Plant Names Research Articles

Növénynevet tartalmazó településnevek

The paper examines the relationship between place names referring to the natural environment and plant names. It provides a comprehensive picture of the role of plant names in the formation of settlement names describing the natural environment: what form plant names take in early Old Hungarian settlement names, when and in what proportion they appear in early Old Hungarian sources, and what shifts in their frequency occurred over the centuries. The study also examines the spatial characteristics of the name type and the distribution of certain plant names. Summarising the results, it can be concluded that in the early Old Hungarian period, the settlement names derived from plant names were usually formed by adding suffixes to single words. Morphematic naming played the dominant role in the formation of these settlement names. A significant increase in the number of such settlement names can be seen from the beginning of the 13th century, and continued at a steady pace until the end of the early Old Hungarian period. Settlement names of botanical origin are relatively common and cover the whole Carpathian Basin. Settlement names also include names of various plants, but the frequency of certain plant names varies greatly.

LITERATURE REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FIG (Ficus Carica L) IN SURAH AT-TIN VERSE 1

Allah provides information about the fig plant in Surah At-Tin verse 1. The fig plant is a special plant that is specifically mentioned in the Quran and is widely used for human health such as preventing hypertension, maintaining heart health, and treating diabetes. The fig plant is a plant that has many chemically active compounds that are useful in medicine. This study aims to determine the content of the surah At-Tin verse 1 and identify the features of the fig plant from the perspective of plant phytochemicals. The results showed that Allah swore by the name of the fig plant in Surah At-Tin verse 1. This indicates that there are many blessings on the fig plant for human life. Phytochemical test results showed that the fig plant has chemical compounds that are beneficial to human health such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins. These compounds act as anti-oxidants, function in the detoxification of toxins, prevent cancer, regulate the stability of the body's metabolism, and scavenge radicals that enter the body. The fig plant has a high economic value. The cultivation of fig plants is a good economic commodity for the welfare of society. Figs can be processed into products that sell well in the market.

Understanding the Lost: Reconstruction of the Garden Design of Villa Peretti Montalto (Rome, Italy) for Urban Valorization.

Urbanization and urban regeneration can significantly impact cultural heritage, but a greater knowledge of the past natural and historical features is needed to value the past and understand the present. The lost Villa Peretti Montalto in Rome, once located in the area that corresponds to the current front side of Termini station, deserves great attention due to its cultural value. This work aimed to provide a floristic and functional reconstruction of the gardens of the villa during the XVI and XVII Centuries. From several bibliographic and iconographic sources, a critical analysis and interpretation of plant names was conducted. A list of 87 species and their location in the different garden sectors, during different periods with their specific uses, is provided. The arboreal design was made by classical species in the Roman context, like Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus pinea, Quercus ilex, and Ulmus glabra. In addition, ancient lost varieties of fruit trees (mainly Pyrus communis and Ficus carica) and several species of conservation interest were found. The knowledge of the ancient flora in historical gardens could be a key tool in urban greenery planning and touristic and cultural valorization.

A systematic methodology to assess the identity of plants in historical texts: A case study based on the Byzantine pharmacy text John the Physician's Therapeutics

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn recent decades, the study of historical texts has attracted research interest, particularly in ethnopharmacology. All studies of the materia medica cited in ancient and medieval texts share a concern, however, as to the reliability of modern identifications of these substances. Previous studies of European or Mediterranean texts relied mostly on authoritative dictionaries or glossaries providing botanical identities for the historical plant names in question. Several identities they suggest, however, are questionable and real possibility of error exists. Aim of the studyThis study aims to develop and document a novel and interdisciplinary methodology providing more objective assessment of the identity of the plants (and minerals) described in these resources. Materials and methodsWe developed an iterative experimental approach, using the 13th century Byzantine recipe text John the Physician's Therapeutics in its Commentary version (JC) as a case study. The methodology has six stages and relies on comparative analyses including statistical evaluation of botanical descriptions and information about medicinal uses drawn from both historical and modern sources. Stages 1–4 create the dataset, stage 5 derives the primary outcomes to be reviewed by experts in stage 6. ResultsUsing Disocorides’ De Materia Medica (DMM) (1st century CE) as the culturally related reference text for the botanical descriptions of the plants cited in JC, allowed us to link the 194 plants used medicinally in JC with 252 plants cited in DMM. Our test sample for subsequent analyses consisted of the 50 JC plant names (corresponding to 61 DMM plants) for which DMM holds rich morphological information, and the 130 candidate species which have been suggested in the literature as potential botanical identities of those 50 JC plant names. Statistical evaluation of the comparative analyses revealed that in the majority of the cases, our method detected the candidate species having a higher likelihood of being the correct attribution from among the pool of suggested candidates. Final assessment and revision provided a list of the challenges associated with applying our methodology more widely and recommendations on how to address these issues. ConclusionsWe offer this multidisciplinary approach to more evidence-based assessment of the identity of plants in historical texts providing a measure of confidence for each suggested identity. Despite the experimental nature of our methodology and its limitations, its application allowed us to draw conclusions about the validity of suggested candidate plants as well as to distinguish between alternative candidates of the same historical plant name. Fully documenting the methodology facilitates its application to historical texts of any kind of cultural or linguistic background.

Importance and Benefits of Green Audits to Education Institutions and Industrial Sectors

Green auditing is a vital process that ensures the diversity of plants on an organization's campus, reducing ecological pollution and soil destruction. It is beneficial intended for biodiversity protection, landscape management, irrigation/economic water utilization, and maintaining natural topography. Green audits are conducted at educational institutions and industrial sectors using the National Building Code (NBC) Part 11 - A 360° Risk Assessment Approach to Sustainability checklist. The importance of green auditing lies in its ability to create an eco-friendly environment and encourage green initiatives was studied at Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The results revealed that the campus has sufficient number of flora and fauna and established various gardens such as terrace, herbal, kitchen, zodiac, and decorative gardens. All the plants were labelled properly with common and botanical names and used biofertilizers, organic and green manures for the cultivation of plants. Agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers were minimally used to save the soil health and to protect the ecosystem from soil and water pollutions. The benefits of green audit included understanding the organization's internal and external green campus inspection and execution procedures, creating data on plant quantities, recommending biofertilizers, conserving economically valuable, rare, and endangered species, documenting rainwater collection systems, water reservoirs, percolation ponds, and irrigation technologies to the plants were well understood by the Oragnization with respect to the green audit.

Cognitive analysis of Polish folk plant names

KOGNITYWNA ANALIZA LUDOWYCH NAZW ROŚLIN
 W językoznawstwie kognitywnym znaczenie utożsamiane jest z mentalną reprezentacją stworzoną (zobrazowaną) w pewien określony sposób, a różne obrazowania referenta mogą być powiązane z różnymi formami fonologicznymi. Na przykład twardziec i rannik, dwie ludowe nazwy krwawnika (Achillea millefolium L.), ilustrują odmienne sposoby obrazowania rośliny, ponieważ odwołują się do różnych pojęć z nią skojarzonych: pierwsza nazwa sygnalizuje twardość łodygi, a druga – wykorzystanie przy leczeniu ran. Reprezentacje są zależne od zdolności poznawczych konceptualizatora, badanie reprezentacji daje więc wgląd w sferę mentalną użytkownika. Analiza zaprezentowana w artykule ma na celu zrekonstruowanie reprezentacji mentalnych i ukazanie sposobu, w jaki użytkownicy nazw, tj. mieszkańcy wsi, postrzegali świat roślin. Przeprowadzona jest za pomocą narzędzi dostarczonych przez gramatykę kognitywną Ronalda Langackera.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ КОЛОРИЗМОВ В МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ

In medical terminology, the designation of color plays an important role. The relevance of the authors' research is determined by their interest in the problems associated with the theoretical and practical study of colorisms and their uses in the language of medicine.
 The purpose of the presented research is to study colorisms in medical terminology in the semantic aspect.
 The material for the study was colorisms in the names of symptoms, organs and their parts included in medical encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books.
 This article reflects the functioning of colorisms in medical terminology: in the categories of various diseases, skin color, names of blood cells, appearance of the patient, body characteristics, names of medicinal plants and substances.

Learning at stations on the secondary level in biology education: the determination of toxic plants

The importance of plants for humans is unquestionable and every one of us should have basic knowledge about plants. Learning stations are a very useful tool for understanding the meaning of plants for people. The purpose of the study was to describe the effect of learning stations in practice, their use and whether or not they might help change misconceptions and build accurate content knowledge about toxic plants. The quasi-experimental design was used and the research sample consisted of a control group and an experimental group. The knowledge test (pretest/posttest) focused as a research tool on the ability to identify toxic plants, gain the occurrence of plants and decide about the toxicity of plants. The effect of learning stations was significant, with the students from the experimental group achieving a higher score after the implementation of the independent variable in all categories (naming of plants, occurrence and toxicity).

THE ESSENCE OF ONOMASIOLOGICAL BASES AND THEIR TYPES IN PHYTONYMIC LEXICON

The article presents the results of the onomasiological analysis of the names of medicinal plants or phytonyms. The research is based on the ternary onomasiological model, which includes a basis, feature, and predicate. Emphasis is placed on the basis zone and two bases: a person and an artefact. The research shows that the basis zone includes four varieties of the basis: a suffix, an exocentric compound word, a so-called split basis, and a meaningful word. Lexical bases designate not only the plant itself and its part, but also other things, which are examples of indirect designation.

Alternative therapy for pregnant and breastfeeding women with gastro-intestinal pathology in psychiatric practice

Introduction. Drug treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding period presents certain risks, especially in patients with concomitant mental disorders and somatic pathologies. The purpose of the research was to study the potential effects of medicinal plants and biological supplements during pregnancy and lactation in psychiatric patients with gastro-intestinal pathology. Materials and methods. We analyzed 504 herbs and active biological nutritional supplements including their alternative names: 299 in gastroenterology and 205 in psychiatry. From these, 40 alternative names of plants could be used in gastroenterology and psychiatry and 33 alternative names of plants and active biological nutritional supplements that could be used in psychiatry were selected. Results. Only one herb, damiana (Turnera diffusa), is described as having “no known side effects” during pregnancy and breastfeeding. According to other sources, this herb should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to the serious risks involved. Another plant Moringa oleifera is found to have multiple protective functions in mental health and gastro-intestinal diseases, being described as potentially safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but with specific indications. Conclusions. Prescribing herbs and active biological nutritional supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding carries certain risks. The information is contradictory, requiring further research and informing patients about the risk-benefit ratio.

Inventory of Spice Plants Based on Vegetative Organs in the Lower Siantan Region

The background to this research is that the knowledge of the people in Siantan Hilir is still quite limited in identifying spices, so that information from one community to another in one area can be different. The research aims to provide knowledge to the public regarding plant descriptions including: local names, scientific names of plants, and plant vegetative organs. The research was carried out in Siantan Hilir Village, using observation methods, sampling and field data recording. The research results showed that the plants found were quite diverse and most were from the Zingiberaceae family. Existing information can be used as learning material and reference for determining a spice plant species based on the characteristics and morphology described in the article.

Biodiversity of Jashpur District Chhattisgarh, India

The biodiversity of Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh was studied using the methods of Frequency, density and abundance. For sampling Loro Ghat was taken. In the present study, at about 77 deciduous forest trees species belonging to 31 different families, were identified with their botanical name and their possible uses by the local tribes were recorded. It is observed that the family Fabaceae represent maximum number of seventeen species, followed by Moraceae with 7 species, Combretaceae with 06 species, Myrtaceae with 5 species Rutaceae with 4 species, Anacardiaceae Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae with 3 species, respectively. Besides, these families Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Burseraceae, Embenaceae, Lamiaceae and Meliaceae were found with two species of each in the surveyed area. On the basis of data analysis Butea monosperma showed their maximum frequency, density and abundance i.e., 0.507, 1.074 and 2.117 respectively, during the sampling, and then followed by Cassia fistula and Shorea robusta with 0.313 and 0.388, respectively. On the other hand, Embilica officinalis, Ficus bengalensis, F. carica, F. glomerata, Pongamia pinnata and Pterocarpus marsupium showed minimum distribution in the forest. Surprisingly, the species like Santalum album, Mangifera indica and Annona reticulate, Terminalia arjuna and Tectona grandis were appeared with high abundance.

Fruits and plants, grains and seeds, birds, precious metals, and substances, or the conceptualization of colors in Tunisian Arabic

Abstract Two opposed views dominate the color scene: Universalism and relativism. Each view has been shown to have fallen short of fully accounting for color perception and naming across languages and cultures. Beyond this controversy, the current article proposes cultural neuroscience as an alternative view to account for color naming and the conceptualization of experiences in color terms in Tunisian Arabic (TA). Cultural neuroscience accumulated massive cross-cultural empirical evidence to the effect that culture greatly impacts brain and cognition. The current article will draw on cultural neuroscience to explain the central role played by culture in shaping cognition and language. Thus, the argument will run as follows: The language in which color is cloaked owes much to experience in social cognition, which is greatly impacted by the cultural environment. This view implies that color naming is under the influence of the cultural needs of color users and cognizers in their respective cultures, with the language they speak as ancillary to culture. In TA, there are 11 color terms, with five focal colors including multiple shades and a form in mes– (–ish), reminiscent of English brownish from brown. Color naming in TA is conceptualized in terms of names of fruits (oranges, apricots, peaches, dates), plants (Jew’s mallow), aromatic plants (lavender), grains (wheat), birds (canary), seeds (pistachio), precious metals (gold), and substances (honey, coffee, chocolate, ash). Color is also manifest as a source domain in various metaphoric and metonymic expressions to conceptualize experiences and events using verbal, nominal, and adjectival derivations.

Gwarowe nazwy roślin derywowane semantycznie od nazw chorób

DIALECT PLANT NAMES SEMANTICALLY DERIVED FROM NAMES OF DISEASES It is possible to distinguish three groups among dialect phytonyms derived from names of diseases:1) names which originated from names of diseases due to the process of neosemantisation, 2) names morphologically derived from names of diseases, 3) collocations a) with the name of the disease, b) with an adjective derived from the name of the disease. In the article phytonyms from the first group have been analyzed and the focus is on determining their semantic motivations and thusdepicting the factors which underlie the nomination processes that led to their appearance. In the most typical situation neosemantisation is motivated by the purpose i.e. for the treatment of which disease or ailment the plant was used for. Other motivational hypotheses are primarily connected with the look of the plant or its specific part which may resemble a disease symptom (as it is in the case of kołtun and similar names) or trigger more indirect associations with diseases (like in the case of names of the kind ślepota and kurza ślepota).

An ethnobotanical study of herbs and medicinal plants used in Western, Copperbelt, Central and Northern provinces of Zambia

BackgroundAbout 70 % of the population in Zambia still depend on medicinal plants for primary health care. The limited number of published and documented information on medicinal plants in Zambia remains a challenge. Thus, the aim of this study was to compile some plants used traditionally as medicines in Western, Copperbelt, Central, and Northern Provinces of Zambia, indicating their local and botanical names, parts of the plants used, indications and dosage forms. MethodsConvenient sampling approach was used to collect data. Four (4) provinces in Zambia were conveniently selected and 10 plants for each province were identified except for Northern province where only 5 plants species were again randomly selected. Based on this criterion, a total of 35 plant species were compiled, representing 20 families. Data was mainly collected from primary sources that included elders in communities, few from available literature and none from traditional healers/herbalists. ResultsThe roots were the commonly used part at 38 %, followed by leaves and stem bark for most woody plants and trees. The most mentioned plant was Cassia abbreviata- Fabaceae family (Umunsokansoka) in Northern (RFC=1), followed by Kigelia Africana-Bignoniaceae family (Umufungufungu) (RFC=0.8) on the Copperbelt. Combretum hereroense-Combretaceae family (Mububu), Cassia occidentalis-Fabaceae family (Changu) from Western, while A. Spinosus, A. viridis, A. gangeticus-Amaranthaceae, Amarathus spp fmily (Bondwe) on the Copperbelt and Ficus sycomorus-Moraceae family (Mukuyu) in Central Province recorded an RCF=0.6 respectively. The Fabaceae family contributed 20 % of the plants sampled showing high use of plants from this family. ConclusionsThe regions sampled shows a rich biodiversity of plants with important medicinal properties against various health conditions such as tuberculosis, diabetes, hypertension and sexually transmitted infections as well as HIV. More work needs to be done to assess quantitatively the many claims in a scientifically approved manner to assess viability of the same as complementary alternative medicines.

Interpreting materia medica. A case study on Ioannes Archiatrus.

Premodern medical texts are an invaluable source for scholars from humanities and sciences. However, they are usually not accessible as few scientists with an interest in premodern materia medica are also qualified philologists. Therefore, a balance has to be struck to translate these texts while preserving information on how reliable we believe a given translation to be. In this paper, we conduct a case study on the vernacular version of Ioannes archiatrus. The present study forms part of the output of a multidisciplinary Wellcome Trust Collaborative Award combining humanities and sciences. We deployed a multi-layer tagging system to systematise pharmaceutical terminology and to translate these terms while providing confidence factors for individual words. In a second step, we used AntConc, a freeware concordance software, to analyse our primary source and visualise patterns in the text. Our methodology created a readable text that made it possible for the reader to check confidence factors. It also allows our translation and tagging to be recycled for further research. Our methods provide a tool that allows to balance the need to translate and the necessary caution about translated plant and mineral names. Our approach is transferable and it can be modified to suit the needs of other primary sources.

Ethnopharmacology, Nutritional Value, Therapeutic Effects, Phytochemistry, and Toxicology of Salvia hispanica L.: A Review.

The purpose of this review was to emphasize the nutritional value, and pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Salvia hispanica, as well as its toxicological evaluation. Salvia hispanica L. (S. hispanica), also called chia seeds, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is a species of medicinal and dietary plant used since ancient times by the Maya and Aztecs. Its product is an indehiscent dry fruit that is commonly called a seed. It is utilized for its health benefits and uses in cooking. The study aimed to investigate the pharmacological, phytochemical, and toxicological properties of S. hispanica seeds. The research also attempted to explore and compile all existing knowledge and data on these seeds' nutritional value and medical applications. The current review was conducted using numerous scientific databases, including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc. The correct plant name was verified from plantlist.org. The results of this search were interpreted, analyzed, and documented based on the obtained bibliographic information. S. hispanica is a pseudo cereal that is consumed by the world's population because of its preventive, functional, and antioxidant characteristics, attributable to the presence of lipids, dietary fiber, protein, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals. According to research, chia offers hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypersensitive, anti-obesity, and cardioprotective properties. Chia consumption has grown because of its favorable benefits on obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and several forms of cancer. These advantages are mostly due to the high concentration of essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, antioxidants, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals found in this seed. Based on the beneficial components, chia seeds have enormous potential in the areas of health, food, animal feed, medicines, and nutraceuticals. Finally, toxicological investigations have indicated the greater doses of chia seed extracts as safe. The current evaluation has focused on the distribution, chemical composition, nutritional value, and principal uses of S. hispanica in order to determine future research requirements and examine its pharmacological applications through clinical studies.

Pharmacological and Medicinal Important of Plant Phyllanthus Emblica Linn. (Syn.Emblica Officinalis), Indian Gooseberry

Abstract: The plant names phyllanthus emblica linn (Amla) are very precious gift of nature which have a vital role in health care. Nowadays, use of herbal product become most important for humans over the world. This drug is very useful for the treatment of disease. The most important part of this plant (phyllanthus emblica) is fruit. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (syn. Emblica officinalis), commonly known as Indian gooseberry or amla, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. Though all parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes, the fruits especially are found tremendous pharmacological applications. They are highly nutritious and form an important dietary source of vitamin C, amino acids, and minerals. Emblica Officinalis Plant is reported to have diverse Pharmacological actions like Adaptogenic Activity, Hepatoprotective Activity, Anti-Bacterial Activity, Anti-Hyperlipidemia Activity, Hypolipidemic Activity, Anti-Atherogenic Activity, Immunostimulatory Activity, Anti-oxidant Activity, Anti-Tumor Activity,Anti-Microbial Activity,Chondroprotective Activity, Analgesic Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Activity & AntiDiarreheal Activity. Emblica Officinalis plant is used in the treatments of various ailments. The diverse ailments like cancer, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Osteoporosis, Nuerological disorders, Hypertention and other infectious disorders.

Anticancer Potential of Ferns from Uttarakhand Region

The current study deals with the anticancer potential of ferns in Uttarakhand region. The ferns are widely used by the local people of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. The present study documents anticancer and antioxidant activity of some fern plants, which are prevalent in study area along with botanical name, family, chemical constituents and their activity for medicinal use. Among all the pteridophytes examined taxa from the Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Adiantaceae exhibited significant medicinal activity. Based on our review, many pteridophytes have properties that could be used in alternative medicine for treatment of cancer.
 Keywords: Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidants, Ferns, Uttarakhand.

Place Names Composed of Plant Names in Villages Located in Bozkır Dam Basin

Milletler tarih boyunca yaşadıkları yerlere ad vererek o yeri sahiplenmişlerdir. Duygularını, inançlarını, yaşayışlarını, deneyimlerini bu adlara aksettirmişlerdir. Milletler tarih sahnesinden çekilseler dahi kültürel kimlikleri yer adlarında ölümsüzleşmiştir. Bu çalışmada; Konya ilinin sınırları içinde inşa edilen Bozkır Barajı havzasındaki 16 köyde, Hadim ve Bozkır ilçe merkezlerinde bitki adlarından oluşan yer adları; kullanım sıklığı, işaret ettiği coğrafî nesne, anlam, işlev ve yapı bakımından incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan malzemeler derleme ve tarama yöntemleriyle elde edilmiş olup elde edilen veriler topografik haritalardan, belediyelere ait resmî kayıtlardan ve saha araştırması ile halk ağzından derlenmiştir. Göçebe bir hayat süren Türkler için bitkiler, temel besin kaynağıdır. Bitki adları ile yer adı oluşturma Türklerin doğaya verdikleri önemi gösterir. Konya, yüzölçümü bakımından Türkiye’nin en büyük şehridir. Tarıma elverişli, verimli topraklara sahiptir. Çalışma alanımız olan Bozkır ve Hadim ilçeleri, endemik bitkilerce zengin Orta Toroslar bölgesinde yer alır. Bu da bölgenin florasının zenginliğini ortaya koyar. Bozkır Barajı havzasındaki köylerde bitki adlarından oluşan 163 yer adı tespit edilmiştir. Bu adlarda 55 farklı bitki adıyla karşılaşılmıştır. Yer adlarının oluşumunda en çok kullanılan bitki adları; ardıç, kavak, söğüt, ceviz, elma, arpa, kiraz ve eriktir. Bu bitkilerin yörede en çok yetiştirilen bitkiler olduğu bilgisinden hareketle yer adlarından yöre halkının yaşam şekline, geçim kaynaklarına, yörenin iklim ve bitki örtüsüne dair çıkarım yapmak mümkündür. Bu çalışma kapsamında derlenen bitki adından oluşan yer adlarının büyük çoğunluğu Türkçedir. Ancak göç ve fetihler neticesinde Türkçenin fonetiğine uygun hâle getirilmiş Arapça, Farsça ve Ermenice kökenli yer adlarına da rastlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında derlenen bazı bitki adları yalnızca yöre halkı tarafından kullanılmakta ve ağızlarda yaşamaktadır. Sözlü kültüre ait bu verilerin dil bilimi ve yer adı bilimi başta olmak üzere halk bilimi, bitki bilimi, toplum bilimi vb. birçok alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.