Plant Matrix Research Articles

Highly Targeted Detection of Priority Phytopathogen Pectobacterium brasiliense: From Obtaining Polyclonal Antibodies to Development and Approbation of Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay and Lateral Flow Immunoassay

Pectobacterium brasiliense is a bacterial phytopathogen that causes soft and black rot and actively spreads worldwide. Our study is the first development of immunoassays for detecting P. brasiliense. We immunized rabbits and obtained serum with an extremely high titer (1:108). Isolated polyclonal antibodies were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 18 closely related strains and 5 non-related bacterial pathogens. No cross-reactivity was found concerning the tested pathogens. The ELISA of P. brasiliense was developed in a double-antibody sandwich format with a detection limit of 1.5 × 104 cells/mL. A lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for P. brasiliense was also developed in a double-antibody sandwich format with a detection limit of 1 × 105 cells/mL. The results of P. brasiliense cells testing with LFIA in plant matrix showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.932) between concentrations of added and revealed cells. When testing potato seed material, ELISA and LFIA confirmed 75 and 66% of positive samples according to real-time PCR, respectively. For negative samples, ELISA showed 84% coincidence, and LFIA coincided with PCR for 89% of samples. Thus, the developed immunoassays can be used to evaluate plant material in poorly equipped conditions or under field testing.

Pulsed Electric Field Treatment in Extracting Proteins from Legumes: A Review

A healthy diet rich in plant proteins can help in preventing chronic degenerative diseases. Plant-based protein consists of derivatives from algae, fungi (like mushrooms) and other plant products including stems, leaves, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, legumes and nuts. These sources are not only rich in protein, but also contain a high percentage of iron, calcium, folates, fiber, carbohydrates, fats etc. Hence, it is essential to explore plant-based protein sources and their other nutritional components to address existing food insecurity issues. Nowadays, the impact of food processing has produced promising results in extracting valuable bio-compounds including proteins from the plant matrix. In this view, PEF technology has secured an exceptional place in solving food quality issues through minimized thermal effects in the samples, improved extraction capabilities at a shorter time, higher extraction levels, high nutritional content of extracted samples, greater shelf-life extension and increased microbial killing efficiency. It is an energy efficient process which is used as a pre-treatment to increase selective extraction of intracellular compounds through electroporation technique. Here, the processing parameters play a significant role in obtaining enhanced extraction levels. These parameters have also considerably influenced the protein digestibility and amino acid modification. So far, PEF has been producing remarkable results in plant protein extraction research. Among various plant sources mentioned above, there is a limited literature available on the use of PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes. In this review, the authors have discussed essential legumes and their nutritional components and have highlighted how PEF can be beneficial in extracting the protein levels from these sources. Further research should focus on PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes, specifically analyzing the properties of protein quality and quantity.

Phytochemical screening and biological properties of Quintral flower polyphenolic fractions

Tristerix corymbosus flower is used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which are attributed to phenolic compounds. These compounds present different grades of associations with the plant matrix (free, esterified, and insoluble). This study aimed to determine which fraction contributes the most to total phenolic and flavonoid contents and bioactive properties. The total phenolic content was higher in the free fraction. In contrast, the esterified fraction exhibited the highest total flavonoid content and the greatest number of characterised compounds (chlorogenic, coumaric, and sinapic acids). All fractions exhibited antioxidant capacity against FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. The free and esterified fractions presented antibacterial capacity against E. coli, S. typhi, and S. aureus. Chlorogenic and sinapic acids were correlated with the antibacterial capacity against E. coli and S. typhi. While coumaric acid correlated with the antibacterial capacity against S. aureus. These findings enable the exploration of potential applications for the different fractions.

Plant-Derived Antidiabetic Agent: A Green Prevention Strategy

One component of metabolic syndrome is diabetes mellitus. In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes has increased. Drugs produced chemically are used to reduce the negative effects of diabetes mellitus and its repercussions, which include weight gain, gastrointestinal problems, and heart failure. However, medicinal plants may provide an accurate source of drugs that combat diabetes. This paper aims to identify the potential advantages of any plant matrix. Because they are less costly and have minimal or no side effects, restricting one's diet, exercising, and using plant-based antidiabetic substances are all recommended as effective ways to cure diabetes. This review centers on the bioactive components of antidiabetic plants, their chemical Characterization, and plant-based diets to manage diabetes. Much scientific information has been discovered regarding the plant-based product's mode of action. This article's objective is to highlight anti-diabetic plants and bioactive compounds produced from plants that offer anti-diabetic properties. Additionally, it gives researchers information that could be used to develop new tactics, such as locating effective bioactive compounds to facilitate the control of diabetes.

ANN modeling and RSM optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of protodioscin-rich extracts from Tribulus terrestris L.

Tribulus terrestris L. is a herb renowned for its abundance of saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which are utilized in treating various health conditions. Protodioscin functions by enhancing the conversion of testosterone into potent dihydrotestosterone, stimulating an increase in libido, red blood cell production from the bone marrow, and muscle development. Contemporary ultrasound-assisted-extraction (UAE) process employing green extraction solvents was selected to design the required separation system. The experimental plan was developed based on the independent operating variables – extraction time, operating temperature and solvent system composition in order to determine the influence of defined parameters and their interactions on the extraction yield and the presence of protodioscin. The 3D-RSM approach was introduced to determine the optimal values of studied independent variables in the area of maximal extraction yield. UAE process performed at optimal operating conditions generated maximal extraction yield (31 %, w/w) and protodioscin content of 5.9 mg/g dry plant matrix. Experimental data was used to develop an ANN for the defined extraction system using the operating variables values as the input matrix and observed yield as target matrix. Successfully designed and trained ANN generated high correlation (r = 0.9992) between observed data and predictive model’ outputs, and MSE value of 0.29107.

Cold plasma at various voltage, gas flow rate, and time assisted extraction of blue pea flower: Quantitative UPLC-ESI/MS/MS analysis of bioactive compounds, phenolics, and anthocyanin content

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a rich source of anthocyanins and has gained popularity as an herbal tea. However, conventional thermal processing could degrade its thermolabile bioactive components, necessitating alternative non-thermal processing to promote its commercial applications in the food industry. This study aims to assess the effects of sample preparation (powder vs. aqueous solution) and cold plasma treatment conditions (applied voltages, treatment times, and gas flow rates) on the extractability and stability of bioactive compounds in butterfly pea flowers. Quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed to assess the yield, bioactive compounds, and chemical composition of the extracts. Besides, response surface methodology and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to elucidate the impact of experimental variables on extract characteristics. Results indicated significant concentrations of delphinidin, cyanidin, and their derivatives in all extracts. Aqueous samples treated at higher voltages and for longer durations exhibited increased total anthocyanin (+92 % for 5 min at 180 V) and phenolic content (+32 % for 3 min at 100 V). PCA revealed strong correlations between independent variables and extracts' biochemical properties, highlighting the importance of optimizing treatment parameters. Furthermore, anthocyanins with increased side chains were observed to be more resistant to degradation under plasma carrier gas flow rate and plasma processing. Powder samples experienced more significant degradation when treated with plasma due to increased free radical generation. These findings elucidated the interaction between plasma and the plant matrix, demonstrating the potential of cold plasma technology for enhancing extraction in an eco-friendly manner and promoting more sustainable food production.

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and major triterpenoids from Centella asiatica leaves: A comparative study

Centella asiatica has been known for its significant medicinal properties due to abundance of bioactive constituents like triterpenoids and flavonoids. Nevertheless, an appropriate solvent system and extraction technique is still lacking to ensure optimized extraction of bioactive constituents present in C. asiatica. Recently, scientists are more focused towards application of green sustainable extraction techniques for the valuable components from plant matrix owing to their eco-friendly and safe nature. Among these, ultrasonication (US) is known as a valuable strategy for separation of bioactive components from medicinal plants. Hence, current research was performed to observe the effect of ultrasonication in the presence of five different solvents (Water, Hexane, Methanol, Chloroform, and Ethyl acetate) on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, Nitric oxide radical activity, and Superoxide anion assay), and four major triterpenoid contents in C. asiatica leaves. Herein, ultrasound assisted methanolic extract (UAME) possessed maximum amount of TPC (129.54 mg GAE/g), TFC (308.31 mg QE/g), and antioxidant properties (DPPH: 82.21 % & FRAP: 45.98 µmol TE/g) followed by ultrasound-assisted Water extract (UAWE), ultrasound-assisted ethyl acetate extract (UAEAE), ultrasound-assisted n-hexane extract (UAHE), and ultrasound-assisted chloroform extract (UACE), respectively. Moreover, the superoxide radical and nitric oxide assays depicted a similar trend, revealing the highest percent inhibition for UAME (SO: 83.47 % & NO: 66.76 %) however, the lowest inhibition was displayed by UACE (63.22 % & 50.21 %), respectively. Highest content of major terpenoids were found in UAME of C. asiatica leaves as madecassoside (8.21 mg/g) followed by asiaticoside (7.82 mg/g), madecassic acid (4.44 mg/g), and asiatic acid (3.38 mg/g). Ultrasound-assisted extraction technique can be an efficient extraction method for bioactive compounds present in C. asiatica. However, ultrasonication along with methanol as an extraction solvent can surely enhance the extraction of valuable constituents. The results of this study provide an insight into major terpenoids, and antioxidants present in extracts of C. asiatica, implicating its use in ancient medicine systems and future drug development.

Biocompatible and Safe Decellularized Spinach With Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity.

Creating acellular vascularized constructs from animal and plant tissue is one of the well-known strategies for scaffold assembly. Decellularization takes an important position among these strategies. The most common method is chemical decellularization. This approach employs high concentrations of detergents, primarily Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium hypochlorite (SH). In this work, novel techniques for decellularizing spinach were developed using detergents frequently utilized in laboratories. Spinach leaves were decellularized using Tween-20, SDS, and SH at low concentrations to generate an acellular plant matrix for tissue engineering. We measured the quantities of DNA and protein, as well as the decellularization using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The biocompatibility and capacity of the biostructures to stimulate fibroblast wound healing were assessed using MTT and the Scratch assay. The antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was also tested against a gram-positive bacterium, Staphilococcus aureus, which is a common pathogen associated with wound healing. The best shape, evident vascularization, and good biocompatibility were seen in the Tween-20 decellularized samples at 1% concentration at 21°C and 37°C through the enhancement of cell proliferation and wound healing. In terms of antibacterial activity, all scaffold samples had a significant effect on Staphilococcus aureus, where the number of bacterial colonies in all six scaffold groups became zero after 4 h of treatment. The scaffolds also showed a 100% kill rate on Staphilococcus aureus, which could avoid wound infection during the repair process, and that can be suggested as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications and an important constituent for pharmacological activities.

Factors affecting vitamin D3 conversion: The impact of UV light, temperature, and plant matrix compounds in an in vitro study

Factors affecting vitamin D3 conversion: The impact of UV light, temperature, and plant matrix compounds in an <i>in vitro</i> study

Development of HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of quercetin and kaempferol in leaf extract of Hibiscus mutabilis

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a densitometric High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) in Hibiscus mutabilis leaf extracts. The analyses were performed on silica gel 60 F254 plates using a mobile phase composed of toluene, formic acid, and ethyl acetate (6:0.4:4, v/v/v). Detection was carried out at a wavelength of 272 nm using a deuterium and tungsten light source. The method exhibited excellent linearity over the concentration range of 100–600 ng/spot for quercetin and 500–3000 ng/spot for kaempferol, with determination coefficients (r2) of 0.9989 and 0.9973, respectively. The method showed no interferences from the plant matrix. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra- and inter-day precision were less than 2% for both flavonoids. Recovery rates ranged from 97.69% to 99.20% for quercetin and from 89.91% to 95.87% for kaempferol. The limits of detection (LOD) were 190.23 ng/spot for quercetin and 187.23 ng/spot for kaempferol, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 570.10 ng/spot for quercetin and 566.12 ng/spot for kaempferol. This validated HPTLC method is reliable, precise, and accurate, making it suitable for the quality control of Hibiscus mutabilis leaf extracts. The study’s findings can be broadly applied to the quality control of herbal products, pharmacological research, and the development of nutraceuticals. The method’s ability to provide rapid and accurate quantification makes it an invaluable tool for researchers across various disciplines.

Application of a kosmotrope (Na2CO3) and chaotrope (NaCl) in chemometric optimization of aqueous two-phase extraction of bioactive compounds in Hypoxis iridifolia.

Enterolactone, coumaric acid and vitexin are polyphenolic compounds present in a variety of fruits, vegetables, cereals and plants. These bioactive compounds are in high demand due to their antioxidant property in various tissues and organs. The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous extraction method, an aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) method, that would enable the extraction of these compounds from Hypoxis iridifolia. This environmentally friendly extraction method only applied water and ethanol as extraction solvents for these analytes from the plant matrix. After phase separation, the analytes were salted-out from the aqueous phase into the organic phase with the aid of a chaotrope (NaCl) or kosmotrope (Na2CO3). Thereafter, the analytes were withdrawn by a micro-pipette for analysis on the high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. Optimization was conducted using a central composite design, where three parameters were examined which involved percentage ethanol, centrifugation time and salt type. Generally, the optimized conditions for extraction were an ethanol percentage of 100% and a centrifugation time of 10min, which yielded concentrations of 2942, 23,823 and 8881mg kg-1 for enterolactone, vitexin and coumaric acid, respectively, in the presence of a kosmotrope. The optimized conditions of extraction in the presence of chaotrope were an ethanol percentage of 66% and a centrifugation time of 10min with concentrations of 6727, 20,833 and 8618mg kg-1 for enterolactone, vitexin and coumaric acid, respectively. The ATPE method involving Na2CO3 was a better extractant of all the compounds studied relative to that of NaCl. The superior extraction capability of Na2CO3 in ATPE could serve as a prototype for the development of efficient extraction methods to meet the high demand for medicinal compounds derived from natural products.

Exploiting Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Licorice) Flavanones: Licoflavanone's Impact on Breast Cancer Cell Bioenergetics.

Research on the energy metabolism of cancer cells is becoming a central element in oncology, and in recent decades, it has allowed us to better understand the mechanisms underlying the onset and chemoresistance of oncological pathologies. Mitochondrial bioenergetic processes, in particular, have proven to be fundamental for the survival of tumor stem cells (CSC), a subpopulation of tumor cells responsible for tumor recurrence, the onset of metastasis, and the failure of conventional anticancer therapies. Over the years, numerous natural products, in particular flavonoids, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, have been shown to interfere with tumor bioenergetics, demonstrating promising antitumor effects. Herein, the anticancer potential of Licoflavanone, a flavanone isolated from the leaves of G. glabra, was explored for the first time in breast cancer cells. The results obtained highlighted a marked antitumor activity that proved to be greater than that mediated by Glabranin or Pinocembrin, flavanones isolated from the same plant matrix. Furthermore, the investigation of Licoflavanone's effects on breast cancer energy metabolism highlighted the inhibitory activity of this natural product on tumor bioenergetics, a mechanism that could underlie its ability to reduce tumor proliferation, invasiveness, and stemness.

Enhancement of in situ detection and imaging of phytohormones in plant tissues by MALDI-MSI using 2,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid as a novel matrix.

Phytohormones possess unique chemical structures, and their physiological effects are regulated through intricate interactions or crosstalk among multiple phytohormones. MALDI-MSI enables the simultaneous detection and imaging of multiple hormones. However, its application for tracing phytohormones is currently restricted by low abundance of hormone in plant and suboptimal matrix selection. 2,4-Dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid (DHNBA) was reported as a new MALDI matrix for the enhanced detection and imaging of multiple phytohormones in plant tissues. DHNBA demonstrates remarkable sensitivity improvement when compared to the commonly used matrix, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), in the detection of isoprenoid cytokinins (trans-zeatin (tZ), dihy-drozeatin (DHZ), meta-topolin (mT), and N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP)), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) standards. The distinctive properties of DHNBA (i.e. robust UV absorption, uniform matrix deposition, negligible background interference, and high ionization efficiency of phytohormones) make it as an ideal matrix for enhanced detection and imaging of phytohormones, including tZ, DHZ, ABA, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and ACC, by MALDI-MSI in various plant tissues, for example germinating seeds, primary/lateral roots, and nodules. Employing DHNBA significantly enhances our capability to concurrently track complex phytohormone biosynthesis pathways while providing precise differentiation of the specific roles played by individual phytohormones within the same category. This will propel forward the comprehensive exploration of phytohormonal functions in plant science.

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from bamboo culm for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae modified via CRISPR/Cas9

In the context of biorefinery, researchers have been looking for lignocellulosic biomasses and ideal treatments to produce economically viable biofuels. In this scenario, the bamboo culm appears as a plant matrix of great potential, given the high cellulose content of low crystallinity. Thus, the objective and differential of this work was to determine the best conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from bamboo culm and to evaluate its potential application in the production of bioethanol through Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Saccharification and Simultaneous Fermentation (SSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae modified via CRISPR/Cas9. The average cellulose extraction yield was 41.87 % with an extraction efficiency of 86.76 %. In general, as the hydrolysis time increased, an increase in glucose production was observed in almost all assays, with higher hydrolysis efficiency values at 72 h. The results ranged from 2.09 to 19.8 g/L of glucose obtained with efficiency values of 10.47 to 99 %. The best conditions were found in test 5 (temperature of 36 °C and pH 5.0, with only 10 FPU/g of substrate Cellic Ctec2 Novozymes ® cocktail). It is observed that for all hydrolysis times the independent variables pH and temperature were significant under the hydrolysis efficiency, showing a negative effect, indicating that higher values of the same promote lower values of the response variable. For bioethanol production, a maximum concentration of 7.84 g/L was observed for the SSH process after 4 h of fermentation, while for the SSF process it was 12.6 g/L after 24 h of fermentation, indicating the large potential of the simultaneous process together with the application of bamboo culm biomass for high production of biofuel.

Unveiling differential impact of heat and microwave extraction treatments on the structure, functionality, and digestibility of jack bean proteins extracted under varying extraction pH

The poor extractability and digestibility of jack beans restrict their application in food systems. Thermal treatment could be a processing tool to disrupt the compact conformation of the plant matrix and inactivate inherent antinutrients. Therefore, this research investigated the impact of conventional heat-aided (HA-) and microwave-aided (MA-) extraction treatments on the structure, functional properties, and digestibility of jack bean protein concentrate (JBPC) under varying extraction pH. The novelty brought by the present study is establishing the thermal treatment/extraction pH combinations for improving techno-functionalities and digestibility of JBPC. Heat (50 °C for 1 h) and sequential microwave power (400 W, 600 W, and 800 W for 5 min) at three extraction pH (9.0, 10.0, and 11.0) were studied. Upon increasing extraction pH, a significant decrease in the protein content, and β-Sheet structure was observed, in the order of pH 11.0 > 10.0 > 9.0. JBPC extracted using HA treatments displayed the highest contents of surface hydrophobicity (90.02) and sulfhydryl groups. In functional properties, MA-extracted JBPC under 400 W showed significantly improved solubility (93.45 %), emulsifying activity index (45.23 m2/g), and foaming capacity (141.70 %) when compared to other thermal treatments. The degree of hydrolysis result revealed that MA treatment improved the JBPC in vitro digestibility at a low power level of 400 W. These findings suggest that MA extraction treatment can improve the functional and nutritional properties of JBPC regardless of the extraction pH, and thus, expand the potential application in food systems.

Polysaccharides from Medicinal Plants: Bridging Ancestral Knowledge with Contemporary Science.

Plants are a core part of cultural identity, as part of a diet, decorations, ceremonies, or as medicinal agents. Empirical knowledge regarding plants and their healing potential has existed worldwide for centuries. With the advance of science and technology, not only is the refinement of such sources or isolation of specific compounds possible, but these compounds can also be characterized based on their natural occurrence. Besides their importance for plant metabolism and structure, polysaccharides have been demonstrated to have substantial positive human health impacts on inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and others. As an inherent part of plant cell walls, many polysaccharides from medicinal herbs, such as fructans, glucans, and pectins, have been extracted and analyzed for their structure and function. However, a review summarizing a significant portion of these studies was still unavailable. This review helps to fill the knowledge gap between polysaccharide bioactivity, their structure, and their plant matrix sources, focusing on historical medicinal usage.

Stability analysis of a hydropower plant containing pipe and channel flows

Abstract This work studies the operational stability of the tailrace network containing mixed types of flows in a hydropower station with the complex frequency-domain networked transfer matrix method. First, the networked transfer matrix of the system plant is built based on the dynamic equations of the pipes, channels and hydraulic boundaries in the system. Then, the model is applied to analyze the stable state of the water conveyance network of a hydropower plant located in southwest China. The values of hydraulic state variables at the critical stable point under the multi-machine operating condition are obtained via eigenvalue analysis. The proposed overall transfer matrix model is proved to achieve satisfactory performance by the comparison of the statistic indexes obtained from modeling computation and those from the measured data.

Interstage flow matrices: Population statistic derived from matrix population models

Abstract Many population statistics describe the characteristics of populations within and among species. These are useful for describing population dynamics, understanding how environmental factors alter demographic patterns, testing hypotheses related to the evolution of life history characteristics and informing the effective management of populations. In this study, we propose a population statistic: the interstage flow. The interstage flow is defined as the product of the element in the ith row, the jth column of the population projection matrix and the jth element of the normalized stable stage distribution. The sum of the interstage flow matrix elements is equal to the population growth rate (PGR), which is the dominant eigenvalue of the population projection matrix. The interstage flow matrix elements allow decomposition of PGR into component contributions made by transitions between developmental stages. We demonstrate the utility of interstage flow matrices using matrix population models from the COMPADRE plant matrix database. We compared interstage flows among four life history/functional groups (FGs) (semelparous herbs, iteroparous herbs, shrubs and trees) and described how PGR reflected individual transitions related to stasis, fecundity and growth. We found that the individual flows are different among FGs. Synthesis. The proposed population statistic, the interstage flow matrix, describes the contribution of individual developmental stage transitions to the PGR. The flow of individuals between developmental stages differs in distinctive ways among different life histories and FGs. The interstage flow matrix is a valuable statistic for describing these differences.

Does resistant starch have an effect on intestinal modulation? An integrative review

Starch is a polysaccharide that is abundant in nature, composed of amylose and amylopectin. Resistant starch (RS) is a form that reaches the large intestine without complete digestion. By fermenting in the colon, RS provides carbon and energy to anaerobic bacteria, altering the microbiota and its metabolic activities. The gut microbiota influences physiological functions and human health. Resistant starch, similar to dietary fiber, increases short-chain fatty acids, triggering beneficial effects and modulating gut flora. However, in this integrative review, an overview of recent studies investigating the effect of resistant starch on intestinal modulation will be provided, with the following guiding question: Does resistant starch have a beneficial effect on the modulation of intestinal microbiota? The studies available in Portuguese and English, in the PubMed, Virtual Health Library (BVS) databases, were searched using an advanced search. The articles have shown that formulations containing resistant starch have a positive impact on intestinal modulation and the prevention or therapy of certain metabolic diseases. However, more insights are needed regarding resistant starch, in order to know which type of resistant starch and from which plant matrix has the best effect on health.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHOD OF ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS WITH AN ALCOHOL-WATER MIXTURE FROM THE FRUITS OF VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA L., GROWING ON THE KOLA PENINSULA

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) is a profusely fruiting evergreen berry shrub, which is a hypoactic forest species, growing throughout the Kola Peninsula. Fruits have a number of significant therapeutic properties, such as antioxidant, antitumor, neuroprotective, decongestant, antibiotic, due to a significant content of phenolic compounds. The process of complete extraction of polyphenolic components from a complex plant matrix requires the development of extraction conditions aimed at maximum mass transfer of target components with minimal destruction of compounds. In connection with the prospects of using the fruits of lingonberry plants in the pharmaceutical and cosmetology industries, in this work, for the first time, optimization of the conditions of the method of ultrasonic extraction with a water-ethanol mixture using single-factor analysis and the Box-Benken algorithm was carried out. The kinetics of the extraction process is approximated by the second-order reaction equation. The optimal duration of extraction, the concentration of the extractant, the power of ultrasonic exposure, the diameter of the fractions of plant raw materials, the hydromodule and the extraction temperature were determined. The total content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity, as well as the degree of inhibition of free radicals, were determined. The results obtained can be used in the development of technologies for the production of components for use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetology industries.