Extraction Of Plant Material Research Articles

Identification of Marijuana Using Silver-Phosphine Ion Complexation and a Semi-Quantitative 1% Decision-Point Assay

Due to the strict federal regulations concerning ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) content for the differentiation of hemp and marijuana outlined in the 2018 Farm Bill, the ability to quickly and reliably differentiate cannabis as marijuana or hemp is crucial within both the seized drug community and hemp industry. This study provides a novel direct mass spectrometry approach for the identification of marijuana using Ag-phosphine ion complexation and a semi-quantitative 1% decision-point assay. The main constituents of hemp and marijuana, cannabidiol (CBD) and ∆9-THC, are isomeric and cannot be differentiated using soft ionization mass spectrometry techniques alone. However, the incorporation of [Ag(PPh3)(OTf)]2 enables the formation of unique MS/MS product ions at m/z 421/423, m/z 353/355, and m/z 231 for CBD due to differences in binding affinity, allowing CBD to be differentiated from ∆9-THC. Likewise, the isomeric cannabinoid precursors ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (∆9-THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) can be differentiated due to the formation of unique MS/MS product ions at m/z 465/467 and m/z 379/381, which are specific to CBDA. Eight additional cannabinoids were also characterized utilizing the proposed Ag-phosphine ion complexation approach. To reduce the potential for false positives, a more conservative 1% decision-point assay was developed by fortifying 1% weight-by-volume ∆9-THC-d9 into methanolic extracts of authentic cannabis plant material, followed by assessing if the total ∆9-THC content (containing ∆9-THC and ∆9-THCA) was greater than or less than the intensity of the spiked internal standard. When the developed approach was applied to 20 methanolic extracts of authentic cannabis samples with known cannabinoid compositions, 90% of the samples were correctly identified as marijuana or not marijuana based on the 1% administrative threshold for the total ∆9-THC content. The two lone misidentifications were due to the presence of elevated ∆8-THC, which highlights the necessity to explore more selective ligands in the future. This study provides the first application of Ag-ligand ion complexation for the identification of marijuana based on a semi-quantitative 1% decision-point assay, which shows great promise as an alternative method for the rapid identification of marijuana.

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) using Aqueous Extract of Murraya koenigii Leaves: Synthesis Mechanism, Characterization Process and Antibacterial Activity

Introduction: Green synthesis is the method of producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from the extraction of plant materials. This study aims to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using an aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves as an eco-friendly approach and subsequently characterize the synthesized FeNPs to understand their structural, morphological, compositional and optical properties. Methods: The aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves and 0.1M ferric chloride solution were combined at room temperature in a 1:2 volume ratio. The synthesized FeNPs were characterized using analysis methods of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-visible (UV-vis) and Tacu plot. Results: SEM images discovered that the particles were in the nanoscale range and their morphology appeared spherical shape. The EDX study was used to identify the composition of the elements of synthesized FeNPs. The crystal structure of the synthesised FeNPs was shown in the XRD spectrum. The FTIR spectrum showed many distinctive bands and the bands revealed active components for functional groups in the synthesized FeNPs. The UV-vis spectrum revealed an absorbance peak range of 240-310 nm for FeNP formation with a maximal peak at 273 nm. The band gap energy of the synthesized FeNPs was found to be 2.07 eV using the Tauc plot method. Also, the synthesized FeNPs exhibited a significant antibacterial effect against bacterial pathogens. Conclusion: The results of the characterization methods strongly suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of Murraya koenigii can be used as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the green synthesis of FeNPs.

Green Extraction of Plant Materials Using Supercritical CO2: Insights into Methods, Analysis, and Bioactivity.

In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer.

In vitro Cytotoxic and Anti-ROS Potentials of the Aerial Part of Pyrrosia lanceolata on A549 Cells and Cell Free Condition

Antioxidants and cancer are somewhat related to each other. The study was designated to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the aerial parts of Pyrosia lanceolata (P. lanceilata, Fam. Polypodiaceae) and their cytotoxic potential in a lung cancer cell line (A549). The extraction of plant material was performed by using methanol (CME), followed by solvent-solvent partitioning with different solvents. The methanol (CME) and its subsequent fractions (pet-ether PEF, chloroform CHF, ethyl acetate EAF and aqueous AQF fractions) confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids at different degrees. The phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 69.46, 37.93, 64.61, 126.74 and 60.64 mg of GAE/gm and 33.93, 4.11, 45.68, 146.95, and 44.36 mg of CAE/gm of dried CME, PEF, CHF, EAF and AQF, respectively. The overall antioxidant and iron reduction capacities of CME and all the fractions were in the following order: EAF > CHF > CME > AQF > PEF and EAF > CHF > CME > AQF > PEF, respectively. Among the fractions, EAF significantly scavenged DPPH (IC50 of 1.34 μg/ml) and OH radicals (IC50 of 4.38 μg/ml), which closely resembled those of standard BHT (IC50 of 0.9 μg/ml) and CA (IC50 of 2.73 μg/ml), respectively. Moreover, EAF (IC50 of 14.06 μg/ml) demonstrated a similar effect on inhibiting lipid peroxidation when compared to standard CA (IC50 of 13.86 μg/ml). In addition, CHF (24.25%) and EAF (14.9%) showed a potent cytotoxic effect in A549 cells. Our results suggest that P. lanceolata might be a good source of anticancer potential having antioxidant activity. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 137-148, 2024 (July)

The Impact of Azadirachta Indica Extract on the Expression Profile of Esp Gene in Treated Enterococcus faecalis

Background and Objectives Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium often associated with persistent endodontic infections, posing challenges for effective root canal disinfection and treatment outcomes due to its resilience in adverse root canal conditions and resistance to antimicrobial therapies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Azadirachtaindica's active plant compounds at subinhibitory concentrations on the expression of the virulence gene (esp) in Enterococcus faecalis strains (ATCC 29212). Materials and Methods Azadirachta indica (neem) specimens were obtained in Erbil, Northern Iraq, and the active compounds from the dried plant samples were extracted. Dry extracts were dissolved in Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) until reaching 100 mg/ml. Bacterial samples were treated with the extracted plant material and incubated. The assessment of relative esp gene expression in treated Enterococcus faecalis strains (ATCC 29212) began with total RNA extraction using the RNXplus kit, followed by a Quantitative RT-PCR assay. Results The minimum concentration of Azadirachta indica's ethyl acetate fraction 3 (30 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of the targeted bacteria. In contrast, the highest concentration inhibiting the target bacteria was 50 mg/ml of fraction 6 (Azadirachta indica-water). All fractions of Azadirachta indica decreased the expression of the target gene, with fraction 5 (ethyl alcohol) showing the highest fold change. Conclusion The ethyl alcohol extraction of Azadirachta indica inhibited the expression of the virulence gene (esp) by 2.84-fold, suggesting a potential decrease in (esp) gene expression, which could be considered as an alternative to classical irrigants.

Oregano and thyme by-products of olive oil aromatization process with microwave assisted extraction as a rich source of bio-active constituents.

Processing of Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAPs) results in the production of a significant amount of by-products, which are not commercially exploitable. Towards this direction, we studied extensively the by-products of oregano and thyme, remaining after the aromatization of olive oils with microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The purpose of the study was the exploitation of the "wastes" of these two economically significant herbs of Greece, for the potential development of innovative bioactive products. Hence, superior and inferior quality plant material from Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum and Thymus vulgaris, were extracted with extra virgin olive oil using MAE. For the evaluation of raw plant material, beside the characterization of the essential oils (EOs), the hydroalcoholic extracts of superior and inferior plant material were afforded by ultrasound assistant extraction (UAE). In addition, the remaining plant material after the flavoring of olive oil by MAE, was extracted with c-Hex, MeOH, H2O:MeOH using UAE. All the extracts were evaluated for their DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC) as well as their chemical profile was investigated by HPTLC. In parallel, the EOs, the olive oils and the c-Hex extracts were analyzed by GC-MS and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. The results showed that the composition of the EOs and the volatile fraction of the olive oil extracts were similar for the superior quality material whereas for the inferior the composition of the volatile fraction of olive oil extracts was not analogous to the respective EOs. GC-MS analyses of oregano and thyme by-products revealed the presence of carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene among the major constituents. Moreover, the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the plant material remaining after olive oil flavoring with MAE showed similar phenolic content and scavenging activity with the hydroalcoholic extracts of the corresponding raw plant materials underlying their potent use in the preparation of high-added value products such as nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals as well as enriched animal nutrition products.

Antifungal efficacy of natural antimicrobial substances during the fermentation and storage of hardaliye

Hardaliye is a non-alcoholic traditional fermented beverage produced using black grapes, mustard seeds, sour cherry leaves, and sodium benzoate. In this study, the effect of using plant materials (quince leaves, green tea, mulberry leaves, linden flowers, horseradish roots) as an alternative to sodium benzoate for inhibiting yeast growth to produce additive-free hardaliye was investigated. Hardaliye samples were produced using the selected test materials, microbiological and chemical analyses were performed during fermentation (20 °C for 18 days) and storage (4 °C for 2 months) periods. Additionally, the antifungal effects of test material extracts against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in grape juice and Malt Extract Broth (MEB), as well as the survival of S. cerevisiae in grape juice containing plant materials were examined. Only mustard seed extract had inhibitory and fungicidal effects at 25 mg/mL on S. cerevisiae in MEB among the tested plant material extracts and the effect increased when used in combination with grape juice. The total phenolic contents of the hardaliye samples were in the range of 2119.26–8653.33 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L, and antioxidant activities were in the range of 30.24–93.15%. The numbers of S. cerevisiae decreased below the detection limit (<1 log CFU/mL) after 1 day in grape juice containing horseradish (5%), mustard seeds (1.5%) or sodium benzoate (0.1%). This study indicated that crushed mustard seeds at increased concentrations (1.5%), mustard seeds water extract (7.5 mg/mL), or horseradish roots (5%) have the potential to be used in the production of hardaliye as an alternative to sodium benzoate.

Anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of chemically fingerprinted extract from Cyclamen persicum Mill.

In the last few decades, researchers have thoroughly studied the use of plants in Palestine, one of them is Cyclamen persicum Mill. (C. persicum). Cyclamen persicum has been historically cultivated since the 1700s due to its tuber. The tuber is known to stimulate the nasal receptors, thus triggering the sensory neurons. Cyclamen persicum has anti-inflammatory effects, reduces cholesterol levels, treats diabetes, and inhibits tumor growth. In this respect, in-vitro examination of antibacterial and anticancer activities and antioxidative potency of C. persicum ethanolic extract were evaluated. The antioxidative potency of the extracted plant material was determined spectrophotometrically using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and the HPLC–PDA method to evaluate its total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The experimental results demonstrated limited antibacterial activity of C. persicum extract against both gram negative (E. coli) and gram positive (Streptococcus and S. aureus) bacterial strains, with the observed zones of inhibition measuring less than 8 mm. On the other hand, powerful activity against MCF7 breast cancer as well as HT29 colon cancer cell lines was obtained. The findings also revealed potent inhibition of free radicals and the presence of maximal levels of natural products such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which supportits biological activities and powerful ability to scavenge free radicals. HPLC results showed the presence of numerous flavonoid and phenolic compounds such as rutin, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin, sinapic acid, and p-coumaric acid.

Exploration of Various Extracts of Adhatoda vasica for Use in Orthodontics

Fixed appliances used in orthodontics can alter the oral microbiota, leading to an increase in aggressive gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. These bacteria are strongly associated with enamel and dentin caries and periodontal disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for pain control during orthodontic treatment which can affect tooth movement and lengthen treatment time. The study evaluated the use of Adhatoda vasica in various aspects of orthodontics. The study involved the extraction of plant material, qualitative phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, antibacterial activity testing, and in vitro toxicity testing on bone cell lines. The results showed that Adhatoda vasica extracts had antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and demonstrated cytocompatibility with bone cell lines. The hydroalcoholic and pet ether extracts showed the most promising results. The study highlights the impact of fixed appliances on oral microbiota, the potential role of Adhatoda vasica in orthodontics, and the need for further research in this area.

Optimized Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) Protocol for Isolation of Urease Inhibitors: Magnoflorine and Berberine from Berberis vulgaris Extracts

In recent years, an increasing interest in phytotherapy has been observed. Parallel to the research on the total extracts of plant material, numerous studies on the activity of single molecules derived from plants are being conducted to address their mechanisms of action and determine active doses and eventual interactions. Despite this phenomenon, the isolation of individual compounds is a bottleneck due to its difficulty and cost. This work presents the results of a careful optimization of magnoflorine and berberine (isoquinoline alkaloids) recovery from a commonly distributed shrub, Berberis vulgaris, growing in Poland and Georgia, using CPC. Both compounds are known for their numerous medicinal properties, which makes the isolation methodology an important area of research. Additionally, CPC has the ability to isolate high-quality compounds in large quantities, which makes it an effective and easy-to-commercialize method. For a successful separation, the biphasic solvent system composed of hexane, butanol, ethanol, and water in a ratio (3:12:4:16 v/v/v/v) was used in the ascending mode, together with the flow rate of 8 mL/min and rotation speed of 1600 rpm. The method was selective for both compounds, and it delivered good results for both root and stem extracts from the plant. The qualitative composition of alkaloids in the studied extracts determined by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS confirmed the presence of berberine, magnoflorine, jatrorhizine, and palmatine alkaloids from the group of isoquinolines. The isolates, magnoflorine and berberine, were subjected to the Helicobacter pylori growth inhibition assay and urease inhibition test to assess whether, next to the previously proved anticancer properties, these compounds are characterized by H. pylori inhibition. MGN was found to exhibit inhibitory potential against urease (IC50 = 25 mg/L).

The Effects of Selected Extraction Methods and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents on the Recovery of Active Principles from Aralia elata var. mandshurica (Rupr. & Maxim.) J. Wen: A Non-Targeted Metabolomics Approach.

The methods and solvents employed in routine extraction protocols essentially impact the composition of the resulting extracts, i.e., the relative abundances of individual biologically active metabolites and the quality and stability of the isolates. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) represent a new class of environmentally friendly solvents, which are recognized as promising extractants alternative to conventional organic liquids. However, their relative efficiencies when applied in different extraction workflows are still poorly characterized. Therefore, here, we compare the potential of three extraction methods for the extraction of biologically active natural products from Aralia elata var. mandshurica with selected natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. The non-targeted metabolite profiling relied on reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-HR-MS). The roots of A. elata were extracted by maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and vibrocavitation-assisted extraction (VAE). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation of the extracts obtained with the three extraction methods employed with NADES1 (choline chloride/malic acid) and NADES2 (sorbitol/malic acid/water). Based on the results of the hierarchical clustering analysis obtained for the normalized relative abundances of individual metabolites and further statistical evaluation with the t-test, it could be concluded that NADES1 showed superior extraction efficiency for all the protocols addressed. Therefore, this NADES was selected to compare the efficiencies of the three extraction methods in more detail. PCA followed by the t-test yielded only 3 metabolites that were more efficiently extracted by maceration, whereas 46 compounds were more abundant in the extracts obtained by VAE. When VAE and UAE were compared, 108 metabolites appeared to be more abundant in the extracts obtained by VAE, whereas only 1 metabolite was more efficiently recovered by UAE. These facts clearly indicate the advantage of the VAE method over maceration and UAE. Seven of the twenty-seven metabolites tentatively identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were found in the roots of A. elata for the first time. Additional studies are necessary to understand the applicability of VAE for the extraction of other plant materials.

Chemical profiling, bio-guided purification, and cytotoxic effect of two African spices: Hypodaphnis zenkeri Engl. Stapf (Lauraceae) and Staudtia kamerunensis warb (Myristicaceae) on human prostate cancer cell lines

Ethnopharmacological relevanceProstate cancer remains a significant burden in low- and middle-income countries and the second leading cause of death around the world. Spices used in daily cuisine contain interesting phytochemical components capable of helping prevent and cure cancer. AimThis study aims to give sufficient phytochemical information on two understudied species, Staudtia kamerunensis Warb. (Myristicaceae) and Hypodaphnis zenkeri Engl. Stapf. (Lauraceae), and to study their cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells in its early form and when they have developed metastasis. Materials and methodsTo reach this goal, normal procedures for phytochemical analysis were followed; these include collection, drying, crushing and extraction of plant materials using organic solvents. GC-MS (Gas chromatography- Mass Spectrometry) was used to evaluate the volatile phytochemicals contained in the extracts, and open-column chromatography was used to isolate the pure compounds used in this study. A bio-guided exploration of Hypodaphnis zenkeri (Lauraceae) (leaves, seeds, stems) guided us in selecting the extract for further analysis. An established MTT assay was used to measure cell proliferation. Three prostate cancer cell lines were considered in this study, DU145 and PC3, human androgens-independent prostate carcinoma cells and LNCaP, which are cells derived from metastasis of a human prostate and respond to androgens, oestrogens and progestins. The eight compounds isolated were characterized using HREIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. ResultsAmong the three extracts from Hypodaphnis zenkeri, considered for biological testing, the leaf extract displayed better activities with a CC50 of 180 μg/mL against DU 145 cells, 184 μg/mL against PC3 cells and 194 μg/mL against LNCaP cells. These results were justified when GC-MS analysis of the different extracts was performed. Fifty compounds were identified from the leaves, representing 96.06% of the volatile components, with most displaying anticancer activities or activities against vectors favorizing cancer growth (inflammation, etc.). An attempt to isolate the active principle responsible for the cancer activity led to the isolation of five pure compounds, namely Eicosane [1], Nonacos-1-ene [2], Palmitic acid [3], Glucoside Stigmasterol [4] and Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol [5]. Eicosane was identified as being responsible in part for the observed activity, even though it exhibited weak cytotoxicity with the lowest CC50 equal to 30 μg/mL against DU 145 cells. Staudtia kamerunensis sap was investigated in our previous studies with the isolation of Oleanan-12-ene-2α,3β –diol [6] and 2α, 3β -dihydroxylup-20-ene [7] among the major components, with significant antibacterial properties. Oleanan-12-ene-2α,3β –diol [7] in this study displayed a CC50 of 20 μg/mL against DU145 cells, 22 μg/mL against PC3 cells, 18 μg/mL against LNCaP cells, and 32 μg/mL in HMEC affording a selectivity index >2. Contrary to what was observed in our previous study, the activity of Oleanan-12-ene-2α,3β –diol was lost in the presence of 2α, 3β -dihydroxylup-20-ene. Conclusionthe cytotoxic effect of extract from Staudtia and Hypodaphnis genera and pure isolates are here reported for the first time, as well as the pure isolates. These studies exhibit the cytotoxic potential of two traditional African spices and, more specifically, Oleanan-12-ene-2α,3β –diol and eicosane, isolated from these plant species.

Anticorrosive action of eco-friendly plant extracts on mild steel in different concentrations of hydrochloric acid

Abstract The extracts of different parts of plants (leaf, stem, and flower) act as a green, environmentally friendly, economical, and safe corrosion inhibitors. The eco-friendly extracts of plant material provide an excellent alternative that substitutes toxic traditional (organic and inorganic) corrosion inhibitors. The plant extracts are renewable and readily available; thus, they occupy a unique position in the family of green inhibitors. The plant extract contains several bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, phenolic acids, glycosides, flavonols, etc., which possess experienced significant interest as anti-corrosive agents. These plant extracts contain several heteroatoms like phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, etc., which are adsorbed on the metallic surface and form an inert protective layer that protects metal from a corrosive environment. Thus, this article aims to shed light on the efficiency of plant extract in protecting steel in an acidic environment.

Exploring Neophytadiene from Ampelocissus araneosa: A Molecular Docking Approach to Inhibit Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus

Background: The urgent need to combat antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production has prompted the exploration of alternative remedies, such as plant extracts, as viable substitutes for antibiotics.&#x0D; Aim: This study aims to assess the phytocompound from A. araneosa and elucidate its inhibitory mechanisms against biofilm formation by S. aureus through molecular docking techniques.&#x0D; Methodology: Plant material collection and extract preparation were conducted, followed by GCMS analysis of A. araneosa and protein modeling of Biofilm_IcaR from S. aureus. Drug 3D prediction and drug docking studies were performed using Neophytadiene and Metronidazole, with the Patch Dock server for the exploration of molecular interactions between the compounds and protein targets.&#x0D; Results and Implications: The study identified bioactive compounds from A. araneosa, including neophytadiene, 3-eicosyne, phytol, and stigmasterol, known for their robust antimicrobial properties. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that neophytadiene exhibited a higher binding affinity to the Biofilm_IcaR protein compared to the control drug, Metronidazole, suggesting its efficacy as an inhibitor. These findings provide molecular insights into the potential of neophytadiene as a therapeutic agent against biofilm-producing S. aureus, with implications for the development of novel antimicrobial treatments.

Some essential oils as potential control agents for varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in infected honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Ecto-parasite, varroa mite, (Varroa destructor), is the primary pest affecting the apiculture sector globally in various regions. This study examined the toxicity of nine essential oils to Apis mellifera L. and the acaricidal impact of those oils against V. destructor. The acaricidal effects of nine essential oils, extracted from plant materials were used. In the screening experiment, 10 mg of the active ingredients of the plant material extracts were prepared in an alcohol solution with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. For each type of plant extract, five female V. destructor were transferred to a Petri dish with five worker bees incubated at 70% humidity and 33°-34° for 2 days, for each treatment four replicates were used compared to the control. Forty-eight hours following treatment, the number of dead and live mites was counted to determine the mortality rate. In the second assay experiment, the best five essential oils of the previous experiment were selected to re-assess their effectiveness on varroa mites and honeybee workers by using a concentration of 15%. Five females of V. destructor were transferred to a Petri dish with 10 adult bees and treated with the solution of the selected oils. Five replicates and control treatments were taken for each sample simultaneously. Dead and live bees were counted for each replicate at 48 hours after treatment. There were no significant differences between the concentrations used of each oil on the rate of death of mites, and its effectiveness ranged between 70.0% and 53.3% compared to the control groups. In addition, the best oil used was bitter melon, with a death rate of 80% at a concentration of 15%, while peppermint oil showed the lowest death rate of 45% at a concentration of (5%). However, all these treatments were statistically highly significant compared with the natural death rate in control (2%). In the second test, the results of the statistical analysis indicated that there were highly significant differences (P0.05 <0.0001) in the average numbers of dead varroa mites compared to the control when using a 15% concentration of five selected oils. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in the honey bee workers' mortality rate between the treatment and control groups (P0.05 <0.3390), and it was relatively low for all treatments except the basil oil, where the bee mortality rate was 16% compared to the control (10%). It is clear from this experiment that bitter melon oil can be used to control varroa mites and it can be considered safe for honey bees as well as for the environment.

ЖИДКОСТНОКОЛЬЦЕВЫЕ ВАКУУМНЫЕ НАСОСЫ КОМБИНИРОВАННОГО ТИПА ДЛЯ ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ

The use of one- and two-stage liquid ring vacuum pumps of a combined type for agricultural processes is justified: drying, extraction, vacuum evaporation and transportation of plant materials. The purpose of the article is formulated, which is to develop a method of theoretical calculation for the selection of liquid ring vacuum pumps of a combined type for the presented agricultural processes. Scientists who have been and are currently continuing research on this problem are presented. The general methodology for calculating the speed of action, adjusted for the flow rate and geometric parameters of a liquid ring vacuum pump (LVN), is described. The technological scheme of the processes of two-stage convective-vacuum-pulse drying (DCVID) and extraction is described and the use of a two-stage liquid-vitrochemical drying agent for them is justified. A method for calculating the speed of action based on the technological parameters of the devices used is presented. A method for determining the speed of action for DKVIS and extraction in the case of using pulsed action on the processed plant material is also described. The rationality of creating pulses during DCVIS in an additional container or one housing (when using a multi-body apparatus) is substantiated. A technological scheme of the process of vacuum transportation of dry bulk plant material is described. It is proposed to use a single-stage liquid liquid pump for this process. A method for selecting a vacuum pump based on the required performance and air flow is described. Based on the presented materials, conclusions and conclusions are drawn.

Optimization of the Extraction Strategy for Polyphenols from Pieris Japonica and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity.

Pieris Japonica, belonging to the Rhododendron family, is known for its anti-insect and analgesic properties. Despite previous research, the components and antioxidant activity of Pieris Japonica extract remain unclear. This study aims to identify the optimal extraction process for Pieris Japonica, determine its components, and evaluate its antioxidant capacity. An L9 (34) orthogonal method was employed to optimize the Pieris Japonica extraction process, with the polyphenol content serving as the extraction efficiency index. The extracted components were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH test, ABTS radical scavenging test, and FRAP reduction ability test. The optimal extraction process involved soaking Pieris Japonica powder in 60% ethanol with a weight-to-volume ratio of 1:20 (g/mL), followed by eight hours of reflux at 50°C. Under these conditions, the total polyphenol content was 11.2 ± 0.6 mg/g. HPLC/MS-MS revealed that flavonoids were the primary components in the Pieris Japonica extract. The FRAP method determined the total antioxidant capacity to be 1.00 ± 0.05 μmol/mL, while the DPPH method showed a radical scavenging rate of 42.21 ± 4.02%, and the ABTS method yielded a 85.74% scavenging rate, indicating a strong antioxidant activity. The primary components of Pieris Japonica extract were flavonoids, and the extracted plant material exhibited potent antioxidant activity.

The Development of Dry Extract Technology from Callus Culture Biomass of &lt;i&gt;Scutellaria baicalensis&lt;/i&gt;

Introduction. Plant biologically active substances (BAS) are valuable for drug development in view of their pharmacological effects and metabolic proximity to the human body. As an example of a useful herbal raw material, the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, which contain species-specific flavonoids, baicalin and scutellarin, possess the potency of creating antiviral drugs and functional nutrition systems with antioxidant and adaptogenic properties. In order to levelling the existing limitations of using intact plant in pharmaceutical practice, we proposed a nature-saving and ergonomic approach of cultivation of S. baicalensis cells under in vitro conditions. This technology allows to extract active substances of S. baicalensis without causing damage to the environment and contributes to the reduction of the time required to produce the necessary amount of plant material with an increase in the efficiency of production processes.Aim. The development of dry extract technology from S. baicalensis callus biomass.Materials and methods. The object of the study – biomass of S. baicalensis cells obtained from callus culture. Functional characteristics (friability, Hausner’s coefficient, Carr’s index, fractional composition, as well as porosity and hygroscopicity) of S. baicalensis biomass and dry extract on its basis were determined according to the methods of the EAEU Pharmacopoeia. Extraction of plant material was carried out by maceration method with heating in a water bath with reflux condenser. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of BAS in the dry extract was carried out by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Quality indicators and functional characteristics of the finished product were evaluated in accordance with pharmacopeial requirements.Results and discussion. The functional characteristics of the S. baicalensis biomass were evaluated and the possibility of obtaining a dry extract on its basis was confirmed. We selected parameters of BAS extraction process, established the presence of baicalin in the biomass extract and carried out a comparative evaluation of aglycone profile in the extract based on callus culture and roots of intact plant. The properties of the finished product were evaluated for compliance with regulatory requirements, as well as technological characteristics.Conclusion. The quality indicators of the dry extract of the S. baicalensis biomass satisfy the normative conditions. The technological characteristics of dry extract are suitable for the utilisation as a phytosubstance for the development of medicines of combined type and dietary supplements.

Use of sisal industrial waste (Agave sisalana Perrine) in sustainable and multifunctional cosmetic products.

Sisal is a common stiff fibre produced around the world, corresponding to approximately 70% of the commercial production of all fibres of this type. The fibres are extracted from the leaves of Agave sisalana, from which approximately 4% of their weight is obtained, with the remaining 96% considered to be residues from the process of the sisal industry. The objective of this work was to obtain a polyphenol-enriched extract from the A. sisalana residue by ultrasonically assisted extraction, characterize it chemically, evaluate invitro antioxidant activity, and develop safe and stable photoprotective formulations for future application in cosmetic preparations. Ultrasonic extraction of solid plant material was performed using 50% ethanol/water (v/v). The extract was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography equipment associated with classical molecular networking and evaluated for invitro antioxidant activity by different methodologies. Ten formulations were prepared, varying the component concentrations and the shear time. The 1.0% sisal extract was incorporated into the most stable formulations, and preliminary and accelerated stability were evaluated. The emulsions were investigated for safety by assessment of primary accumulated dermal irritability and sensitization and a dermatological clinical study of phototoxicity and photosensitization. The photoprotective formulations containing or not containing the extract that were stable after 90 days had their invivo sun protection factor (SPF), UVA protection factor, critical wavelength, and protection against visible and blue light determined. Ultrasound extraction using 50% ethanol/water (EH 50) as an extractor vehicle showed the best yield. The extract exhibited a concentration of phenolic compounds (77.93 mg of equivalent to the standard gallic acid/g) and showed invitro antioxidant activity. Emulsions without and with 1.0% sisal extract remained stable and safe. The addition of the extract to the photoprotective formulation statistically increased the SPF when compared to the formulation without the extract and offered protection against UVA radiation, critical wavelengths, and absorption of visible and blue light. Based on the findings, the solid residue of A. sisalana may be indicated as a component of photoprotective and antioxidant cosmetic formulations.

Post Acid Treatment on Pressurized Liquid Extracts of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Grain and Plant Material Improves Quantification and Identification of 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins

Sorghum is a unique natural food source of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DA) polyphenols. This work evaluated the effect of acidification on sorghum extracts post pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and its ability to increase the identification and quantification of 3-DA. The sorghum genotypes included Sumac and PI570366 (bran only) and SC991 (leaf and leaf sheath tissue). The acidification of the PLE extracts was carried out with methanol–HCl solutions at various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%, v/v). Changes in color were determined using L*a*b*. The overall phenolic composition was estimated with the total phenolic content and the DPPH free radical scavenging assays. Quantitative and qualitative chromatographic methods determined the phenolic profile. Color analysis showed that the redness and color saturation increased after acidification. No statistical difference was found in the total phenolic content of the acidified extracts, except for SC991, which was increased. There were no differences in the antioxidant capacity following acidification in all samples. For chromatographic analysis, luteolinidin was predominant in the extracts and the 3-DA content increased after acid treatment. However, some flavonoid and phenolic acid concentrations decreased following acid treatment, including taxifolin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid. Interestingly, 0.5% v/v HCl acidification was sufficient to increase the color, allow the detection of 5-methoxyluteolinidin, and to increase luteolinidin and 7-methoxyapigenidin by at least twofold.