Application Of Plant Growth Regulators Research Articles

Nitrogen and Chemical Control Management Improve Yield and Quality in High-Density Planting of Maize by Promoting Root-Bleeding Sap and Nutrient Absorption.

High-density planting aggravates competition among plants and has a negative impact on plant growth and productivity. Nitrogen application and chemical control can improve plant growth and increase grain yield in high-density planting. Our experiment explored the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulators on maize root-bleeding sap, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) accumulation and translocation, and grain yield and quality in high-density planting. We established a field study during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, with three nitrogen levels of N100 (100 kg ha−1), N200 (200 kg ha−1), and N300 (300 kg ha−1) at high-density planting (90,000 plants ha−1), and applied Yuhuangjin (a plant growth regulator mixture of 3% DTA-6 and 27% ethephon) at the 7th leaf. Our results showed that N200 application combined with chemical control could regulate amino acid and mineral nutrient concentration delivery rates in root-bleeding sap and improve its sap rate. Also, the treated plant exhibited higher P and K uptake and translocation ability. Furthermore, chemical control and N200 treatment maintained a high level of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), nitrate reductase (NR), and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymatic activities in leaves. In addition, plant growth regulator and nitrogen application improved the enzymatic activities of GS, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the contents of crude protein, lysine, sucrose, and soluble sugar in grain and ultimately increased maize yield. This study suggests that N200 application in combination with chemical control promotes root vitality and nutrient accumulation and could improve grain yield and quality in high-density planting.

Short Communication: Agronomical characteristics of sweet corn under different plant growth regulators during the dry season

Abstract. Mubarok S, Wicaksono FY, Nuraini A, Rahmat BPN, Budiarto R. 2022.S hort Communication: Agronomical characteristics of sweet corn under different plant growth regulators during the dry season. Biodiversitas 23: 3091-3098. Sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa)is one of the important horticultural crops. Increasing sweet corn production during the dry season can be achieved by applying plant growth regulators (PGR). PGRs such as auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, and other phytohormones control various physiological and chemical processes in plants. The PGR is often used for the engineering process of plant cultivation technology, especially during environmental stress conditions. This study aimed to determine the effect of PGRs (auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and paclobutrazol) on sweet corn growth and yield during the dry season. The results showed that the application of PGR significantly affected sweet corn growth, yield, and yield quality during the dry season. The auxin significantly increased plant height and leaf length, whereas paclobutrazol and salicylic acid significantly increased the number of cobs and total soluble solids of sweet corn, respectively.

​Morphophenological Characters and Productivity of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Plant Growth Regulators

Background: Intensive cultivation with suitable crop geometry for optimum utilization of resources is one of the possible ways for increasing productivity of pigeonpea. Plant growth regulators have the capacity to stimulate and inhibit physiological processes, which directly or indirectly might affect crop yield and quality. This investigation was planned to study the influence of crop geometry and foliar application of plant growth regulators on production potential of pigeonpea. Methods: The field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Agronomy department, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani, during kharif season of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four main plot treatments and five sub plot treatments. The main plot treatments comprised of four crop geometries while thesub plot treatments were five treatments on foliar application of plant growth regulatorsalongwith control. Result: Various crop geometries shown remarkable effect on growth and developement of pigeonpea. The crop geometry of 60-120 cm × 20 cm and 90 cm × 20 cm recorded maximum plant height of pigeonpea as compared to other wider crop geometries. While in case of all the other growth attributes viz. number of functional leaves plant-1, leaf area, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter accumulation plant-1 crop geometry of 120 cm × 20 cm and 75-150 cm × 20 cm were found superior as compared to other treatments and were at par with each other. The yield per hectare was increased at closer crop geometry 60-120 cm × 20 cm as the lower per plant yield was compensated by higher plant population. The crop geometry 60-120 cm × 20 cm produced significantly higher seed yield (1661, 1982 and 1821 kg ha-1 during 2018, 2019 and pooled mean respectively) over crop geometry of 120 cm × 20 cm and crop geometry 75-150 cm × 20 cm, but it was found at par with crop geometry 90 cm × 20 cm. Among the foliar application of plant growth regulators, growth characters viz., plant height, number of functional leaves, leaf area, number of branches and dry matter accumulation plant-1 as well as chlorophyll content were enhanced with the foliar application of Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm and application of NAA @ 40 ppm during both the years of study. Foliar application of Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm also recorded early flower initiation and significantly highest seed yield (1742, 2018 and 1880 kg ha-1 during 2018, 2019 and in pooled data, respectively), while it was at par with foliar application of NAA @ 40 ppm.

Non-destructive Technologies for Plant Health Diagnosis.

As global population grows rapidly, global food supply is increasingly under strain. This is exacerbated by climate change and declining soil quality due to years of excessive fertilizer, pesticide and agrichemical usage. Sustainable agricultural practices need to be put in place to minimize destruction to the environment while at the same time, optimize crop growth and productivity. To do so, farmers will need to embrace precision agriculture, using novel sensors and analytical tools to guide their farm management decisions. In recent years, non-destructive or minimally invasive sensors for plant metabolites have emerged as important analytical tools for monitoring of plant signaling pathways and plant response to external conditions that are indicative of overall plant health in real-time. This will allow precise application of fertilizers and synthetic plant growth regulators to maximize growth, as well as timely intervention to minimize yield loss from plant stress. In this mini-review, we highlight in vivo electrochemical sensors and optical nanosensors capable of detecting important endogenous metabolites within the plant, together with sensors that detect surface metabolites by probing the plant surface electrophysiology changes and air-borne volatile metabolites. The advantages and limitations of each kind of sensing tool are discussed with respect to their potential for application in high-tech future farms.

Cadmium in Cereal Crops: Uptake and Transport Mechanisms and Minimizing Strategies.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils and accumulation in cereal grains have posed food security risks and serious health concerns worldwide. Understanding the Cd transport process and its management for minimizing Cd accumulation in cereals may help to improve crop growth and grain quality. In this review, we summarize Cd uptake, translocation, and accumulation mechanisms in cereal crops and discuss efficient measures to reduce Cd uptake as well as potential remediation strategies, including the applications of plant growth regulators, microbes, nanoparticles, and cropping systems and developing low-Cd grain cultivars by CRISPR/Cas9. In addition, miRNAs modulate Cd translocation, and accumulation in crops through the regulation of their target genes was revealed. Combined use of multiple remediation methods may successfully decrease Cd concentrations in cereals. The findings in this review provide some insights into innovative and applicable approaches for reducing Cd accumulation in cereal grains and sustainable management of Cd-contaminated paddy fields.

Growth Regulators Improve Outcrossing Rate of Diverse Rice Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines through Affecting Floral Traits.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) provides an irreplaceable strategy for commercial exploitation of heterosis and producing high-yielding hybrid rice. The exogenous application of plant growth regulators could improve outcrossing rates of the CMS lines by affecting floral traits and accordingly increase hybrid rice seed production. The present study aimed at exploring the impact of growth regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on promoting floral traits and outcrossing rates in diverse rice CMS lines and improving hybrid rice seed production. The impact of foliar applications of growth regulators comprising GA3 at 300 g/ha or GA3 at 150 g/ha + IAA at 50 g/ha + NAA at 200 g/ha versus untreated control was investigated on floral, growth, and yield traits of five diverse CMS lines. The exogenously sprayed growth regulators, in particular, the combination of GA3, IAA, and NAA (T3) boosted all studied floral, growth, and yield traits in all tested CMS lines. Moreover, the evaluated CMS lines exhibited significant differences in all measured floral traits. L2, L3, and L1 displayed the uppermost spikelet opening angle, duration of spikelet opening, total stigma length, style length, stigma brush, and stigma width. In addition, these CMS lines exhibited the highest plant growth and yield traits, particularly under T3. Consequently, exogenous application of GA3, IAA, and NAA could be exploited to improve the floral, growth, and yield traits of promising CMS lines such as L2, L3, and L1, hence increasing outcrossing rates and hybrid rice seed production.

Canopy management: the balance between lodging risk and nitrogen use for spring wheat production in the Canadian Prairies

Lodging risk in spring wheat has grown with the introduction of high-yielding cultivars that require high nitrogen (N) inputs to optimize grain yield and protein content. Canopy management (CM) strategies have been used to reduce lodging risk. However, the short growing season and unpredictable moisture supply may limit the use of these strategies in the Canadian Prairies. The objective of this study was to quantify the ability of agronomic practices to modify the early season crop canopy, and hence lodging risk, and to determine how these practices influence N use and final grain N yield. Split-plot field trials were established at four site-years (SYs) in Manitoba to evaluate CM strategies including three plant densities, a split N fertilizer application, and the application of chlormequat chloride (CCC) on canopy size (dry matter (DM) and height at anthesis), N uptake and remobilization, lodging and stalk strength, grain yield, protein, and grain N yield on the cultivar AAC Brandon. Precipitation was low during this study (64%–78% of long-term average (LTA)), resulting in modest yields and low lodging pressure. However, low plant density (PD), split N, and CCC applications all showed potential to reduce lodging risk without reducing grain yield or protein concentration. Split N and plant growth regulator (PGR) applications increased final grain N yield by 11.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Therefore, CM practices have potential in the Canadian Prairies to reduce lodging risk without compromising grain N, but results should be validated in higher precipitation environments and across additional cultivars and growing regions of western Canada.

Maximizing spring wheat productivity in the eastern Canadian Prairies: I. Yield, yield components, and lodging risk

AbstractSpring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields across the Canadian prairies are rising, however, a yield gap remains between average yield and yield potential, which can be explored further under Prairie conditions. The high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer required for current high‐yielding cultivars may increase lodging risk adding to this yield gap. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of intensive management through N fertilization and plant growth regulator (PGR) application, on grain yield, yield components, and their relationships, in addition to lodging risk. Field trials were conducted at two locations in 2018 and 2019 in Manitoba, Canada, to evaluate three high‐yielding spring wheat cultivars, three N management strategies, and the application of a PGR. Kernels per spike had the strongest overall linear relationship with grain yield (r2 = .47), while the response of spikes per plant was highly related to yield response with alterations in N and PGR management practices (r2 = .98). Splitting N fertilizer applications showed potential to reduce lodging risk of spring wheat, while maintaining yield and increasing protein. The PGR applications reduced lodging and increased grain yield by 91 kg ha−1 mainly through increases in kernels per spike. To achieve consistent yield increases, management practices should maximize early season N availability to target increases in spikes per plant and kernels per spike, thus a PGR application may be required to balance increased lodging risk.

The Effect of Humic and Salicylic Acid on Improving Salt Tolerance of Yellow Hot Chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

Salt stress adversely affects the physiological processes of plants, causing negative changes in the morphology and anatomy of cells, tissues and organs. In order to adapt to the increasingly complex situation of saline intrusion, application of exogenous plant growth regulators shows many positive results to improve the crop's tolerance. In order to survey the effects of humic acid and salicylic acid on yellow hot chili (Capsicum annuum L.), the study was experiated in the greenhouse of Kien Giang University. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, including 2 factors: humic acid (with 4 concentrations: 0 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 1,500 ppm and 2,000 ppm) and salicylic acid (with 4 concentrations: 0 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM and 2 mM) were treated separately or in combination (including 16 treatments with 3 replicates). The results showed that the yellow hot chili could grow and bear fruit when watered with saline water from 30 days after planting, however, the yield was low. The record indicated that supplying humic acid at 1,500 ppm into the soil and spraying with salicylic acid at 2 mM to the leaves gave the most effective results, increasing 82% of the yield compared with the control.

The Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Modulating Root Architecture and Tolerance to High-Nitrate Stress in Tomato.

Plant growth regulators are known to exert strong influences on plant performance under abiotic stress, including exposure to high nitrate, as occurs commonly in intensive vegetable production. However, direct comparative evaluations of growth regulators under otherwise identical conditions in major crop species are scarce. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was used as a model crop, and the roles of four common exogenously applied plant growth regulators (MT, melatonin; SA, salicylic acid; HA, humic acid; SNP, sodium nitroprusside) in regulating crop growth were studied under high-nitrate stress. We provide a particular focus on root system architecture and root physiological responses. Our data show that all four growth regulators improve tomato tolerance under high nitrate, but that this occurs to differing extents and via differing mechanisms. Optimal concentrations of MT, SA, HA, and SNP were 50 μmol L–1, 25 μmol L–1, 25 mg L–1, and 50 μmol L–1, respectively. MT and SNP produced the strongest effects. MT enhanced root growth while SNP enhanced above-ground growth. Growth of coarse and thin lateral roots was significantly improved. Furthermore, an enhancement of root vitality and metabolism, improved integrity of root cell membranes, and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities were found, but regulatory mechanisms were different for each growth regulator. Our results show that in particular the application of MT and SNP can improve growth of tomato in intensive vegetable production under high-nitrate stress and that root growth stimulation is of special importance in procuring these beneficial effects.

Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Growth Regulators on Nutrient Concentration and Uptake of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2016-17 entitled “Effect of nitrogen and plant growth regulators on nutrient concentration and uptake of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. sprague)” at Agronomy farm, Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, Jobner in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. The experiment comprising of total twenty treatment combinations consisting four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) and five levels of plant growth regulators (control, NAA 50 ppm at 40 day after sowing, NAA 50 ppm at 40 and 60 day after sowing, thiourea 500 ppm at 40 day after sowing, thiourea 500 ppm at 40 and 60 day after sowing) laid out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice. The results showed that application of nitrogen up to 30 kg ha-1 significantly higher nitrogen concentration in grain and straw over control. However, total nitrogen uptake was significantly increased with application of 60 kg N ha-1 over lower levels, but remained at par with 90 kg N ha-1. Foliar application of plant growth regulators significantly increased nitrogen concentration in grain, straw and total nitrogen uptake of ajwain over control.

Management Systems for Biannual Seed Crop of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Grown at Various Nitrogen Fertilization: II. Second-Production Year Characterized by Considerable Crop Lodging and Limited Seed Shattering before Direct Combine-Harvesting

Multiyear production of Italian ryegrass seed crop is of interest. The impact of management systems on the second-production year of biannual crop was evaluated at various nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1). Management systems of single-purpose crops were with (SeedPGR-crop) and without (Seed-crop) plant growth regulator (PGR) application. The dual-purpose crops incorporated early (EF-seed-crop) and late (LF-seed-crop) spring forage cut followed by seed harvest. The Seed-crop obtained a maximum yield (1631 kg ha−1) at 120 kg N ha−1, which decreased by 23% at the highest fertilization. This yield loss was associated with early (before heading) and severe lodging that brought about reduced aboveground biomass and lower harvest index due to the increased growth of vegetative tillers. The single-purpose crops had a similar number of reproductive tillers, seed weight, and seed shed; however, the SeedPGR-crops produced larger yields than the Seed-crops at all fertilization levels indicating the positive impact of PGR application on harvest index regardless of lodging intensity. Despite less lodging and lower seed shattering, the dual-purpose crops yielded less than the single-purpose crops primarily due to the reduction in the number of spikelets per ear and florets per spikelet in various ear sections of early- and late-formed ears. Seed yields of the dual-purpose crops were maximized (around 1200 kg ha−1) at 180 kg N ha−1. The LF-seed-crop had the lightest seeds and the smallest seed germination, but fertilization tended to improve these quality traits. The SeedPGR-crop was the best performing management system yielding above 2200 kg ha−1 at the two highest N levels, allowing greater flexibility in fertilization.

Effect of Drought Stress on Potato Production: A Review

Potato is the third most consumed crop globally after rice and wheat. It is a short-duration crop, versatile in use, suitable for growing in a wide range of environments, and its production is increasing rapidly. The modern potato is considered a drought-sensitive crop, and it is susceptible to yield loss because of drought stress. Unfortunately, drought severity, frequency, and extent have been increasing around the globe because of climate change. Potato drought susceptibility has primarily been attributed to its shallow root system. However, several studies in past decades have suggested that drought susceptibility of potato also depends upon the type, developmental stage, and the morphology of the genotype, and the duration and severity of drought stress. They have been overlooked, and root depth is considered the only significant cause of potato drought susceptibility. This review combines these studies to understand the varying response of potato genotypes. This review also explores the current potato production scenario and the effect of varying degrees of drought stress on potatoes’ growth, development, and yield. In the absence of drought-tolerant genotypes, agronomic practices should be improved to mitigate drought stress. Late maturing cultivars, nutrient management, mulching, and foliar application of plant growth regulators can be used during prolonged droughts. Irrigation at tuber initiation and the tuber bulking stage during early droughts can reduce the adverse effects of drought.

Effect of Foliar Feeding of Nutrients and Gibberellic Acid on Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruits cv. Dashehari

Background: Mango is national fruit of India and it is suffering with many problems in cultivation among which fruit drop is major which leads to low production. So, the application of nutrients and plant growth regulators would be helpful to minimize fruit drop and to get better yield with quality fruits. The aim of the present study to study the effect of foliar feeding of nutrients and gibberellic acid on yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits cv. Dashehari. Methods: This study was conducted at Horticulture Farm, Rajawala and in PG Laboratory of Doon (PG) College of Agriculture Science and Technology, Camp Road, Selaqui, Dehradun during the years 2017-2018 with the use of GA3 (100 ppm), Urea (1.5%) and Boron (0.2%) alone and in combinations, these all were compared with control treatment. Result: All the treatments used were found better to improve the yield and quality of fruit but the treatment combination of Boron (0.2%) + Urea (1.5%) + GA3 (100 ppm) was found significantly effective to increase the fruit retention, fruit yield, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and sugars. However, fruit drop and titrable acidity were drastically decreased while the fruit volume was found non-significant.

Role of Plant Growth Promoters and Regulators on Rice and Maize

Role of plant growth regulators is one of the current scientific areas of research and it more or less depends on the area of implementation. Now in recent times, application of plant growth regulators or PGR is applying in the field for getting a high range of yield. This study discusses a wide range of plant growth regulators and their application in two major crop plants- Rice and maize. Result of various enzymatic activities and also influence of various other promoters has been discussed efficiently to get a fundamental idea about the role of different PGR and PGP (Plant Growth Promoter). Activity of various types of bacterial species has also been included in this study to get a precise knowledge about plant growth regulators and their roles in yield. Different morphologically distinct variables of rice and maize have been taken for the study and their morphological changes have been addressed. The results which have been obtained from two distinct genus also give different results. In case of rice, treatment was arranged in a split plot design with the aid of four replications and in case of maize changes of activity of RE 1 and RE17 expression has been effectively calculated Keyword : PGP, enzymatic activities, Rice and maize, morphological changes, RE1, RE17

Response of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and weed species to plant growth regulators

AbstractFrequent use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) may decrease the recovery of turfgrass from wear and competition with weeds. The response of new creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) cultivars to PGRs is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the response of several creeping bentgrass cultivars and common turfgrass weeds to PGRs. Creeping bentgrass cultivars (‘Penncross’, ‘L‐93’, ‘007’, ‘V‐8’, and ‘Tour Pro’) and weed species – goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) – were examined. The PGR treatments were trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) (48 and 96 g a.i. ha–1) and prohexadione calcium (PC) (116 and 231 g a.i. ha–1). Plants were cut to 2.5 cm after 2 wk, and aboveground plant tissue was weighed to obtain biomass. Only 116 g a.i. ha–1 of PC was required to regulate creeping bentgrass, although the higher rate (96 g a.i. ha–1) of TE was needed for moderate regulation [40–50% growth inhibition (GI)], regardless of the cultivar. Some creeping bentgrass cultivars exhibited a differential response to PGRs. The lowest response to TE (22–33% GI) was observed in ‘V‐8’; however, ‘V‐8’ was strongly regulated by PC (79–80% GI). Neither PGR successfully regulated goosegrass (14–30% GI), regardless of the rate, but moderate regulation of large crabgrass (40–49% GI) was achieved by TE at 96 g a.i. ha–1, and PC at 116 and 231 g a.i. ha–1. Recurrent PGR applications may shift turfgrass–weed competition dynamics towards weeds such as goosegrass; however, this effect may be PGR‐specific.

Management Systems for Biannual Seed Crop of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Grown at Various Nitrogen Fertilization: I. First-Production Year Characterized by Limited Crop Lodging and High Seed Shattering before Direct Combine-Harvesting

Little is known about the best management systems for seed production of Italian ryegrass. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of management systems on the first-year seed crop grown under various nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha−1). Management systems of single-purpose crops were with (SeedPGR-crop) and without (Seed-crop) plant growth regulator application. The dual-purpose crops incorporated early spring forage cut during stem elongation (EF-seed-crop) and late cut at the onset of heading (LF-seed-crop) followed by seed harvest. Compared to the single-purpose crops, the dual purpose-crops shattered much less seeds but still yielded less because their plants had lower number of visible nodes on stems, shorter ears, fewer spikelets per ear, fewer flowers per spikelet in various ear sections and lighter seeds. Despite similar lodging incidence, the SeedPGR-crop produced relatively small, but significantly larger seed yield than the Seed-crop because plants in the SeedPGR-crop had shorter stems with fewer vegetative tillers, and shattered seeds slightly less. Nitrogen fertilization consistently improved seed yields in all management systems regardless of associated increases in lodging and seed shedding. These yield increments were mainly associated with the increased number of early- and late-formed reproductive tillers, and partly due to improved number of florets per spikelet and slightly heavier seed in early-formed reproductive ears. In spite of larger seed losses through shattering, the single-purpose crops largely out-yielded and had higher seed germination than the dual-purpose crops at all nitrogen fertilization rates, with maximized yields produced in the SeedPGR-crop.

Chitosan-Induced Physiological and Biochemical Regulations Confer Drought Tolerance in Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

Severe water stress conditions limit growth and development of floricultural crops which affects flower quality. Hence, development of effective approaches for drought tolerance is crucial to limit recurring water deficit challenges. Foliar application of various plant growth regulators has been evaluated to improve drought tolerance in different floricultural crops; however, reports regarding the role of chitosan (Ci) on seasonal flowers like calendula are still scant. Therefore, we evaluated the role of Ci foliar application on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and anatomical parameters of calendula under water stress conditions. Different doses of Ci (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg L−1) were applied through foliar application to evaluate their impact in enhancing growth and photosynthetic pigments of calendula. The optimized Ci level of 7.5 mg L−1 was further evaluated to study mechanisms of water stress tolerance in calendula. Ci application significantly increased biomass and pigments in calendula. Ci (7.5 mg L−1) resulted in increased photosynthetic rate (72.98%), transpiration rate (62.11%), stomatal conductance (59.54%), sub-stomatal conductance (20.62%), and water use efficiency (84.93%). Furthermore, it improved catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by 56.70%, 64.94%, and 32.41%, respectively. These results highlighted the significance of Ci in inducing drought tolerance in pot marigold.

Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributes of okra in western arid region of Rajasthan

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), GA3 (Gibberellic Acid) and NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) on yield and yield attributes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) cv. Arka Anamikaat the Instructional farm, Agricultural Research Station, Jodhpur Rajasthan during kharif, 2020. Three treatments each of BAP @ T1-25, T2-50, and T3-75 (ppm), GA3 @ T4-25, T5-50, and T6-75 (ppm) and NAA @ T7-25, T8-50, and T9-75 (ppm) were used besides controls i.e. T0 with water spray. These three growth regulators were found to enhanced early fruiting and yield. Other yield parameters were also found to be increased by treatments with plant growth regulators in okra. Among the yield parameters, earliest (46.60 DAS) fruit picking, Broadest fruit diameter (1.72 cm), heaviest fruit weight (14.9 g), maximum number of fruits per plant (27.38), maximum number of marketable fruits per plant (25.70), highest fruit yield per plant and estimated fruit yield per hectare (369.65 g and 13.21 t/ha, respectively) were recorded with NAA @ 75 ppm. The fruit length (11.67 cm) observed with GA3@ 75 ppm was significantly higher as compared to control and rest of the treatments.

Improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity with the applications of plant growth regulators

Improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity with the applications of plant growth regulators