Mixture Of Plant Oils Research Articles

Plasma Sphingomyelins and Carnitine Esters of Infants Consuming Whole Goat or Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas or Human Milk

BackgroundInfant formulas are typically manufactured using skimmed milk, whey proteins, and vegetable oils, which excludes milk fat globule membranes (MFGM). MFGM contains polar lipids, including sphingomyelin (SM). ObjectiveThe objective of this study was comparison of infant plasma SM and acylcarnitine species between infants who are breastfed or receiving infant formulas with different fat sources. MethodsIn this explorative study, we focused on SM and acylcarnitine species concentrations measured in plasma samples from the TIGGA study (ACTRN12608000047392), where infants were randomly assigned to receive either a cow milk-based infant formula (CIF) with vegetable oils only or a goat milk-based infant formula (GIF) with a goat milk fat (including MFGM) and vegetable oil mixture to the age ≥4 mo. Breastfed infants were followed as a reference group. Using tandem mass spectrometry, SM species in the study formulas and SM and acylcarnitine species in plasma samples collected at the age of 4 mo were analyzed. ResultsTotal SM concentrations (∼42 μmol/L) and patterns of SM species were similar in both formulas. The total plasma SM concentrations were not different between the formula groups but were 15 % (CIF) and 21% (GIF) lower in the formula groups than in the breastfed group. Between the formula groups, differences in SM species were statistically significant but small. Total carnitine and major (acyl) carnitine species were not different between the groups. ConclusionsThe higher total SM concentration in breastfed than in formula-fed infants might be related to a higher SM content in human milk, differences in cholesterol metabolism, dietary fatty acid intake, or other factors not yet identified. SM and acylcarnitine species composition in plasma is not closely related to the formula fatty acid composition.This trial was registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12608000047392

Naturoestheticotherapy, Based on E-Coaching with Food Cosmetic Remedy Prepared from Medicinal Plants and Essential Oils Mixtures, Alone or in Combination of Conventional Medicines to Treat Covid-19 Patients and Symptoms.

Introduction: This is the first study to evaluate the family (30) members (98) practice combining specific lifestyle with the use of medicinal plants based on EOM and conventional medicines. Clinical observation procedures: A considered multi-centric, controlled and single-blind, phase two clinical trial was realized to patients consulted and received in the Antananarivo Naturoestheticotherapy e-Coaching cabinet of Gasy Products Services and those from Covid-19 Treatment Centers, respectively, during twenty-two months: from May 1st, 2020 to March 1st, 2022. Patients were recommended to follow a specific alimentation and behavior lifestyle. Food Cosmetic Remedy, based on medicinal plant and essential oil mixtures with patient’s optional conventional medicines were given to those presenting Covid-19 principal symptom, such as breath shortness accompanied other indicated symptoms or confirmed medical diagnoses/tests. Outcomes and conclusion: Inhalation of EOM were immediately stopped breath shortness, combining medicinal plants based on essential oil and conventional medicines was psychologically help and physically reinforce the organism to improve Covid-19 symptoms. Food Cosmetic Remedy (combination of medicinal plant and essential oil mixtures) was quickly recovered patients from principal symptoms and reduced time care and long-Covid-19 period. No patient death was registered during the studied observation period.

Immune responses and acute inflammation in common carp Cyprinus carpio injected by E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as affected by dietary oils

Eicosanoids, resolvins, and lipoxins formed from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are the main lipid mediators in the inflammatory processes explaining the influence of dietary lipid sources on the immune system. The current study aimed to determine the effects of dietary plant oils instead of fish oil or LC-PUFA supplementation in these oils on fish immune and inflammatory responses under normal and LPS-stimulated conditions. Six iso-nitrogenous (ranging from 30.4 to 31.1%) and iso-lipidic (from 11.2 to 11.6%) diets were formulated using three oil sources: cod liver oil (CLO, as fish oil control); linseed oil (LO, rich in α-linolenic acid, ALA); sesame oil (SO, rich in linoleic acid, LA); a blend of LO and SO (SLO, v:v 1:1); and two pure plant oil diets supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid, DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or arachidonic acid, ARA (LO + ARA, LOA). Fish were fed the experimental diets to satiation for 42 days. On day 43, they were injected with E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 100 μg/fish. Fish plasma and tissues such as head kidney and liver were collected on day 42 and one day after LPS injection (day 44) for humoral immune variables and gene expression analyses, respectively. After 42 days of feeding, no influences of dietary oils were found on fish survival, growth, feed utilization, and humoral immune responses. On the other hand, LPS injection significantly stimulated immune responses and induced an acute inflammation in common carp through an increase of the complement activity and the up-regulation of genes involved in the innate immune system (c2), pro-inflammatory response (tlr-4, tnf-α, il-1, il-6, il-8, and cxc), eicosanoid metabolism (pla2, cox-1, 5-lox, and pge2), and anti-inflammatory response (tgf-β1 and nf-fki). Further, the expression of hsp70 was stimulated by LPS injection. The effects of dietary oil sources were observed after LPS injection, with a significant modification in the expression of almost all candidate genes. The highest pro-inflammatory responses induced by LPS were observed in CLO-fed fish while the mixture of plant oils (SLO) and LC-PUFA-supplemented diets induced significantly higher modulations in anti-inflammatory responses (il-10 and nf-kbi), general stress status (hsp70), and cytoprotection (gpx-1) compared to fish oil control and other pure plant oil groups. In conclusion, the immune response of common carp has been modified by the dietary fat sources. The fish oil-based diet supported an increase of the pro-inflammatory responses while the mixture of plant oil or LC-PUFA supplemented diets improved the anti-inflammatory responses and cytoprotection.

Effects of complete replacement of fish oilwith plant oil mixtures and algal meal ongrowth performance and fatty acidcomposition in juvenile yellowtail <i>Seriola quinqueradiata</i>

Effects of complete replacement of fish oilwith plant oil mixtures and algal meal ongrowth performance and fatty acidcomposition in juvenile yellowtail <i>Seriola quinqueradiata</i>

The Efficacy and Safety of Plant Oil Mixtures in the Treatment of Xerosis with Pruritus in Elderly People: Randomized double blind Controlled Trial

A B S T R A C TBackground: Xerosis skin and pruritus is the most commonly found in elderly withsymptoms mild to severe recurrent pruritus, the skin looks rough, scaly, fissured orcracked caused defects in the epidermal barrier function, increase co-morbidity aschronic infections and ulcers that are difficult to heal can decrease the quality of life.Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been traditionally used for people in tropical regionas a moisturizer and anti-bacterial effect. In recent study that essential plant oilmixture have effect synergistically as anti inflammatory, anti pruritus, promotingwound healing may act promoting barrier skin and therapeutic. Objective: Efficacyand safety of plant oil mixtures as therapeutic and maintenance moisturizer.forXerosis and pruritus in elderly Method:A randomized controlled trial was involved61 elderly from nursing home and geriatric clinic in Moh. Hoesin General Hospital.They were randomized into 2 groups: plant oil mixtures (n=30) and Virgin Coconutoil (VCO) (n=31), applied on the volar legs twice a day for 4 weeks.Outcomes weremeasured at baseline and weekly, week 2 and 4.To measure of clinical dry scoreused ODSS; pruritus severity and side effect used VAS; for skin hydration usedcorneometer CM825and for sebum level used sebumeter SM 810. Results:Clinicaldry score, pruritus severity of plants oil mixtures group were significantly decreasedthan VCO at week 2 and 4 (p 0.000). Skin hydration and sebum level of plants oilmixture group were significantly increased than VCO at week 2 and 4 (p0.000).Clinical dry score, pruritus severity, skin hydration, andskin sebum levels ofplant oil mixtures were significantly better than VCO at week 4 (p 0.000). There isno side effects on both of plant oil mixtures and VCO groups Conclusion: Plant oilmixtures add pureCelin oil showed better efficacy as a therapeutin and maintanancemoisturizer for xerosis and pruritus in elderly. Both of plant oil mixtures and VCOcan be tolerated and safe to use.

The Efficacy and Safety of Plant Oil Mixtures in the Treatment of Xerosis with Pruritus in Elderly People: Randomized double blind Controlled Trial

A B S T R A C TBackground: Xerosis skin and pruritus is the most commonly found in elderly withsymptoms mild to severe recurrent pruritus, the skin looks rough, scaly, fissured orcracked caused defects in the epidermal barrier function, increase co-morbidity aschronic infections and ulcers that are difficult to heal can decrease the quality of life.Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been traditionally used for people in tropical regionas a moisturizer and anti-bacterial effect. In recent study that essential plant oilmixture have effect synergistically as anti inflammatory, anti pruritus, promotingwound healing may act promoting barrier skin and therapeutic. Objective: Efficacyand safety of plant oil mixtures as therapeutic and maintenance moisturizer.forXerosis and pruritus in elderly Method:A randomized controlled trial was involved61 elderly from nursing home and geriatric clinic in Moh. Hoesin General Hospital.They were randomized into 2 groups: plant oil mixtures (n=30) and Virgin Coconutoil (VCO) (n=31), applied on the volar legs twice a day for 4 weeks.Outcomes weremeasured at baseline and weekly, week 2 and 4.To measure of clinical dry scoreused ODSS; pruritus severity and side effect used VAS; for skin hydration usedcorneometer CM825and for sebum level used sebumeter SM 810. Results:Clinicaldry score, pruritus severity of plants oil mixtures group were significantly decreasedthan VCO at week 2 and 4 (p 0.000). Skin hydration and sebum level of plants oilmixture group were significantly increased than VCO at week 2 and 4 (p0.000).Clinical dry score, pruritus severity, skin hydration, andskin sebum levels ofplant oil mixtures were significantly better than VCO at week 4 (p 0.000). There isno side effects on both of plant oil mixtures and VCO groups Conclusion: Plant oilmixtures add pureCelin oil showed better efficacy as a therapeutin and maintanancemoisturizer for xerosis and pruritus in elderly. Both of plant oil mixtures and VCOcan be tolerated and safe to use.

Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils

Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp.

Evaluation of Spirulina and plant oil in diets for juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

As diets fed to juvenile steelhead (progeny of anadromous rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in conservation hatcheries contain relatively high levels of protein and lipid supplied primarily by fish meal and fish oil, a 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate alternative ingredients for this species. Using a factorial design, Spirulina meal and a plant oil mixture were evaluated as partial or complete replacements of dietary fish meal and fish oil, respectively. Thus, two diets containing 0 or 50% substitution of Spirulina for fish meal were extruded and top-coated with fish oil or a 63:37 mixture of canola and flaxseed oils. Each of the four dietary treatments was fed to quadruplicate groups of 100 steelhead initially weighing 12.4 g/fish. Steelhead growth rate and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by partial replacement of dietary fish meal with Spirulina, but growth responses were significantly reduced by replacement of dietary fish oil with plant oil. Lipid and protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were significantly higher in steelhead fed the fish meal diets compared with fish fed the Spirulina diets and significantly higher in steelhead fed the plant oil diets compared with fish fed the fish oil diets. Whole body fatty acid profiles generally reflected those of the diets such that percentages of 18:2n-6 were significantly higher and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, were significantly lower in fish fed the Spirulina and plant oil diets compared with those fed the fish meal and fish oil diets. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was significantly reduced in fish fed the Spirulina diets and in fish fed the plant oils diets. Growth results suggest Spirulina is a suitable replacement for 50% of dietary fish meal for steelhead whereas a mixture of canola and flaxseed oil is not suitable as a complete replacement for fish oil in diets for this species.

Plant oil mixtures as a novel botanical pesticide to control gregarious locusts

For thousands of years, large locust swarms have caused severe problems in agriculture. People fight against current outbreaks by using chemical pesticides or an insect fungus known as Green Muscle™. While chemical pesticides may be harmful for humans and non-target species, the sporulation of the fungus takes a long period of time and requires conditions of high humidity that are not always found in the field. In this study, we tested the toxicity of a linseed oil/bicarbonate emulsion against gregarious desert locusts and screened for plant essential oils that enhance its toxicity. Finally, we combined three essential oils to develop a novel formulation that is effective against the desert and migratory locust species after single spray treatment. Within 24 h, this formulation caused a mean mortality rate of 80% and 100% of desert and migratory locusts, respectively. Its toxicity is based on a synergistic effect resulting from the combination of caraway, orange peel and wintergreen oils. In addition, we tested this botanical pesticide on two beetle species regarded either as alternative or beneficial non-target species. The first species, mealworm beetles, did not suffer from the spray treatment and behaved normally after 8 days. In contrast, 67.7% of ladybird adults died in the same time span. Interestingly, the growth of wheat seedlings was almost unaffected by spraying this botanical pesticide. These results suggest this botanical pesticide can be used as a strong agent against desert and migratory locusts, but needs to be used with care to minimize unwanted side effects on the ecosystem.

Effects of complete replacement of fish oil with plant oil mixtures and algal meal on growth performance and fatty acid composition in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid for marine carnivorous fish. Algal meal (AM), available as a new dietary DHA source, could completely replace dietary fish oil (FO). In this study, dietary FO was replaced with plant oil mixtures and AM in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata to investigate its effects on growth performance and fatty acid composition. The FO control diet was prepared with only pollack liver oil as the lipid source. For the non-FO diets, pollack liver oil was completely replaced with mixtures of canola oil and palm oil, with AM supplementation at 0% (AM0), 1% (AM1), 2% (AM2), 3% (AM3), and 4% (AM4). After completion of the 8-week feeding trial, the AM2 group showed significantly higher values for final body weight and feed efficiency than the AM0 group. No significant differences were observed in the other parameters of growth performance. Whole-body fatty acid composition reflected the dietary fatty acid composition in all dietary groups. These findings demonstrate that AM is useful as a DHA source in yellowtail aquaculture, thus contributing to a reduction in the use of FO in fish diets.

Effect of temperature fluctuation, substrate concentration, and composition of starchy substrates in mixture and use of plant oils as antifoams on biogas production

This work investigated the effect of temperature fluctuations, substrate concentration and composition on foaming in anaerobic co‐digestion of matooke, cassava, and sweet potato peels for biogas production as well as the use of plant oils as antifoams. In general, obtained results show that temperature fluctuations from mesophilic (≥25°C) to psychrophilic range (<25°C) is the major factor behind foaming in anaerobic digestion. Specifically, at concentrations of 6 and 9 g VS/L with methane yield of 1228.69 and 735.55 Nml CH4/g VS, respectively, for 2:0:1 ratio, there was no foaming until after 7.6 days compared with the other ratios where foaming generally started after 3.5 days. This indicated that, apart from high substrate concentration, foaming is also a function of substrate composition. Plant oils were found to suppress foaming only if temperatures were above 25°C, indicating temperature fluctuations to be the main factor in foaming even in the presence of antifoams. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2018 © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13115, 2019

Fumigation Action of Four Plant Oils Against Eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The fumigant action of four plant oils viz., garlic (Allium sutivum L.), clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry], attarasa [Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.] and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) oils, was tested against eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). After 72 h of exposure, garlic oil exhibited the highest fumigant toxicity against eggs of C. chinensis, which was followed by clove, attarasa and coriander oils, with LC50 values of 0.34, 1.12, 3.78 and 5.29 μL/L air, respectively. Binary mixtures of clove/coriander oil and clove/attarasa oil showed significant synergism with the co-toxicity factor of 241.77 and 114.15, respectively, while other combinations did not show any synergism. Optimal volume proportions of these synergistic combinations were 24:76 for clove/coriander oil and 41:59 for clove/attarasa oil, which were screened out with the toxicity index and were further confirmed by the co-toxicity coefficient. GC-MS analysis of these oils showed that eugenol, aceteugenol and β-caryophyllene were major components of clove oil, linalool, α-pinene, camphor, geranyl acetate and γ-terpinolene of coriander oil, α-citral, β-citral, D-limonene, linalool and sulcatone of attarasa oil, and sulphur compounds of garlic oil. Based on high toxicity against C. chinensis eggs and synergistic action of plant oil mixtures, clove oil can be used as another potential grain fumigant for the management of stored legume pests.

Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Phase Change Material Fibers: Morphology, Heat Properties, and Stability

A phase change material (PCM) from a mixture of plant oils was incorporated into electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers using an emulsion electrospinning technique. Effects of PCM and PVA content in the emulsions on nanofiber morphology, heat properties, and phase change stability were examined. Higher PCM loadings in the nanofibers led to increased fiber diameter, gouged fiber surfaces, and higher heat enthalpies. The fibers maintained their morphological integrity even if the PCM melted. They showed reliable heat-regulating performance which can undergo at least 100 cycles of phase change. Such PCM fibers may be used for the development of thermoregulating fabrics or in passive heat storage devices.

Multilevel systems biology modeling characterized the atheroprotective efficiencies of modified dairy fats in a hamster model.

We assessed the atheroprotective efficiency of modified dairy fats in hyperlipidemic hamsters. A systems biology approach was implemented to reveal and quantify the dietary fat-related components of the disease. Three modified dairy fats (40% energy) were prepared from regular butter by mixing with a plant oil mixture, by removing cholesterol alone, or by removing cholesterol in combination with reducing saturated fatty acids. A plant oil mixture and a regular butter were used as control diets. The atherosclerosis severity (aortic cholesteryl-ester level) was higher in the regular butter-fed hamsters than in the other four groups (P < 0.05). Eighty-seven of the 1,666 variables measured from multiplatform analysis were found to be strongly associated with the disease. When aggregated into 10 biological clusters combined into a multivariate predictive equation, these 87 variables explained 81% of the disease variability. The biological cluster "regulation of lipid transport and metabolism" appeared central to atherogenic development relative to diets. The "vitamin E metabolism" cluster was the main driver of atheroprotection with the best performing transformed dairy fat. Under conditions that promote atherosclerosis, the impact of dairy fats on atherogenesis could be greatly ameliorated by technological modifications. Our modeling approach allowed for identifying and quantifying the contribution of complex factors to atherogenic development in each dietary setup.

Bal Arısı Şurubuna Katılan Bitki Ekstraktı ve Yağlarından Oluşan Karışımının Koloni Gelişimi ve Bal Verimi Üzerine Etkileri

This study during the spring of 2014, effects of plant extract and oil mixture obtained from various plants added to the syrup given to the forces equalized bee on physiological characteristics of the colonies were examined. Bee colonies (10 colonies in each group) were randomly divided into two groups. When the first group feed syrup and plant extract oil mixture, at the same rate with feed syrup only test group to control group (1/1 sucrose-water) was applied. According to the research results, the plant extract-oil mixture was not effective on the number of frames and hive weight. The mixture although numerically increased the amount of brood rearing area, this effect was not statistically significant. However, provided statistically significant increase in honey production. We concluded that, while the plant extract-oil mixture tested is not effective in brood production, is effective on honey production.

Effect of the Substitution of Fish Oil with a Mixture of Plant-Based Oils in Diets of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) Fingerlings on Growth, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Excretion

A feeding trial was performed to determine the effect of substituting fish oil with a 1:1 mixture of soybean and linseed oil on growth, phosphorus and nitrogen excretion, and lipid deposition of rainbow trout fingerlings. Diets with soy protein concentrate and soybean meal were prepared with 25, 50, and 75% substitution of fish oil with plant oils. Soy protein concentrate and soybean meal were used with fish oil at 100% in the control diet. Triplicate groups of 15 juveniles with an initial weight of 0.74 ± 0.05 g (mean ± standard error) were fed the experimental diets for 70 days. Growth performance, protein, and lipid digestibility, oxygen consumption, nitrogen, and phosphorus excretion, and lipid deposition (liver and muscle) were determined. The mixture of plant oils did not affect the growth performance of fingerlings. Apparent digestibility of lipids decreased as the fish oil in the diet decreased. A significant decrease of phosphorus excretion was observed as plant oils in the diets were increased. Lipid deposition was higher in liver unrelated to plant oil concentration in the diet. The results show that it is possible to use high quantities of plant ingredients in the diets without affecting the growth performance and lipid deposition, as well as significantly decreasing phosphorus excretion.

Influence of different levels of dietary choline on growth rate, body composition, Hematological indices and liver lipid of juvenile Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869

A 12-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary choline on growth rate, body composition and total liver lipid of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. A semi-purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin-free casein and wheat gluten as a protein source, a mixture of animal and plant oils as a lipid source, and dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Graded levels of choline chloride were used at 0, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg kg−1 diet (actual choline concentrations: 0, 1500, 3500 and 7500 mg kg−1 diet) were added to the basal diet. Juvenile Acipenser baerii with initial mean weights of 37.67 ± 2.92 g were held in fiberglass tanks (500 l) and fed to apparent satiation three times per day. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary choline concentrations (P < 0.05). The best growth performance was observed in fish fed diets containing 1500 and 7500 mg kg−1 choline chloride (P < 0.05). Fish fed with diets containing 1500 and 3500 mg kg−1 choline chloride showed the highest lipid content in carcasses, but there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in protein and ash contents. Total lipid of liver and plasma, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids levels showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of dietary choline, but such an increase was not significant (P > 0.05). The results of this study revealed that the optimum dietary choline chloride level for normal growth performance of juvenile Acipenser baerii appears to be 1500 mg kg−1.

Analysis of Cyanolipids from Sapindaceae Seed Oils by Gas Chromatography–EI‐Mass Spectrometry

As a continuation of our investigation on unusual lipids, in the present work we describe a method based on GC-FID and GC-EI-MS to analyze the molecular composition of intact cyanolipids (CL) from selected Sapindaceae plants. We applied our method to the study of CL of type I (1-cyano-2-hydroxymethyl-prop-2-en-1-ol-diester) from Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis and Allophylus dregeanus and CL type III (1-cyano-2-hydroxymethyl-prop-1-en-3-ol-diester) from A. natalensis and Nephelium lappaceum. Our analytical approach allowed us to obtain useful mass spectra to identify individual isomeric molecular species composing the CL mixtures and resulted in the very sensitive detection and identification of minor CL. Defined CL mass spectra resulted in suitable detection of these phytochemicals in complex plant oil mixtures containing acylglycerols. To the best of our knowledge GC-EI-MS spectra of cyanolipids have never been reported before. Moreover, this study improved previous knowledge of the lipid chemistry of Sapindaceae plants.

Diurnal ammonia and urea excretion rates in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax fed diets containing mixtures of canola and cotton seed oil at two different ambient temperature

The knowledge about the combined effects of higher temperature and dietary nutrient quality on the diurnal nitrogenous excretion rates is very limited in farmed fish species including European sea bass. Therefore this study investigated the combined effects of increasing levels (30 vs. 60 %) of dietary fish oil replacement by equal mixture of cotton seed oil (CSO) and canola oils (CO) and two different ambient temperature (24 vs. 30°C) on diurnal total ammonia and Urea–N excretion rates in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Experimental diets were fed to fish three times (08:30–13:30–18:30h) at a fixed rate of 3 % BW.d−1. The daily consumed nitrogen and energy intake of fish were similar during the investigation in different dietary treatments. However, the daily excretion rates of TAN, total nitrogen (TAN+Urea–N) and total nitrogen expressed as a proportion of consumed nitrogen by the European sea bass maintained at 30°C were found to be significantly (P<0.001) higher (40 to 50%) than fish maintained at 24°C in all the dietary treatments suggesting higher rates of deamination of ingested amino acids with increased temperature. Daily urea–nitrogen excretion of fish accounted for between 20–30 % of total ammonia–nitrogen excretion rates for each dietary treatment at 24 and 30°C and appeared to be slightly increased by the temperature but neither the temperature nor the amount of plant oil mixture inclusion in diets or the interaction of these two factors had a significant effect on the urea nitrogen excretion rates of fish in different dietary treatments. However, Urea–N excretion rates in fish fed fish oil only (FO) diet were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to that of fish fed diets containing increasing amount of plant oil mixture (VOM30 and VOM 60) during the light-on phase of the sampling period at 24°C indicating periodic enhancement of permeability for urea at excretion sites. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the mechanism of nitrogenous excretion in European sea bass fed plant oil containing diets under extreme summer time temperatures employing total dietary fish oil replacement to reveal the possible effects of alteration in cell membrane phospholipid composition on enzymes responsible for nitrogenous excretion and/or detoxification.

The influence of a formula supplemented with dairy lipids and plant oils on the erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile in healthy full-term infants: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundHuman milk is the optimal nutrition for infants. When breastfeeding is not possible, supplementation of infant formula with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids appears to promote neurodevelopmental outcome and visual function. Plant oils, that are the only source of fat in most of infant formulas, do not contain specific fatty acids that are present in human and cow milk and do not encounter milk fat triglyceride structure. Experimental data suggest that a mix of dairy lipids and plant oils can potentiate endogenous synthesis of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This trial aims to determine the effect of an infant formula supplemented with a mixture of dairy lipids and plant oils on the erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile in full-term infants (primary outcome). Erythrocyte membrane long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids content, the plasma lipid profile and the insulin-growth factor 1 level, the gastrointestinal tolerance, the changes throughout the study in blood fatty acids content, in growth and body composition are evaluated as secondary outcomes.Methods/DesignIn a double-blind controlled randomized trial, 75 healthy full-term infants are randomly allocated to receive for four months a formula supplemented with a mixture of dairy lipids and plant oils or a formula containing only plant oils or a formula containing plant oils supplemented with arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Twenty-five breast-fed infants constitute the reference group. Erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the other fatty acids content, the plasma lipid profile and the insulin-growth factor 1 level are measured after four months of intervention. Gastrointestinal tolerance, the changes in blood fatty acids content, in growth and body composition, assessed by means of an air displacement plethysmography system, are also evaluated throughout the study.DiscussionThe achievement of an appropriate long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids status represents an important goal in neonatal nutrition. Gaining further insight in the effects of the supplementation of a formula with dairy lipids and plant oils in healthy full-term infants could help to produce a formula whose fat content, composition and structure is more similar to human milk.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01611649