Growth Of Tomato Plants Research Articles

Efficacy of native Trichoderma asperellum in managing Alternaria solani causing early blight of Solanum lycopersicum Mill

The biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum strain M23 (bioagent) was tested against early blight pathogen (Alternaria solani strain NO4) of tomato. These fungi were co-inoculated on tomato plants (variety UC82B and Ibadan local) at different spore concentrations, viz., 1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 107 and 1.0 × 109 while untreated plant served as control. The effect of these treatments was studied based on growth parameters, biomass and symptoms observed on disease incidence scale of 1–7. The pathogen exerted varying effects on the tomato plants as Ibadan local was more susceptible compared to UC82B. The bioagent M23 exhibited significant growth stimulatory effect (p < 0.05) on the two varieties of tomato. The antagonistic effect of M23 against NO4 was confirmed on the growth, biomass accumulation (phytomass) and fruit weight of tomato plants co-inoculated with the pathogen and the antagonist. This study demonstrated the potentials of Trichoderma asperellum not only as biocontrol agent against early blight of tomatoes but also as growth stimulatory agent for the crop.

Rhizobacteria modify soil biological indices and induce tolerance to osmotic stress in tomato depending on the salinity level and bacteria species.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that impacts crop productivity globally. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) exploit several mechanisms to not only decrease soil salinity but also improve the systemic tolerance of plants to osmotic stress. In this work, the effect of five PGPR strains was investigated on the growth and physiological responses of tomato plants, including stomatal closure, proline, and K+ and Na+ content under a range of salt stress, 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 dS m-1. The effect of PGPR strains and salinity levels on the soil biological characteristics was also investigated. Salt stress affected the plant growth and physiological factors and soil biological factors in a dose-dependent manner. The highest saline stress, 10 dS m-1, reduced shoot and root dry weight and root volume up to 51.3, 41.5, and 51.8%, respectively. It also increased stomatal resistance and proline content 2.01- and 3.66-folds and decreased K+/Na+ ratio 4.16-folds, respectively. It also reduced basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, and microbial biomass carbon up to 2.25-, 4.83-, and 6.7-folds and increased qCO2 3.18-folds, respectively. PGPR strains were able to modulate salt tolerance mechanisms, improve plant growth factors, and improve soil biological indicators. Bacillus megaterium P2 was the best strain in the balancing K+/Na+ uptake at least at 10 dS m-1. However, the efficiency of strains was dependent on the magnitude of salt stress. Therefore, it is possible to introduce PGPR strains based on soil salt level or exploit rhizobacteria consortia to manage salt stress in different conditions.

Effects of trehalose and polyacrylate-based hydrogels on tomato growth under drought.

Hydrophilic amendments can enhance soil moisture content, which, in turn, can improve crop health under drought conditions. Understanding how different hydrogels interact with specific crops is necessary for optimal application. The soil conditioning abilities of a trehalose hydrogel and polyacrylate-based hydrogel were evaluated for tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) subjected to drought. Tomato plants were transplanted into individual pots with soil that contained trehalose hydrogel (0.4 wt%), polyacrylate-based hydrogel (0.4 wt%), or no hydrogel and subjected to a well-watered treatment or to pronounced soil drought, with or without rewatering. The health of tomato plants was monitored by measuring leaf total chlorophyll (a + b) concentration, leaf water potential (Ψleaf), stomatal conductance (gs) and relative growth rate (RGR). The polyacrylate-based hydrogel, but not the trehalose hydrogel, improved tomato plant function under drought conditions, as indicated by improved gs and RGR relative to the well-watered control. However, when subjected to a second drought, neither hydrogel was effective, and neither prolonged survival. The more hydrophilic polyacrylate-based hydrogel demonstrated promise in improving the growth of tomato plants under drought when included as a soil amendment at 0.4 wt%. This research is important for understanding the effects of these hydrogels as soil conditioners in drought prone systems.

Brassinosteroid application increases tomato tolerance to salinity by changing the effects of stress on membrane integrity and gas exchange

Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that most cause losses in agricultural systems, including tomato production. Brassinosteroids, such as epibrassinolide (EBL), have multiple actions in essential processes in plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contributions of EBL to the growth, physiology, and production of tomato plants under salinity. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme, with five levels of water salinity (0.5 [the control], 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 dS m-1) and two concentrations of EBL (0 and 10-6 M). Salt stress reduced tomato growth, relative water content, membrane integrity, gas exchange, and fruit production. However, the exogenous application of EBL attenuated the adverse effects, partially improving these characteristics at all salinity levels. EBL reduced electrolyte leakage and increased membrane integrity and relative water content in control and stressed plants. Additionally, it increased the content of photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis, which led to higher leaf dry mass production, fruit transverse diameter, and production per plant. Therefore, our results confirmed that foliar application of EBL improved the characteristics of stressed and non-stressed tomato plants.

Impact of Palm Kernel Oil Mill Effluent on the Soil's Physicochemical Characteristics and Growth of Tomato Plant

Effluent is wastewater flowing out of a sewer which constitutes environmental problems ranging from long-term ecological damage to increased water-borne diseases. In Nigeria, palm kernel oil is extracted from oil palm fruits in oil mills and the effluent is discharged without treatment to the soil in the vicinity of such mills. The effluent-receiving soil has been observed not to support the growth of vegetation. Hence in this work, the impact of palm kernel oil mill effluent on the soil physicochemical characteristics and growth of tomato plant was determined and compared with the effluent discharge limit established by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Samples of untreated and treated effluent, untreated and treated effluent-polluted soil and unpolluted soil were used for the study. The physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard physicochemical methods. The physicochemical values of the untreated effluent, except the pH, which was acidic, were higher than those of the treated effluent. Most of the physicochemical values of the untreated effluent-polluted soil were higher than those of the treated effluent-polluted soil and the unpolluted soil. The tomato plant grown in the unpolluted soil had better growth characteristics and yielded more fruits than those grown in the treated effluent-polluted soil. In addition, the tomato plant grown in the untreated effluent-polluted soil showed the lowest growth characteristics and yielded no fruits due to its elevated level of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The study showed that the untreated palm kernel oil mill effluent had a negative impact on the soil's physicochemical and growth characteristics of the tomato plant. Therefore, the effluent must be adequately treated to remove hazardous substances before its discharge into the terrestrial environment.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik (Kandang Kambing) Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill)

This study aims to determine the effect of giving organic fertilizer (goat cage) with different doses on the growth and yield of tomato plants. The study used a randomized block design with one factor, namely P0 = No treatment (control), P1 = dose of goat manure 4 kg.plot-1 equivalent to 10 t.ha-1, P2 = dose of goat manure 6 kg.plot-1 equivalent with 15 t.ha-1, P3 = dose of goat manure 8 kg.plot-1 is equivalent to 20 t.ha-1, P4 = dose of goat manure 10 kg.plot-1 is equivalent to 25 t.ha-1. The results showed that the treatment with various doses of organic fertilizer (goat cage) was 6 kg. gave results that had a very significant effect on the observation variable stem diameter 45 DAP, tomato plants showed an average of 3.79 cm, had a very significant effect on fruit weight of tomato plants on the observation variable showed an average of 232.50, had a very significant effect on the observed variables. flowering age of tomato plants with an average of 30, and significantly affected the observed variables of tomato plant height 45 DAP, number of leaves 15 DAP and 30 DAP and stem diameter 15 DAP

Pemanfaatan Air Cucian Beras dengan Campuran Jamur Trichoderma sp untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum)

The use of organic fertilizers anticipates the negative impact of using inorganic fertilizers on the environment. Research on the use of rice washing water mixed with Trichoderma sp fungus as organic fertilizer to increase the growth of tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum ) aims to determine the utilization of rice washing water mixed with Trichoderma sp fungus as organic fertilizer to increase the growth of tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum ). The study used 4 different concentrations of treatment and as a control only used sterile distilled water. Based on the results of the study that the different treatments gave different results. The control treatment gave the lowest yield on tomato plant growth which included plant height and number of leaves compared to the treatment with rice washing water mixed with Trichoderma sp. The application of rice washing water mixed with Trichoderma sp fungus was proven to increase the growth of tomato plants.

Recognition of multi-modal fusion images with irregular interference.

Recognizing tomatoes fruits based on color images faces two problems: tomato plants have a long fruit bearing period, the colors of fruits on the same plant are different; the growth of tomato plants generally has the problem of occlusion. In this article, we proposed a neural network classification technology to detect maturity (green, orange, red) and occlusion degree for automatic picking function. The depth images (geometric boundary information) information of the fruits were integrated to the original color images (visual boundary information) to facilitate the RGB and depth information fusion into an integrated set of compact features, named RD-SSD, the mAP performance of RD-SSD model in maturity and occlusion degree respectively reached 0.9147.

Peribacillus castrilensis sp. nov.: A Plant-Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Species Isolated From a River Otter in Castril, Granada, Southern Spain.

A strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strain N3T was isolated from the feces of a river otter in Castril (Granada, southern Spain). It is halotolerant, motile, and catalase-, oxidase-, ACC deaminase-, and C4- and C8-lipase-positive. It promotes tomato plant growth and can reduce virulence in Erwinia amylovora CECT 222T and Dickeya solani LMG 25993T through interference in their quorum-sensing systems, although other antagonistic mechanisms could also occur. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as the phenotypic and phylogenomic analyses indicated that the strain N3T is a novel species of the genus Peribacillus, with the highest 16S rRNA sequence similar to that of Bacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T (99.93%) and Peribacillus simplex DSM 1321T (99.80%). Genomic digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) between the strain N3T and Bacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and Peribacillus simplex was 12.8 and 69.1%, respectively, and the average nucleotide identity (ANIb) of strain N3T and Bacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and Peribacillus simplex was 67.84 and 93.21%, respectively. The genomic G + C content was 40.3 mol%. Its main cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. Using 16S rRNA phylogenetic and in silico phylogenomic analyses, together with the chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we demonstrated that the type strain N3T (=CECT 30509T = LMG 32505T) is a novel species of the genus Peribacillus and the name Peribacillus castrilensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Endophytic bacteria from Euphorbia antiquorum L. protect Solanum lycopersicum L. against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

BackgroundBacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (syn. Pseudomonas solanacearum) is the most devastating bacterial disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) occurring in tropical zones with consequential substantial yield losses in production fields. Currently, microbial technology in cropping systems has directed investigations toward biological control agents (BCAs), emphasizing the use of plant endophytes, including bacteria. The present work aimed to evaluate the potential of endophytic bacteria from Euphorbia antiquorum L. to suppress bacterial wilt incited by R. solanacearum in plants.ResultsOf the 10 endophytic species screened in vitro for their antagonistic activity, 6 exhibited promising potency with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 62.50 to 7.81 µg/ml. These species also produced cell wall-degrading enzymes (amylase, protease and cellulase), ammonia, siderophores, indole acetic acid and salicylic acid. The 3 most potent species (B. amyloliquefaciens CBa_RA37, B. velezensis CBv_BE1 and B. amyloliquefaciens CBa_BFL2) enhanced the germination of tomato seeds and protected young tomato plantlets from the devastating effects caused by R. solanacearum infection.ConclusionsThis investigation demonstrated that these endophytic bacteria from E. antiquorum L. endowed with the ability to improve the growth and protection of tomato plants could be further developed as potential biopesticides to help mitigating the effect of bacterial wilt in tomato farms. Further investigation will set the baseline for formulation and evaluation of their efficacy in the open field.

Effect of Pyroligneous Acid on the Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Greenhouse Tomato.

Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a reddish-brown liquid obtained through the condensation of smoke formed during biochar production. PA contains bioactive compounds that can be utilized in agriculture to improve plant productivity and quality of edible parts. In this study, we investigated the biostimulatory effect of varying concentrations of PA (i.e., 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% PA/ddH2O (v/v)) application on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Scotia’) plant growth and fruit quality under greenhouse conditions. Plants treated with 0.25% PA exhibited a significantly (p < 0.001) higher sub-stomatal CO2 concentration and a comparable leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. The total number of fruits was significantly (p < 0.005) increased by approximately 65.6% and 34.4% following the application of 0.5% and 0.25% PA, respectively, compared to the control. The 0.5% PA enhanced the total weight of fruits by approximately 25.5%, while the 0.25% PA increased the elemental composition of the fruits. However, the highest PA concentration of 2% significantly (p > 0.05) reduced plant growth and yield, but significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced tomato fruit juice Brix, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and titratable acidity. Additionally, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly (p < 0.001) increased by the 2% PA. However, the highest carotenoid content was obtained with the 0.5% and 1% PA treatments. Additionally, PA treatment of the tomato plants resulted in a significantly (p < 0.001) high total ascorbate content, but reduced fruit peroxidase activity compared to the control. These indicate that PA can potentially be used as a biostimulant for a higher yield and nutritional quality of tomato.

Bacillus velezensis YYC promotes tomato growth and induces resistance against bacterial wilt

In the present study, we investigated the effect of Bacillus velezensis YYC on tomato plant growth and its biological control efficacy of bacterial wilt. Results indicated that the number of fibrous tomato roots increased significantly in the growth promotion assays. B. velezensis YYC also significantly reduced the percentage of bacterial wilt in tomato plants in a pot experiment. It may enhance plant basal immunity by increasing the activity of defense-related enzymes, such as PAL, POD, and SOD. RNA-seq analysis indicated that 1,164 tomato genes were upregulated, and 1,877 tomato genes were downregulated in response to inoculation of tomato plants with B. velezensis YYC. It induced the expression of tomato genes related to auxin, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, as well as transcription factors involved in plant resistance to pathogens. It also induced the upregulation of genes in the MAPK signaling pathway. This study provides a better understanding on mechanisms associated with growth promotion in tomato and provides a theoretical basis for the use of B. velezensis YYC as a biological fertilizer.

TOMATO LEAF DISEASE PREDICTION USING TRANSFER LEARNING

Tomatoes are the most extensively planted vegetable crop in India's agricultural lands. Although the tropical environment is favorable for its growth, specific climatic conditions and other variables influence tomato plant growth. In addition to these environmental circumstances and natural disasters, plant disease is a severe agricultural production issue that results in economic loss. Therefore, early illness detection can provide better outcomes than current detection algorithms. As a result, deep learning approaches based on computer vision might be used to detect diseases early. This study thoroughly examines the disease categorization and detection strategies used to identify tomato leaf diseases. The pros and limitations of the approaches provided are also discussed in this study. Finally, employing hybrid deep-learning architecture, this research provides an early disease detection approach for detecting tomato leaf disease.

Co-application of spent mushroom substrate and PGPR alleviates tomato continuous cropping obstacle by regulating soil microbial properties

Continuous cropping of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in China has contributed to the decline of crop quality and yield. The aims of this study were to evaluate the integrated effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus sp. HW27 and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on tomato plant growth and microbiological properties of rhizosphere soil. Bacillus sp. HW27 showed indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and root colonization capacity in vitro assays. A pot experiment was carried out with four treatments: (1) CK: unamended control, (2) PGPR, (3) SMS, and (4) PGPR + SMS: combined application of strain HW27 and SMS. The enzyme activities, the abundances of beneficial microbes Bacillus and Pseudomonas and soil-borne pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (using real-time PCR), the microbial functional diversity (using Biolog Ecoplates), and microbial community (using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis) in rhizosphere soil were studied 20, 40 and 60 days after transplantation. At the end of the 60-day pot experiment, the results showed that the PGPR + SMS treatment performed best in improving tomato plants growth, which significantly (p < 0.05) increased the shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and root dry weight by 34.4, 78.4, 93.5 and 82.4%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. The enzyme activities of β-1,4-glucosidase, β-d-cellobiosidase, β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, protease and acid phosphatase were higher in the SMS and/or PGPR application treatments than in the CK treatment in the order PGPR < SMS < SMS + PGPR. The SMS + PGPR treatment showed the highest abundances of Bacillus and Pseudomonas, and the lowest abundance of Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, the application of SMS and/or PGPR stimulated microbial functional diversity and microbial growth (total PLFAs, bacterial, and Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacterial PLFAs), in which SMS + PGPR treatment had the greatest effect. Consequently, this study showed that co-application of PGPR and SMS expressed synergistic effect to increase tomato plant growth, enzyme activities and microbial biomass in continuous cropping greenhouse soil.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF PGPR FERTILIZER USE ON GROWTH ACCELERATION OF CHERRY TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

Cherry tomatoes are a type or commodity of horticulture that has a very relatively high economic value compared to ordinary tomatoes. Cherry tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum var,. cerasiforme. It is one of the local plants that is neglected and not used and is often considered as a wild plant. This study aims to determine the effect of PGPR fertilizer application on the growth of cherry tomato plants. This research was carried out in the urban village). Rerewokan, West Tondano sub-district starting from August to November 2021. The method used is a quantitative method with the type of experimental research in the form of a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with five types of treatment, each repeated four times. P1 = without using fertilizer, P2 = 100ml, P3 = 200ml, P4 = 300ml, P5 = 400ml, so there were 20 treatment combinations, and the data obtained were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the results of this study, it showed that good plant height growth was found in treatment P4 with the application of a mixture of PGPR fertilizer concentration of 300ml / 2 liters of water, because there was the most effective growth, while the growth in the number of leaves and the number of fruits was very good in treatment P2 with the addition of a mixture. PGPR fertilizer concentration 100ml / 2 liters of water.

An integrated and robust plant pulse monitoring system based on biomimetic wearable sensor

Plant wearable sensors have potential to provide continuous measurements of plant physiological information. However, stable and high-fidelity monitoring of plants with glandular hairs and wax is challenging, due to lacking interface adaptability of conventional plant wearable sensors. Here, inspired by adaptive winding plant tendrils, an integrated plant wearable system (IPWS) based on adaptive winding strain (AWS) sensor for plant pulse monitoring was developed. The IPWS consists of three modules, i.e. an AWS sensor, a flexible printed circuit, and a smart phone APP display interface. As the key element, the AWS sensor can adaptively wrap around the tomato stem. Importantly, with the serpentine-patterned laser-induced graphene, the AWS sensor exhibits excellent resistance to temperature interference with a temperature resistance coefficient of 0.17/°C. The IPWS is demonstrated to be stable and high-fidelity monitoring the plant pulse, which can reflect the growth and water state of tomato plant in real time.

Impact of Metarhizium sp. and Trichoderma sp. on Soil Fertility and Growth of Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) in Post-Mining Land

Soil conditions in coal mining areas are generally poor in terms of nutrient availability, necessitating the addition of nutrients as well as microbial investment to improve aeration and increase nutrient availability for plants. This study examined the ability of the fungi Metarhizium sp. and Trichoderma sp. to increase tomato plant growth and yield, as well as the ability of these fungi to increase soil fertility in post-coal mining soil. The data were compiled using a completely randomized design with four replications, and the study used post-coal mining soil. Metarhizium sp. and Trichoderma sp. were used, with doses of 0 g, 3 g, and 5 g in each treatment. Plant height, number of branches, number of flowers, and fruit production were all evaluated as growth parameters. The data were analyzed using variance with a level of 5% using the least significant difference test. Increases were found in soil pH, C-organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in an increase in soil fertility. Adding Metharizium sp. and Trichoderma sp. increased soil fertility, tomato plant growth, and production.&#x0D; Keywords: Metarhizium sp., Trichoderma sp., post-coal mining soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi prevent the negative effect of drought and modulate the growth‐defence trade‐off in tomato plants

AbstractIntroductionA wide range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be applied to agricultural soils as biofertilizers for increasing crop growth and yield. Current research also shows that AMF can stimulate plant defences against a range of herbivores and pathogens. However, to date, the efficient use of AMF in agriculture is largely impaired by our inability to predict the performance of different AMF‐plant complexes in variable environments. For instance, AMFs by increasing plant foraging capacity might alleviate allocation constraints in relation to growth versus defences. However, whether this effect occurs might depend on the in situ conditions. The main goal of this study was to investigate the context‐dependency of the ability of AMF to modulate plant growth and resistance against herbivores under variable soil water availability.Materials and MethodsTo address our goal, we performed a greenhouse experiment for measuring the effect of different AMF inocula (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, or both) on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) growth and defences against an insect herbivore under two conditions: a normal watering regime or drought conditions. We measured the functional, physiological and chemical traits of the plants.ResultsWe found that AMF presence generally decreased plant growth, but increased chemical defences and resistance against generalist caterpillars. Such growth‐defence trade‐off was nonetheless dependent on the identity of the mycorrhizal inoculum and on soil water content. Under drought, inoculated tomato plants lowered their investment to defence and noninoculated plants lowered their growth.ConclusionThis study highlights the influence of abiotic factors and fungal identity on plant–AMF–herbivore interactions. In a broader sense, our results point to the necessity of finding AMF species that have reduced context‐dependency to climatic factors, for more widespread use in organic agriculture.

N-Acetylglucosamine Promotes Tomato Plant Growth by Shaping the Community Structure and Metabolism of the Rhizosphere Microbiome.

ABSTRACTCommunication between plants and microorganisms is vital because it influences their growth, development, defense, propagation, and metabolism in achieving maximal fitness. N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc), the building block of bacterial and fungal cell walls, was first reported to promote tomato plant growth via stimulation of microorganisms typically known to dominate the tomato root rhizosphere, such as members of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Using KEGG pathway analysis of the rhizosphere microbial operational taxonomic units, the streptomycin biosynthesis pathway was enriched in the presence of N-GlcNAc. The biosynthesis of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin) and 2,3-butanediol, two foremost types of plant growth promotion-related volatile organic compounds, were activated in both Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces thermocarboxydus strains when they were cocultured with N-GlcNAc. In addition, the application of N-GlcNAc increased indole-3-acetic acid production in a dose-dependent manner in strains of Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas putida, and S. thermocarboxydus that were isolated from an N-GlcNAc-treated tomato rhizosphere. Overall, this study found that N-GlcNAc could function as microbial signaling molecules to shape the community structure and metabolism of the rhizosphere microbiome, thereby regulating plant growth and development and preventing plant disease through complementary plant–microbe interactions.IMPORTANCE While the benefits of using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) to enhance crop production have been recognized and studied extensively under laboratory conditions, the success of their application in the field varies immensely. More fundamentally explicit processes of positive, plant–PGPRs interactions are needed. The utilization of organic amendments, such as chitin and its derivatives, is one of the most economical and practical options for improving soil and substrate quality as well as plant growth and resilience. In this study, we observed that the chitin monomer N-GlcNAc, a key microbial signaling molecule produced through interactions between chitin, soil microbes, and the plants, positively shaped the community structure and metabolism of the rhizosphere microbiome of tomatoes. Our findings also provide a new direction for enhancing the benefits and stability of PGPRs in the field.

ANALISA MACAM PUPUK CAIR DAN VARIETAS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN TOMAT (Lycopersicum esculentum M.)

Tomato plants are vegetable plants that have been cultivated for hunderds of years, but it is not known for sure when it started spreading. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of liquid fertilizers and varieties on the growth and yield of tomato plants. The hypothesis of this research is that using NASA POC liquid fertilizer and the Agatha F1 variety will produce the best production on tomato plants. This research was conducted using a factorial randomized block design (RAK) method, which consisted of two factors. From these two factors, 9 treatment combinations were obtained and 3 replications were obtained. Parameters observed in the vegetative phase include: plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter. Parameters observed during the generative phase include: the number of flowers and the number of fruit planted. The data obtained from the observations were calculated by analysis of variance with the fisher test ( F test at 5% level ), if there is a significant difference, it will be continued with the smallest 5% significant difference test. The result of variance showed that there was an interaction in the vegetatife phase dominated by the treatment of Agatha F1 and POC NASA varieties which affected plant height at the age of 21, 28, 36 and 43 and number of leaves at the age of 36 and 43. In the generative phase there are the best yields were obtained from the combination treatment of Agatha F1 and POC NASA.