Plant Fresh Weight Research Articles

Prediction of Chinese suitable habitats of Panax notoginseng under climate change based on MaxEnt and chemometric methods

Notoginseng saponin R1; ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd; the sum of the five saponins; and underground-part fresh weight (UPFW) of single plants were used as quality evaluation indices for Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (P. notoginseng). Comprehensive evaluation of P. notoginseng samples from 30 production areas was performed using that MaxEnt model. Spatial pattern changes in suitable P. notoginseng habitats were predicted for current and future periods (2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) using SSP126 and SSP585 models. The results revealed that temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were important environmental variables. Suitable habitats were located mainly in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan Provinces. The distribution core of P. notoginseng is predicted to shift southeast in the future. The saponin content decreased from the southeast to the northwest of Yunnan Province, which was contrary to the UPFW trend. This study provides the necessary information for the protection and sustainable utilization of P. notoginseng resources, and a theoretical reference for its application in the quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal products.

Humic acid and grafting as sustainable agronomic practices for increased growth and secondary metabolism in cucumber subjected to salt stress

Salinity stress poses a significant treat to crop yields and product quality worldwide. Application of a humic acid bio stimulant and grafting onto tolerant rootstocks can both be considered sustainable agronomic practices that can effectively ameliorate the negative effects of salinity stress. This study aimed to assess the above mentioned ameliorative effects of both practices on cucumber plants subjected to saline environments. To attain this goal a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The three factors considered were (a) three different salinity levels (0, 5, and 10 dS m−1 of NaCl), (b) foliar application of humic acid at three levels (0, 100, and 200 mg L−1), and (c) both grafted and ungrafted plants. Vegetative traits including plant height, fresh and dry weight and number of leaf exhibited a significant decrease under increasing salinity stress. However, the application of humic acid at both levels mitigated these effects compared to control plants. The reduction in relative water content (RWC) of the leaf caused by salinity, was compensated by the application of humic acid and grafting. Thus, the highest RWC (86.65%) was observed in grafting plants with 0 dS m−1 of NaCl and 20 mg L−1 of humic acid. Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased under salinity stress, but the application of humic acid and grafting improved this trait and the lowest amount of EL (26.95%) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m−1 of NaCl and 20 mg L−1 of humic acid. The highest amount of catalase (0.53 mmol H2O2 g−1 fw min−1) and peroxidase (12.290 mmol H2O2 g−1 fw min−1) enzymes were observed in the treatment of 10 dS m−1 of NaCl and 200 mg L−1 humic acid. The highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g−1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g−1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g−1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g−1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g−1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m−1 of NaCl and 200 mg L−1 of humic acid. Phenolic acids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased with increasing salinity and humic acid levels. Contrary to humic acid, salt stress increased the sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl−) and decreased the amount of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) in the root and leaf of ungrafted cucumber. However, the application 200 mg L−1 humic acid appeared to mitigate these effects, thereby suggesting a potential role in moderating physiological processes and improving growth of cucumber plants subjected to salinity stress. According to the obtained results, spraying of humic acid (200 mg L−1) and the use of salt resistant rootstocks are recommended to increase tolerance to salt stress in cucumber. These results, for the first time, clearly demonstrated that fig leaf gourd a new highly salt-tolerant rootstock, enhances salt tolerance and improves yield and quality of grafted cucumber plants by reducing sodium transport to the shoot and increasing the amount of compatible osmolytes.

Investigating the possibility of producing compost enriched with plant residues and evaluating its effect on strawberry vegetative growth indices under drought stress

<p>This research was conducted to investigate the possibility of producing compost from the residues of rapeseed, wheat, cucumber, and eggplant and evaluate the effect of biocompost produced and enriched with zinc and manganese on strawberry vegetative growth indices under drought stress. For this purpose, five treatments including one treatment with an equal mixture of produced biocomposts and four separate treatments of biocompost arisen from the residues of the studied plants enriched with zinc and manganese elements at a rate of 1 kg per square meter in all treatments under drought stress of 65% in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions were studied. The research results showed a significant difference at the levels of 1% and 5% in terms of vegetative growth indices including plant height, internode distance, fresh and dry weight of the plant, stalk diameter, and the number of strawberry tillers. In such a way that the highest amount of vegetative growth characteristics in strawberry bush was related to the treatment containing rapeseed–enriched biocompost under drought stress, and the lowest amount of them was related to the treatment containing an equal combination of biocompost from green cucumber, wheat, rapeseed, and eggplant. The analysis of variance results showed that the effect of biocomposts produced and enriched with elements of zinc and manganese under drought stress in treatments T1 (equal mixture of produced biocomposts) and T2 (biocompost produced from residues of wheat plant) and T5 (biocompost produced from residues of rapeseed plant) on strawberry vegetative growth indices was statistically significant. In such a way that the difference was observed at a level of 1% for all three aforesaid treatments in terms of plant height and the difference was observed at a level of 5 % for other vegetative characteristics (internode distance, fresh and dry weight of the plant, stalk diameter, and the number of tillers and fresh and dry weight of the root). The results indicated that the use of biocompost remain the positive effects on strawberry vegetative growth indices, and biocomposts produced individually (not combined) may be used under drought stress to improve the performance of strawberry vegetative growth.</p>

Effect of Green Light Replacing Some Red and Blue Light on Cucumis melo under Drought Stress.

Light quality not only directly affects the photosynthesis of green plants but also plays an important role in regulating the development and movement of leaf stomata, which is one of the key links for plants to be able to carry out normal growth and photosynthesis. By sensing changes in the light environment, plants actively regulate the expansion pressure of defense cells to change stomatal morphology and regulate the rate of CO2 and water vapor exchange inside and outside the leaf. In this study, Cucumis melo was used as a test material to investigate the mitigation effect of different red, blue, and green light treatments on short-term drought and to analyze its drought-resistant mechanism through transcriptome and metabolome analysis, so as to provide theoretical references for the regulation of stomata in the light environment to improve the water use efficiency. The results of the experiment showed that after 9 days of drought treatment, increasing the percentage of green light in the light quality significantly increased the plant height and fresh weight of the treatment compared to the control (no green light added). The addition of green light resulted in a decrease in leaf stomatal conductance and a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, malondialdehyde MDA content, and electrolyte osmolality in the leaves of melon seedlings. It indicated that the addition of green light promoted drought tolerance in melon seedlings. Transcriptome and metabolome measurements of the control group (CK) and the addition of green light treatment (T3) showed that the addition of green light treatment not only effectively regulated the synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) but also significantly regulated the hormonal pathway in the hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). This study provides a new idea to improve plant drought resistance through light quality regulation.

Understanding the responses of tillering to 2,4-D isooctyl ester in Setaria viridis L.

BackgroundGreen foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.)] is one of the most abundant and troublesome annual grass weeds in alfalfa fields in Northeast China. Synthetic auxin herbicide is widely used in agriculture, while how auxin herbicide affects tillering on perennial grass weeds is still unclear. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effects of auxin herbicide 2,4-D on green foxtail growth, especially on tillers.ResultsIn the study, 2,4-D isooctyl ester was used. There was an inhibition of plant height and fresh weight on green foxtail after application. The photosynthetic rate of the leaves was dramatically reduced and there was an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Moreover, applying 2,4-D isooctyl ester significantly reduced the tillering buds at rates between 2100 and 8400 ga. i. /ha. Transcriptome results showed that applying 2,4-D isooctyl ester on leaves affected the phytohormone signal transduction pathways in plant tillers. Among them, there were significant effects on auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and brassinosteroid signaling. Indeed, external ABA and GA on leaves also limited tillering in green foxtail.ConclusionsThese data will be helpful to further understand the responses of green foxtail to 2, 4-D isooctyl ester, which may provide a unique perspective for the development and identification of new target compounds that are effective against this weed species.

Biocontrol potential and growth-promoting effect of endophytic fungus Talaromyces muroii SD1-4 against potato leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata

BackgroundAlternaria alternata is the primary pathogen of potato leaf spot disease, resulting in significant potato yield losses globally. Endophytic microorganism-based biological control, especially using microorganisms from host plants, has emerged as a promising and eco-friendly approach for managing plant diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the endophytic fungi from healthy potato leaves which had great antifungal activity to the potato leaf spot pathogen of A. alternata in vitro and in vivo.ResultsAn endophytic fungal strain SD1-4 was isolated from healthy potato leaves and was identified as Talaromyces muroii through morphological and sequencing analysis. The strain SD1-4 exhibited potent antifungal activity against the potato leaf spot pathogen A. alternata Lill, with a hyphal inhibition rate of 69.19%. Microscopic and scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the strain SD1-4 grew parallel to, coiled around, shrunk and deformed the mycelia of A. alternata Lill. Additionally, the enzyme activities of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase significantly increased in the hyphae of A. alternata Lill when co-cultured with the strain SD1-4, indicating severe impairment of the cell wall function of A. alternata Lill. Furthermore, the mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. alternata Lill were significantly suppressed by the aseptic filtrate of the strain SD1-4, with inhibition rates of 79.00% and 80.67%, respectively. Decrease of leaf spot disease index from 78.36 to 37.03 was also observed in potato plants treated with the strain SD1-4, along with the significantly increased plant growth characters including plant height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of potato seedlings.ConclusionThe endophyte fungus of T. muroii SD1-4 isolated from healthy potato leaves in the present study showed high biocontrol potential against potato leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata via direct parasitism or antifungal metabolites, and had positive roles in promoting potato plant growth.

Ultraviolet-to-Blue Light Conversion Film Affects Both Leaf Photosynthetic Traits and Fruit Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Fragaria × ananassa

The influence of light downconversion films (red, pink and blue films) on leaf physiological features and fruit bioactive compound accumulation was studied in strawberry plants. Red, pink and blue films were able to convert light less utilised by plants into more efficient light wavebands with various possibilities depending on the film characteristics (blue film shifts UV into blue radiation; red film shifts green into red radiation, pink film shifts UV and green into blue and red radiation but to a lesser extent than red film). Indeed, by enhancing the quality of light available for photosynthesis, the utilization of these films holds the potential to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability. All of these light downconversion films resulted in higher plant fresh weight compared to a control colourless (Cnt) film, with plants grown under blue film (UV-to-blue light conversion) showing the most impressive results in terms of total leaf area (+25%), leaf thickness (+10%) and leaf mass per area (+15%). Simultaneously, during the flowering stage, plants under blue film had a higher net photosynthetic rate due to the increase in photosynthetically efficient wavelengths. Moreover, blue film resulted in the highest total phenolic (+40% and +28% than red and pink films, respectively) and flavonoid content (+54%, +84%, +70% than Cnt, red and pink films, respectively) in fruit, with specific effects on targeted phenols, i.e., quercetin, ellagic acid and its glycoside, ellagitannins, and procyanidins. In conclusion, the use of the UV-to-blue conversion light film tested herein represents an innovative solution to increase strawberry yield and promote fruit nutraceutical features, playing a pivotal role in ensuring food quality and security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Impact of allelochemicals from shade trees bark on the performance of cocoa seedlings

AbstractShade trees are important in cocoa agroforestry systems; however, they release allelochemicals from various parts that affect understory plants. Unfortunately, information on allelochemicals produced by shade tree bark in cocoa plantation remain scarce. This study investigates the effect of allelochemicals from bark of shade trees on cocoa seedlings growth. The experiment was a 4 × 11 factorial study, and the treatments were four different concentrations from each of the 11 tree species. The treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Data were collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment applications. The tree species alone and bark extract concentrations alone significantly impacted plant height from 90 to 150 days after application. Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth, Celtis mildbraedii Engl., and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum produced the highest cocoa seedling heights. All concentrations also influenced stem diameter of cocoa seedlings. Albizia ferruginea enhanced stem diameter significantly among tree species and the control. Tree species and bark extract concentrations interacted to increase fresh root weights and dry plant biomass. Albizia ferruginea consistently increased dry plant biomass, while C. mildbraedii produced the highest enhancement for fresh roots. All concentrations enhanced plant biomass, with the 75 mg mL−1 concentration consistently producing the highest plant fresh and dry weights. Albizia ferruginea and C. mildbraedii can be potential tree species in the cocoa agroforestry when 2‐month‐old cocoa seedlings are to be transplanted on the field. Bark extract of 75 mg mL−1 concentration can be used as a growth stimulant on cocoa seedlings.

Effects of Applying Biochar on Soil Cadmium Immobilisation and Cadmium Pollution Control in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

In order to analyse the impact of biochar in terms of reducing the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in soil, a study was conducted on the solidification effect of biochar on soil cadmium and its resistance to cadmium contamination in lettuce. In this study, soil which was contaminated with 10 mg/kg cadmium was used as the substrate; corn, rice, and wheat straw biochar were used as solidification and amendment materials; and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) was used as the test plant. The morphological characteristics of the biochar, soil pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and soil-available Cd, as well as lettuce plant height, fresh weight, and leaf Cd content, were measured and analysed. The results showed that all three types of biochar possessed distinct porous structures and functional groups such as hydroxyl, ether, and carbonyl groups. Increases in soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), lettuce plant height, and fresh weight were effectively promoted. Additionally, a significant reduction in the available Cd content in the soil and Cd content in lettuce leaves was observed, with the inhibitory effect becoming more pronounced as the biochar application rate increased. When 5% corn straw biochar was added (1 kg of substrate with 50 g of biochar), the best inhibitory effect on Cd contamination was observed, with a cadmium content of 4.63 mg/kg in lettuce leaves. The available Cd in the soil and the Cd content in lettuce leaves decreased by 32.00% and 49.78%, respectively, compared to the CK group (without biochar treatment). Additionally, the plant height and fresh weight of lettuce increased by 25.56% and 31.31%, respectively, compared to the CK group. This indicated that the application of straw biochar can stabilise soil Cd, reduce the availability of Cd in the soil, inhibit the transfer of Cd into lettuce, promote the growth of lettuce, and lower the ecological environmental risk of Cd. These research results can provide a theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the remediation of soil Cd contamination and the safe production of lettuce.

Differential responses of Meloidogyne spp. to Pasteuria isolates over crop cycles

In the present study examining the interaction between Meloidogyne spp. and Pasteuria isolates over three crop cycles, significant differences were observed in eggmass production, root galling, plant root weight, endospore production, and parasitism rates. Higher eggmass production was noted in the Meloidogyne blend treatment, whereas M. incognita showed a marked decline after the third cycle. Root galling varied significantly with nematode populations and Pasteuria isolates, showing notable interaction effects (P0.01). The Meloidogyne blend treatment exhibited the highest gall rating, while M. javanica and M. incognita treatments with Pp3 and PpEcu isolates resulted in lower galling. Fresh root weights of tomato plants differed significantly in the presence of Meloidogyne spp. and Pasteuria isolates, with significant interactions observed (P0.05). Greater root weights were recorded in M. javanica and M. incognita treatments with Pp3 and PpEcu isolates. The production of Pasteuria endospores in Meloidogyne females also showed significant variability across crop cycles (P0.01), with M. incognita and PpEcu treatments yielding the highest endospore numbers. Moreover, parasitism of Meloidogyne females by Pasteuria was significantly influenced by nematode population and isolate presence (P0.01). Higher numbers of infected M. incognita females were found in PpEcu treatments. Final female populations of Meloidogyne spp. varied significantly under Pasteuria influence, with the Meloidogyne blend treatment showing the highest population and M. incognita under PpEcu the lowest. The results highlight the complex interactions between nematodes and the bacteria, emphasizing the potential of Pasteuria isolates to influence various aspects of Meloidogyne spp. development.

The Effect of Manganese and Sulfur Applications on the Rocket (Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa) Plant Grown in Lime Soils

Due to the high lime and pH in the soil, sulfur and micro element deficiencies are observed in green vegetable plants. Rocket, one of the green vegetables and a member of the Brassicaceae family, is widely produced in our country. It is noteworthy that rocket is grown by producers almost everywhere and that this plant grown in our region also has a deficiency of microelements. For this reason, in this study were investigated that the sulfur and manganese requirement of rocket, which is one of the vegetable plants grown in Konya calcareous soil, and the effect of the interaction between these two elements on plant growth and yield. In our study, sulfur (S) fertilizer was applied in three doses (0- 40- 80 kg S da-1) and manganese (Mn) fertilizer in three doses (0- 1- 2 kg Mn da-1) was applied to the rocket plant. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse conditions according to the randomized plots factorial design. At the end of the experiment, the average leaf height, chlorophyll SPAD value, plant fresh weight, plant height and plant Mn concentration did not differ with different doses of fertilizer applications in the rocket plant. On the other hand, the sulfur concentration in the plant and soil increased significantly with sulfur fertilization (p

Isolation and characterization of native antagonistic rhizobacteria against Fusarium wilt of chilli to promote plant growth.

In the eastern coastal regions of Odisha, wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.capsici is an extremely damaging disease in chilli. This disease is very difficult to manage with chemical fungicides since it is soil-borne in nature. The natural rhizosphere soil of the chilli plant was used to isolate and test bacterial antagonists for their effectiveness and ability to promote plant growth. Out of the fifty-five isolates isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy chilli plants, five isolates, namely Iso 01, Iso 17, Iso 23, Iso 24, and Iso 32, showed their highly antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. capsici under in vitro. In a dual culture, Iso 32 (73.3%) and Iso 24 (71.5%) caused the highest level of pathogen inhibition. In greenhouse trials, artificially inoculated chilli plants treated with Iso 32 (8.8%) and Iso 24 (10.2%) had decreased percent disease incidence (PDI), with percent disease reduction over control of 85.6% and 83.3%, respectively. Iso 32 and Iso 24 treated chilli seeds have shown higher seed vigor index of 973.7 and 948.8, respectively, as compared to untreated control 636.5. Furthermore, both the isolates significantly increased plant height as well as the fresh and dry weight of chilli plants under the rolled paper towel method. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization identified Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (MH491049) as the key antagonist. This study demonstrates that rhizobacteria, specifically Iso 32 and Iso 24, can effectively protect chilli plants against Fusarium wilt while promoting overall plant development. These findings hold promise for sustainable and eco-friendly management of Fusarium wilt in chilli cultivation.

Exploring the potential of green synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles in mitigating chromium toxicity in maize

ProblemChromium (Cr) contamination in agricultural soils poses a significant threat to maize productivity and food security, necessitating the development of innovative strategies to enhance Cr tolerance and mitigate its toxic effects on plant growth and development. ObjectiveThe aims of current study are the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) using Jasminum officinale L. plant extract and their application to alleviate chromium stress in maize plants. MethodsFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and elemental mapping methods were used to characterize the synthesized CeO2 NPs. The cerium oxide NPs (0, 25, 75 and 100 mg/L) treatment levels applied through foliar and seed priming to check growth, physiological responses and metal uptake by maize plants and a fully random design was used to set up a factorial experiment. ResultsThe findings showed that foliar application of 100 mg/L CeO2 NPs resulted in an improvement in the plant height (43 %), shoot fresh plant (41 %) and root fresh weight (84 %), and total chlorophyll concentrations (67 %) in maize plants as compared to seed priming (as 25, 32, 40 and 43 % respectively). It also effectively enhanced antioxidant enzymes including super oxide dismutase (75 %) and peroxidase (79 %). In maize plants, by foliar application over the control, CeO2 NPs reduce electrolyte leakage (53 %), malondialdehyde contents (32 %), and chromium content in roots (70 %) under chromium stress. ConclusionTherefore, these results suggested that increase in the concentration of CeO2 NPs more efficiently 100 mg/L has high ability against chromium stress and act as a promising solution to reduce metal concentration, enhance maize growth and promote sustainable agriculture. SignificanceThis study’s implications for future research on CeO2 NPs include elucidating their mechanisms in plant stress tolerance, exploring interactive effects with heavy metals, and expanding their use in plant stress management. Furthermore, this finding develops a novel strategy for improving maize cultivation in Cr-contaminated soils, contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security.

Management of Tomato Bacterial Canker Disease by the Green Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles

Bacterial canker disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis is a substantial threat to the cultivation of tomatoes, leading to considerable economic losses and global food insecurity. Infection is characterized by white raised lesions on leaves, stem, and fruits with yellow to tan patches between veins, and marginal necrosis. Several agrochemical substances have been reported in previous studies to manage this disease but these were not ecofriendly. Thus present study was designed to control the bacterial canker disease in tomato using green fabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNps). Nanosilver particles (AgNPs) were synthesized utilizing Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). FTIR showed presence of bioactive compounds in green fabricated AgNPs and UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band in the range of 350 nm to 355 nm. SEM showed the rectangular segments fused together, and XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs. The presence of metallic silver ions was confirmed by an EDX detector. Different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) of the green fabricated AgNPs were exogenously applied on tomato before applying an inoculum of Clavibacter michigensis to record the bacterial canker disease incidence at different day intervals. The optimal concentration of AgNPs was found to be 30 µg/mg that exhibited the most favorable impact on morphological (shoot length, root length, plant fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll contents, membrane stability index, and relative water content) as well as biochemical parameters (proline, total soluble sugar and catalase activity). These findings indicated a noteworthy reduction in biotic stress through the increase of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities by the green fabricated AgNPs. This study marks a first biocompatible approach in assessing the potential of green fabricated AgNPs in enhancing the well-being of tomato plants that affected with bacterial canker and establishing an effective management strategy against Clavibacter michiganensis. This is the first study suggests that low concentration of green fabricated nanosilvers (AgNPs) from leaf extract of Moringa oleifera against Clavibacter michiganensis is a promisingly efficient and eco-friendly alternative approach for management of bacterial canker disease in tomato crop.

The Effect of Recycled Spent Coffee Grounds Fertilizer, Vermicompost, and Chemical Fertilizers on the Growth and Soil Quality of Red Radish (Raphanus sativus) in the United Arab Emirates: A Sustainability Perspective.

The overuse of chemical fertilizers degrades the soil ecosystem and restricts the natural development of plants. Various byproducts are produced throughout the production and consumption of coffee within the coffee industry, and they are significant in terms of environmental waste. Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) contains various bioactive compounds that have demonstrated potential applications in various fields. These compounds can enhance soil quality by improving its physicochemical properties and biological fertility, ultimately leading to improved plant growth and reducing food waste and contamination at the same time. This current study examined the impact of chemical fertilizer, vermicompost, SCGs with percentage fertilizer (SCGPF), and SCGs on the top dressing fertilizer (SCGTDF) on red radish (Raphanus sativus) growth and soil quality. This greenhouse experiment tested various concentrations of SCGPF (5%, 10%, 25%, and 50%) and different doses of SCGTDF (0.5 g, 1 g, and 2.5 g). The results showed that the 0.5 g SCGTDF treatment yielded the highest mean plant length (18.47 cm) and fresh weight (27.54 g), while the vermicompost at a 50% concentration produced the highest mean leaf surface area (58.32 cm2). These findings suggest the potential of SCGs as a sustainable fertilizer alternative, contributing to improved plant growth and soil quality, thus supporting sustainable agricultural practices and a circular economy.

Colonization by the endophytic fungus Phyllosticta fallopiae combined with the element Si promotes the growth of Dendrobium nobile

Endophytic fungi can promote plant growth and development, particularly of Orchidaceae species. Previously, we found that the endophytic fungus Phyllosticta fallopiae DN14, collected from Dendrobium nobile growing on rocks in a wild habitat, significantly promoted growth of its host plant D. nobile, an important herb in Chinese traditional medicine that contains the bioactive component dendrobine. Phyllosticta was positively correlated with FW and dendrobine content of D. nobile and with Si content of the epiphytic matrix. Si is also highly beneficial for the growth and productivity of many plants. Here, we co-cultured D. nobile with P. fallopiae DN14 in half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium with and without various concentrations of Si to investigate the effects of DN14 and Si on plant fresh weight and dendrobine content. We also explored the effects of DN14 infection and colonization on host plant growth, Si accumulation and transport, and expression of key genes, as well as the interaction between DN14 and Si. The combination of DN14 and Si promoted the lignification of D. nobile roots, stems, and leaves and markedly increased the thickening of xylem cell walls. Co-culture with DN14 increased transport of Si from roots to stems and from stems to leaves. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT–PCR analyses showed that enhancement of D. nobile growth by DN14 and Si may involve upregulation of plant hormone-related genes (AUX/IAA and MYC) and lignin biosynthesis genes (HCT, PAL1, and PAL2). Insoluble Si promoted the growth of DN14, perhaps through downregulation of genes (e.g., FBP, MPI, RPIAD) related to carbohydrate metabolism, and DN14 in turn promoted the transformation of insoluble Si into soluble Si for plant uptake. These findings demonstrate that endophytic fungi and Si can improve the growth of D. nobile and therefore show promise as organic amendments for commercial cultivation.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Frekuensi Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman dan Produksi Sawi Samhong (Brassica juncea L.)

In mustard cultivtion, the right combination of the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer given through the leaves and the frequency of application are factors that can optimize growth and yield. This research aimed to test the effectiveness of the concentration and frequency of NASA liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of Samhong mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The research was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University, Ambon. This research was conducted as an experiment using a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors. The first factor was the concentration of NASA liquid organic fertilizer which consisted of 4 levels, namely: concentration of 0 mL/L of water (without giving POC); 4 mL/L of water; 8 mL/ mL/L of water; and 12 mL/L of water. The second factor was the frequency of fertilizer application which consists of 3 levels, namely 6 times, 3 times and 2 times of application. There were 12 treatment combinations, with 3 replications, so there were 36 experimental units. The research results showed that the concentration of NASA liquid organic fertilizer had a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and root dry weight. A concentration of 8 mL/L of water was the best concentration for plant fresh weight, namely 323.89 g. For the treatment of frequency of application, there was a very significant effect on the number of leaves, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and root dry weight, with a frequency of 3 applications being the best frequency for the growth and yield of Samhong mustard greens. The interaction between NASA liquid organic fertilizer concentration and application frequency did not significantly effect all observed variables.

Development and Evaluation of a Trichoderma-Based Bioformulation for Enhancing Sustainable Potato Cultivation

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most widespread and cultivated Solanaceae in the world. To overcome the increasing problems of intensive cultivation and climate change, finding new strategies to guarantee the needs of today and future generations has become mandatory. The use of biostimulants based on Trichoderma spp. can be an excellent alternative to reduce the use of pesticides, as well as to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study we evaluated the effects of a new bioformulation containing two Trichoderma strains on potato growth and yield. Trichoderma strains were characterised morphologically and molecularly. Application of the new bioformulate was able to promote potato plant growth and caused a significant increase in plant fresh (+107%) and dry weight (+74%), and potato tuber fresh weight (+37%) and number (+41%), and it also improved potato yield (+36%). These findings suggest that the bioformulation is a viable alternative to reduce pesticide use and mitigate biotic and abiotic stress in potato cultivation.

MicroRNA257 promotes secondary growth in hybrid poplar

Populus, a significant fast-growing tree species with global afforestation and energy potential, holds considerable economic value. The abundant production of secondary xylem by trees, which serves as a vital resource for industrial purposes and human sustenance, necessitates the orchestration of various regulatory mechanisms, encompassing transcriptional regulators and microRNAs (miRNAs). Nevertheless, the investigation of microRNA-mediated regulation of poplar secondary growth remains limited. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel microRNA (Pag-miR257) from 84 K poplar and subsequently integrated it into the 35 S overexpression vector. The overexpression of Pag-miR257 resulted in notable increases in plant height, stem diameter, and fresh weight. Additionally, the overexpression of Pag-miR257 demonstrated a significant enhancement in net photosynthetic rate. The findings from the examination of cell wall autofluorescence indicated a substantial increase in both xylem area and the number of vessels in poplar plants overexpressing Pag-miR257. Furthermore, the cell wall of the Pag-miR257 overexpressing plants exhibited thickening as observed through transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) analysis and phloroglucinol-HCl staining revealed an elevation in lignin content in Pag-miR257 overexpressing poplar plants. The findings of this study suggest that microRNA257 may play a role in the control of secondary growth in poplar stems, thereby potentially enhancing the development of wood engineering techniques for improved material and energy production.

Role of silicon in alleviating boron toxicity and enhancing growth and physiological traits in hydroponically cultivated Zea mays var. Merit

BackgroundBoron (B) is a micronutrient, but excessive levels can cause phytotoxicity, impaired growth, and reduced photosynthesis. B toxicity arises from over-fertilization, high soil B levels, or irrigation with B-rich water. Conversely, silicon (Si) is recognized as an element that mitigates stress and alleviates the toxic effects of certain nutrients. In this study, to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Si on maize under boron stress conditions, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in a hydroponic system. The experiment utilized a nutrient solution for maize var. Merit that contained three different boron (B) concentrations (0.5, 2, and 4 mg L−1) and three Si concentrations (0, 28, and 56 mg L−1).ResultsOur findings unveiled that exogenous application of B resulted in a substantial escalation of B concentration in maize leaves. Furthermore, B exposure elicited a significant diminution in fresh and dry plant biomass, chlorophyll index, chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoids, and membrane stability index (MSI). As the B concentration augmented, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity exhibited a concomitant increment. Conversely, the supplementation of Si facilitated an amelioration in plant fresh and dry weight, total carbohydrate, and total soluble protein. Moreover, the elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes culminated in a decrement in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA content. In addition, the combined influence of Si and B had a statistically significant impact on the leaf chlorophyll index, total chlorophyll (a + b) content, Si and B accumulation levels, as well as the enzymatic activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and H2O2 levels. These unique findings indicated the detrimental impact of B toxicity on various physiological and biochemical attributes of maize, while highlighting the potential of Si supplementation in mitigating the deleterious effects through modulation of antioxidant machinery and biomolecule synthesis.ConclusionsThis study highlights the potential of Si supplementation in alleviating the deleterious effects of B toxicity in maize. Increased Si consumption mitigated chlorophyll degradation under B toxicity, but it also caused a significant reduction in the concentrations of essential micronutrients iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). While Si supplementation shows promise in counteracting B toxicity, the observed decrease in Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations warrants further investigation to optimize this approach and maintain overall plant nutritional status.