase II (Pol-II) cofactor JANUS, mediating its nuclear accumulation. Furthermore, JANUS directly interacts with the WUS HOMEOBOX2 (WOX2) protein, which is critical for WOX2-activated ATML1 expression. Consequently, JANUS, KETCH1, and WOX2 loss-of-function results in similar protoderm defects. Our results identify the tripartite KETCH1/JANUS/WOX2 transcriptional module as a novel regulatory axis in Arabidopsis protoderm specification.

New record of Sapria himalayana Griff. (Rafflesiaceae) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The eastern Himalayan region is renowned for its exceptional and abundant floral and faunal biodiversity, harbouring numerous endemic plant species. Among them, Sapria himalayana Griffith, an endoparasitic, rare, and endangered plant, was first discovered in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh in 1836. Despite its discovery nearly two centuries ago, the species remains poorly understood. While some recent studies have begun to explore the genetics and demography of this species, there is still a significant knowledge gap in the understanding of the life history patterns of this parasitic plant. Here, a new record has been added to the distribution of Sapria himalayana from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh. Around 21 flowers were scattered on the forest floor, spanning various developmental stages from buds to flower maturation, including desiccated flowers. The bud emerges from the roots of Tetrastigma sp. (host plant). One of the primary challenges in conducting extensive research on the intriguing Himalayan Sapria is its infrequent and unpredictable flowering patterns. Therefore, understanding these aspects (flowering phenology and enigmatic traits) is crucial for further research and preserving this rare species and its hosts in the face of ongoing habitat loss. Conducting an annual plant survey in the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary can help identify patterns to unravel these mysteries.

Influence of planting patterns and integrated weed management practices on weed biomass, growth and yield of Spring maize

Weed infestation is a serious problem in corn production that impacts global production and with increasing food demand worldwide, certain manipulation is required in agronomic practices to improve corn production. This experiment was conducted on the Research farm of the Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara to evaluate the impact of planting patterns and integrated weed control treatments on maize crops during the Spring season of 2023 and 2024. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with 3 planting methods in main plots viz., M1 - Flat sowing with single row, M2 - Flat sowing with paired row and M3 - Ridge sowing and 5 weed control treatments in subplots viz., T1 - atrazine + pendimethalin (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha), pre-emergence followed by straw mulching, T2 - pendimethalin (0.60 kg ha-1), pre-emergence + intercropping cowpea f. b. earthing up (EU) and straw mulching (SM), T3 - intercropping dhaincha f. b. earthing up and straw mulching, T4 - 2 hand weedings (4 and 6 WAS) and T5 - unweeded (control) with 4 replications. The results indicated that sowing of maize crops on ridges produced significantly better crop growth and yield with significantly lesser weed biomass than paired row sowing. Among the weed control treatments, the intercropping treatments, followed by earthing up and straw mulching, were effective in weed control and produced significantly higher growth and yield than other weed control treatments. It can be concluded that planting maize on ridges with intercropping followed by earthing up and straw mulching produced the best results, which can be adopted by the farmers to sustainably improve the yield and earn better profits as the methods involved are environment friendly and do not require any additional investment.

A global comparison of surface and subsurface microbiomes reveals large-scale biodiversity gradients, and a marine-terrestrial divide.

Subsurface environments are among Earth's largest habitats for microbial life. Yet, until recently, we lacked adequate data to accurately differentiate between globally distributed marine and terrestrial surface and subsurface microbiomes. Here, we analyzed 478 archaeal and 964 bacterial metabarcoding datasets and 147 metagenomes from diverse and widely distributed environments. Microbial diversity is similar in marine and terrestrial microbiomes at local to global scales. However, community composition greatly differs between sea and land, corroborating a phylogenetic divide that mirrors patterns in plant and animal diversity. In contrast, community composition overlaps between surface to subsurface environments supporting a diversity continuum rather than a discrete subsurface biosphere. Differences in microbial life thus seem greater between land and sea than between surface and subsurface. Diversity of terrestrial microbiomes decreases with depth, while marine subsurface diversity and phylogenetic distance to cultured isolates rivals or exceeds that of surface environments. We identify distinct microbial community compositions but similar microbial diversity for Earth's subsurface and surface environments.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the G-Protein Gene Family in Barley Under Abiotic Stresses.

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are fundamental signal transducers highly conserved in plant species, which play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. Identification of G-protein members and their expression patterns in plants are essential for improving crop resilience against environmental stresses. Here, we identified eight heterotrimeric G-protein genes localized on four chromosomes within the barley genome by using comprehensive genome-wide analysis. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into four distinct subgroups with obvious evolutionary relationships. Further analysis on gene structure, protein motif, and structure indicated that G-proteins within each evolutionary branch exhibited similar exon-intron organization, conserved motif patterns, and structural features. Collinearity analysis showed no significant collinear relationships among those G-protein genes, indicating a unique evolutionary trajectory within barley. Moreover, cis-regulatory elements detected in the upstream sequences of these genes were involved in response to plant hormones and signaling molecules. Expression analyses revealed tissue-specific expression patterns and differential regulation in response to abiotic stresses. The expression patterns of G-protein genes were further validated using a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technique, indicating the reliability of transcriptomic data, as well as special responses to salt, drought, and waterlogging stresses. These findings may provide underlying mechanisms by which G-protein genes participate in salt tolerance of barley, and also highlight candidate genes for potential genetic engineering applications in improving crop resilience to salinity stress.

TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT IN AGROFORESTRY POHPOHAN (Pilea melastomoides)

Article Highlights- Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) is the main commodity cultivated by using traditional agroforestry in the traditional zone of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park as a fresh vegetable.- There is a limited database of plant species diversity in the traditional zones, which is dynamic and needs further research.- This study found 54 tree species from 37 families with the dominant family being Rubiaceae.- Most farmers cultivated Pohpohan by conducting plant spacing, maintenance, and harvesting. Their income is USD 154 – 256/month. AbstractGunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) is Java's largest tropical mountain forest. GHSNP is still facilitating community grounds around GHSNP with the existence of a traditional zone. Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) is the primary commodity in the traditional zone cultivated by the local people around GHSNP. Pohpohan is planted using traditional agroforestry planting patterns. The traditional zone has a limited plant species diversity and management database, so further study is necessary. This study was conducted in the traditional zone of GHSNP, specifically at the agroforestry system in Tamansari Village, Bogor Regency. Data collection of tree diversity was conducted by establishing 25 plots. This study also interviewed 30 local farmers belonging to the Mandiri farmer group. There are 54 species from 37 families. Rubiaceae, Malvaceae, Fabaceae, and Phyllanthaceae families are the most common families. Pinus merkusii, Agathis dammara, and Maesopsis eminii have the highest important value index (IVI) values. Understorey and seedlings have a low category on H' due to the dominant planting of Pohpohan. Most respondents are people aged 35-55 (70%) with a farming area of 1000 m2. They cultivate Pohpohan by conducting plant spacing, plant maintenance (e.g., soil cultivation, weeding, fertilization), and harvesting. Most farmers conduct fertilization 9 times/year. Farmers produce 30.000-50.000 bunches/harvest. The price of a bunch of Pohpohan is 0,00054 USD. Their income is about 154 USD – 256 USD/month.

Phenological indicators of resources offered to leaf herbivores in restinga communities.

Plants can limit the leaf tissue consumed by insect herbivores through chemical, structural, and nutritional leaf defenses or by escaping in space and time. Escaping is related to the phenological patterns of plants, which in turn respond to climatic factors. This study evaluated leaf production in a coastal plant community in southern Brazil to test the following hypotheses: (1) Leaves are continuously produced in this ecosystem, and (2) synchrony acts as an escape strategy from herbivory. We evaluated leaf production patterns of 20 herbaceous, shrub, and tree species for 2 years using the Fournier index then measured leaf consumption in the second year. The Rayleigh test was used to verify the synchrony of phenological events. Correlations between leaf production and climatic factors and between leaf production synchrony and herbivory were analyzed. New leaves were continuously produced at the plant community scale, but herbaceous and shrub species showed a phenological pattern distinct from that of tree species. Trees had peaks of synchrony in leaf production that were positively correlated with amount of leaf tissue consumed, refuting the hypothesis that synchrony acts as an escape strategy. The phenological and herbivory patterns in this plant community may be due to the supply of resources in the soil and the composition of the insect community.