Plant Fertilizer Research Articles

Core‐Shell Nanospheres with Controllable Zinc Ion Release for Time‐Sensitive Steganography

AbstractSlow‐release platforms have attracted much attention due to their many applications, such as biomedical implants, plant fertilizers, and drug delivery systems. In this work, a green, cost‐effective, and scalable method is reported to synthesize colloidal hybrid nanospheres capable of releasing zinc ions in a highly controllable manner by encapsulating zinc ammonium citrate colloids with a layer of silica. The release rate of zinc ions from resulting core‐shell nanospheres can be conveniently tuned by changing the shell thickness and cross‐linking degree of the silica layer, the solvent composition, and the surrounding temperature. By integrating the temperature‐sensitive release behavior of the hybrid nanospheres, the color shift associated with the complexation of zinc ions with xylenol orange, and the photothermal conversion property of gold nanoparticles, a novel film capable of recording time‐sensitive color information is designed using direct laser writing and further demonstrated its application in steganography.

Peran Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) Dalam Mendukung Kemandirian Ekonomi Warga Desa Balaroa Pewunu

This community service is carried out with the aim of being able to assist program planning in the village. one of which is the management of village-owned enterprises (BUMDes). This research focuses on the role of Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in supporting the economic independence of the residents of Balaroa Pewunu Village. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. Furthermore, the analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, which provides a descriptive description of the findings. The results of the study show that BUMDes have a role in supporting village economic independence. The role of BUMDes is by increasing the standard of living which has implications for the growth and equity of the rural economy. Improving people's standard of living is carried out by developing a business selling plant seeds, plant fertilizers, and plant pesticides.

A narrative action on the battle against hunger using mushroom, peanut, and soybean-based wastes.

Numerous generations have been affected by hunger, which still affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The hunger crisis is worsening although many efforts have been made to minimize it. Besides that, food waste is one of the critical problems faced by most countries worldwide. It has disrupted the food chain system due to inefficient waste management, while negatively impacting the environment. The majority of the waste is from the food production process, resulting in a net zero production for food manufacturers while also harnessing its potential. Most food production wastes are high in nutritional and functional values, yet most of them end up as low-cost animal feed and plant fertilizers. This review identified key emerging wastes from the production line of mushroom, peanut, and soybean (MPS). These wastes (MPS) provide a new source for food conversion due to their high nutritional content, which contributes to a circular economy in the post-pandemic era and ensures food security. In order to achieve carbon neutrality and effective waste management for the production of alternative foods, biotechnological processes such as digestive, fermentative, and enzymatic conversions are essential. The article provides a narrative action on the critical potential application and challenges of MPS as future foods in the battle against hunger.

Potato growth, yield and quality affected by calcium and nitrogen (CaN) compound fertilizers on andisol soil type in Lembang

The use of artificial chemical fertilizers that are very intensive and not in accordance with the availability of soil nutrients, has a negative impact on decreasing agricultural soil fertility and vegetable productivity. The aim of this experiment was to obtain an effective and efficient dose of compound fertilizer (Ca and N) for potato plants in Andisol soil type, Lembang. The experiment was carried out at Margahayu Experimental Field of Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI) (1250 m asl), from June to November 2021. A randomized block design was used with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of without N fertilizer, standard N single fertilizer, and 6 doses of compound fertilizer (33% Ca and 17% N). The results showed that, in general, CaN compound fertilizers increase the growth of potato plants. The application of compound fertilizer at 75% of N standard (300 kg/ha of CaN fertilizer) was the most effective dose for fertilizing potato plants on Andisol soil type in Lembang. This dose can save the use of N by 25% with a Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) value of 140%. This study showed that the use of CaN compound fertilizers at a dose of 300 kg/ha can not only reduce fertilizer input into the soil, but also increase potato yields.

Pengolahan Sampah Organik dengan Menggunakan Compost Bag di Lingkungan Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika

The purpose of this community service activity is to introduce and train Indonesian New Generation students (recipients of a scholarship from Bank Indonesia) at Mandalika University of Education, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara Province in processing organic waste into compost through fermentation with the help of effective microorganism (EM4) as a bioactivator. The stages of this service activity are: 1) introduction; 2) practice activities for the initial process of fermentation; and 3) follow-up activities (observation for 2 months). The 1 day activity is used to process organic waste in the form of dry and wet leaves, then chopped into smaller pieces so that it decomposes more quickly, then fermented using EM4 as a bioactivator (observations after 2 months). Compost fermentation takes at least 2 months to get better results, taking into account the factors that affect composting, including: C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen) ratio, aeration, porosity, humidity, temperature, acidity level (pH), nutrient content, hazardous material content, and composting time. Based on the results of the activity evaluation, it can be concluded that the objectives of this community service activity have been achieved as expected. This achievement can be seen from the ability of students to process organic waste into compost which is ready to be used as fertilizer for plants.

Potential of Fruit and Vegetable Waste as Eco-enzyme Fertilizer for Plants

This study aims to determine the source of eco-enzyme raw materials and the most appropriate dilution volume to produce quality eco-enzyme fertilizer for plant growth. 1 (sugar): 3 (fruit and vegetable waste): 10 (water). The resulting eco-enzyme liquid is processed into fertilizer through the dilution process. Eco-enzyme fertilizers from each raw material source contain different organic N, P, K, and C nutrients. Besides that, some enzymes are beneficial to plants. This research is experimental in the laboratory. The experimental design was factorial design using a completely randomized design as the based design with the treatment of various sources of raw material for eco-enzyme E1 (fruit waste), E2 (vegetable waste), and E3 (fruit and vegetable waste). The parameters observed are N, P, K, and C Organic. The results showed that in terms of the quality of eco-enzyme fertilizers, the best order of eco-enzyme fertilizers was eco-enzyme fertilizer from vegetable waste (E2), eco-enzyme fertilizer from fruit and vegetable waste (E3), and eco-enzyme fertilizer from fruit waste (E1). Based on the NPK content in eco-enzyme fertilizer, eco-enzyme fertilizer is still below the quality standard for liquid organic fertilizer but the enzymes contained in eco-enzymes can also spur growth in plants.

Innovative Collagen Based Biopolymers Tested as Fertilizers for Poor Soils Amendment.

Improving soil quality is of growing interest and, among optimal solutions, the reuse and recycling of biopolymers of pelt waste from the tannery industry have been proposed, one of them being for collagen hydrolysate with micronutrients and polymers incorporated, to be used as fertilizers for poor soils rehabilitation. As functionalization agents, polyacrylamide, starch and dolomite were included into biopolymer matrixes in order to enhance their specific efficiency. These fertilizers were adequately characterized for their physical-chemical properties, including nutrient content, and tested on three poor soils, while a fourth sample of normal soil was chosen for comparative purposes. These soils were also characterized for their texture and physical-chemical properties in order to establish the fertility state of the soils as a function of nutrient content. In this respect, a series of agrochemical tests were developed at laboratory scale, simulating real agriculture environments in a vegetation room, where a significant plant growth in height was observed for all the agro-hydrogels with nutrients encapsulated, and multiplication of the nodosities number was observed in the case of the soybean culture. The most significant effect was obtained in the case of the fertilizer functionalized with starch. Finally, the application dose of the organic fertilizers for specific culture plants was estimated, such as field cultures (cereals, corn), field vegetables, vineyards or fruit-growing plantations. These agro-collagen fertilizers are particularly recommended for amendment of field cereals and vegetables. The novelty of this study mainly consists of the recovery and recycling of the pelt waste as efficient fertilizers after their adequate functionalization with synthetic or natural biopolymers.

Optimization of Chelating Process of Amino Acids of Leather Waste and Glycine with Different Minerals and Its Relationship with Arthrospira platensis Biological Activities

There are several factors were taken in consideration such as time, ratio, temperature and pH to improve the chelation process between the amino acids and inorganic ions. The current study aims to optimize the physical factors controlling the synthesis of chelated amino acids with different minerals and to enhance antioxidant and biodiesel production from Arthrospira platensis cultivated in culture enriched with different chelated minerals. In this study; various physical factors such as (ratio of amino acids and minerals; temperature, time and pH) were used for optimization of chelation formation. The blue -green alga Arthrospira platensis was cultivated under different synthesized chelated minerals (T1-T13), the growth rate, antioxidant, antiradical and biodiesel production were determined in all treated alga. The obtained results showed that the optimum conditions for production of chelated amino acid were ratio (2:1 M), temperature at 60 °C, the duration between 4:5 days and the suitable or stability of chelation at pH = 4, Also, the growth rate of A. platensis with Cu-glycinate higher than Cu-leather waste and Zarrouk media. The antioxidant activity results of different extracts of Arthrospira platensis showed that the water extract gave high antioxidant activity against DPPH radical assay than acetone extract in all treatments when compared with untreated culture (Zarrouk’s medium). Arthrospira platensis cultivated on Zarrouk medium supplemented with chelated amino acids with metals was showed an increase in algal pigments and lipids with Mn-LW, Zn-LW and Mg-LW treatments. Also, the results showed that the produced biodiesel was observed with M-LW treatments, which was more than that of glycinate treatments, untreated culture (Zarrouk) and LW biodiesel. Therefore, the highest biodiesel percentages were founded with Zn, Mn and Mg-LW (5.37, 5.25 and 4.86% respectively). The recorded results and material balance data concluded that possibility for use the chelated minerals (glycine and leather wastes) as plant fertilizer in future because its high yield and low fees for production.Graphical

Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Dan Keterampilan Petani Dalam Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Bokashi Di Gereja Marturia Oesapa Selatan Kota Kupang

The community at the Marturia Oesapa Selatan Church has a population of 600 people and 26 of them work as farmers, retirees and traders. Based on observations and surveys conducted in February 2023, the problems encountered are still using inorganic fertilizers for agriculture, fertilizing ornamental plants and fertilizing horticultural plants in the yard of the house for more practical reasons, but the community does not yet know the impact of using inorganic fertilizers. The purpose of holding this PKM activity is to increase public understanding of the negative impacts of using inorganic fertilizers, increase understanding of the benefits of using organic fertilizers and provide training on how to process household waste into organic fertilizer. This community service took place at the Marturia Oesapa Selatan Church in Kupang City on Wednesday 1 March 2023 with 26 participants. The first stage is to conduct field observations and coordinate with the Head of the Marturia Oesapa Selatan Church regarding the cooperation agreement and the place and time of implementation. The second stage is preparing training materials. The third stage is the implementation of training on processing household waste into organic fertilizer. As a result of PKM activities, participants understand the importance of organic fertilizer for plantations, ornamental plants, horticultural crops and utilization of natural resources around them to be processed into bokashi organic fertilizer. Participants also have the skills to make bokashi organic fertilizer after participating in this activity, judging from the success of carrying out the work steps given during counseling and technical instructions in making organic fertilizer.
 Keywords: Household waste, bokashi organic fertilizer

Analysis of the Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Gallstones in the Antalya Province of Turkey

The aim of the study is to determine chemical and physical properties of gallstones of Antalya province. In line with this, the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of 1243 gallstone samples from 69 patients were analyzed, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. 
 Cholesterol, carbonate apatite, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate carbonate, calcium bilirubinate, and protein contents were observed. Cholesterol was detected in 95% of 69 samples patients, 44 of which were obtained from female patients. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) analysis showed newberyite, struvite, and aragonite minerals were found in the gallstones. Newberyite was present in 59% of the samples.
 Newberyite precipitates in cases where the pH value of the patient’s bile decreases and where the amount of magnesium in the bile is high. Failure in the degradation magnesium during metabolism may lead to the formation of newberyite in gallstones. Struvite is associated with the presence of ammonium phosphate in bile. Ammonium phosphate is present in plant fertilizers and can easily be dissolved in water. These minerals (newberyite and struvite) are present in the human body and, more importantly, are intricately involved in the body’s production and destruction mechanisms. Therefore, determining the source of these minerals is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of gallstone formation.

Integrating crop and soil nutrient management for higher wheat grain yield and protein concentration in dryland areas

Wheat grain protein concentration (GPC) is a key parameter related to processing quality and amino acid intake. However, synchronously enhancing grain yield (GY) and GPC is still challenging due to the physiological competition between carbon and nitrogen. This study determined plant and soil nutrients and surveyed yield and management data from 304 wheat fields at three locations on the Loess Plateau of China to explore limitations and design practices for producing high-yielding and high-protein wheat sustainably. Based on the overall average GY (4732 kg ha–1) and GPC (13.1%), the surveyed fields were grouped into low yield & low protein (LyLp), low yield & high protein (LyHp), high yield & low protein (HyLp), and high yield & high protein (HyHp), with average GYs of 3625, 3653, 5912, and 5962 kg ha–1 and GPCs of 11.2%, 15.2%, 11.7%, and 14.9%, respectively. The GY has significant positive correlations with cultivar release year (r = 0.192), plant density (r = 0.204), and soil total nitrogen (r = 0.131), a negative correlation with sowing date (r = –0.257), but no correlations with fertilizer rates and soil available nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen and potassium requirements in HyHp fields were 25.1% and 16.4% higher than that in HyLp fields. Accordingly, HyHp fields had significant higher nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rates and soil nitrogen and potassium supplies than HyLp fields. Structural equation modelling showed that cultivar release year contributed the most to the GY variations, while soil available potassium has the largest effect on the GPC. In addition, soil nitrogen surplus was approximately 50% decreased from low- to high-yielding fields, but did not differ between HyLp and HyHp fields. These findings indicate that the integrated crop and soil management strategies, including improved newer cultivar, timely sowing date, advisable plant density and fertilizer rates, and adequate soil nutrients supply, are applicable for the complicated and changeable wheat production environments to improve GY and GPC synchronously.

Slaughterhouse Waste Treatment Equipment to Produce Plant Fertilizer and Fish Feed

Chicken slaughter process waste is divided into two types, solid waste and liquid waste. Almost all of the waste generated by the chicken slaughter process can be reused. Lately, Vocational High School in Pasuruan, East Java, has Livestock Agribusiness unit that made a waste treatment program to deal with the problem of waste from the surrounding chicken slaughter process. However, some chicken slaughter process waste cannot be reprocessed and is directly dumped into the sewer due to limited technology. The type of waste that cannot reprocess is blood and chicken feather waste. This research aims to process the waste into high-quality fish food by applying the principle of automation and integrating machines with existing chicken cutting machines. The application of this appropriate technology begins with observing the existing conditions and the process of designing, manufacturing, and testing equipment carried out at Vocational High School in Pasuruan. The research resulted in designing and manufacturing machines that support waste treatment of blood and chicken feathers from Livestock Agribusiness. The machine design consists of three main components: a blood and chicken feather grinder, a vertical mixer, and a fish feed press machine. The expectations of this machine design will support productivity and concern for waste management, which can also build environmentally friendly standards in the Livestock Agribusiness unit of Vocational School in Pasuruan.

Biochemical Characteristics of Laccases and Their Practical Application in the Removal of Xenobiotics from Water

The rapid growth of the human population in recent decades has resulted in the intensive development of various industries, the development of urban agglomerations and increased production of medicines for animals and humans, plant protection products and fertilizers on an unprecedented scale. Intensive agriculture, expanding urban areas and newly established industrial plants release huge amounts of pollutants into the environment, which, in nature, are very slowly degraded or not decomposed, which leads to their accumulation in water and terrestrial ecosystems. Researchers are scouring extremely contaminated environments to identify organisms that have the ability to degrade resistant xenobiotics, such as PAHs, some pharmaceuticals, plasticizers and dyes. These organisms are a potential source of enzymes that could be used in the bioremediation of industrial and municipal wastewater. Great hopes are pinned on oxidoreductases, including laccase, called by some a green biocatalyst because the end product of the oxidation of a wide range of substrates by this enzyme is water and other compounds, most often including dimers, trimers and polymers. Laccase immobilization techniques and their use in systems together with adsorption or separation have found application in the enzymatic bioremediation of wastewater.

Penyuluhan Tentang Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu Menuju Zero Waste Di Kelurahan Karang Pule Kecamatan Sekarbela Kota Mataram

As a result of increasing population, the quantity of solid waste is continuing to grow. The most common method for the disposal of solid waste is landfilling. However, huge negative environmental impacts such as odor, dust, contamination of groundwater are among the problems that arise due to disposal of solid waste in landfill sites. Therefore, reduction of solid waste going to landfill is important issue to implemented. Achievement of this target depends upon active waste minimization being practices by all part of the community. This community service program was conducted in Karang Pule, Sekarbela district, Mataram. The aims of the activity were to provide knowledge and increasing public awareness regarding to the urgency of reducing the amount of waste sent to landfill sites, utilizing waste as much as possible through reduce, reuse, recycling (3R) in accordance with the principles of waste management hierarchy towards zero waste. In addition, the process of utilizing organic waste into compost for plant fertilizers was demonstrated. The community service program was also carried out by involving the participants on composting process. The results of the evaluation showed that the participants were very interested and understood the material provided.

PEMBUATAN PRODUK SABUN CAIR DARI ECO-ENZYME DI KELURAHAN ANDALAS KECAMATAN PADANG TIMUR KOTA PADANG

Eco-Enzyme, a multifunctional liquid produced from a mixture of organic waste such as vegetables, fruits, brown sugar, coconut sugar, corn sugar, sugarcane, and water that has undergone fermentation, has various benefits for the environment and human health. Eco-Enzyme contains beneficial enzymes that accelerate biochemical reactions in the environment. The enzymes found in Eco-Enzyme can be used for various applications, such as organic liquid fertilizer for plants, an additive in detergents, floor cleaners, pesticide residue cleaners, and rust removers. Using Eco-Enzyme as a liquid soap can help reduce soil pollution. Meanwhile, using Eco-Enzyme as a cleaning agent can help reduce the use of hazardous chemicals that damage the environment. This integrated program is carried out in three stages: the first is to socialize the benefits of using Eco-Enzyme, the second is to make Eco-Enzyme, and the third is to make soap from Eco-Enzyme. The production of Eco-Enzyme begins with the collection of organic waste consisting of fruit and vegetable waste, which is then mixed with brown sugar and water and left to ferment for three months. After the Eco-Enzyme product is ready, soap-making uses ingredients such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), coconut oil, cooking oil, distilled water, orange-scented perfume, and Eco-Enzyme. Training on Eco-Enzyme and soap making is conducted in the Andalas Subdistrict, which is welcomed enthusiastically by the local community. This program is expected to serve as a reference for transforming organic waste into more practical and environmentally friendly sustainable products.

The effect of planting scheme and fertilizer rates on the quality of sugar beet

Sugar beet is a crop of huge national economic importance. The beetroot plant shows great sensitivity to the abiotic factors especially to fertility of the soil. The lack of nutrients in the soil where this plant is grown weakens its normal development and significantly reduces its yield. Therefore, the present research work was planned to assess the impact of planting schemes and mineral fertilizer norms on the quality production of sugar beet. Research works were carried out in 2021-2022 with Caucasian variety of sugar beet on irrigated gray-brown soils. The field experiments were laid out under different plnating schemes and fertilizer application rates. In case of 50x20 cm planting scheme without fertilizer (control); dry matter 21.4%, sugar 15.6%, protein 5.38%, fat 0.61%, cellulose 5.69%, ash 4, 46% and nitrate nitrogen 147.5 mg/kg in wet mass, respectively were recorded in background (P120K90) variant; 15.9%; 5.85%; 0.65%; 5.77%; 4.53% and 163.8 mg/kg.The quality indicators of sugar beet, as well as root and fruit crops, increased significantly compared to the control and background (P120K90) variants in the increased rates of nitrogen fertilizer along with the background. The highest quality indicators were observed in the background+N90 variant, respectively 24.9%; 17.9%; 6.21%; 0.76%; 6.05%; 4.71% and 183.0 mg/kg. In the 50x20 cm planting scheme, which has more food space, the quality indicators were higher in each of the studied options than in the 50x10 cm and 50x15 cm planting schemes, depending on the mineral fertilizer norms. 0.8-3.5% dry matter, 0.3-2.3% sugar, 0.47-0.83% protein, 0.04-0.15% fat, cellulose 0.08-0.36%, ash by 0.07-0.25% and nitrate nitrogen increased by 16.3-45.7 mg/kg in wet weight. The amount of nitrates in the root fruits of sugar beet was much less than the permissible limit (250 mg/kg in wet weight). It is concluded that the highest indicators were obtained in the background+N90 and 50x20 cm planting scheme

Assessment of macronutrients status using digital soil mapping techniques: a case study in Maru'ak area in Lorestan Province, Iran.

The present study was conducted to compare generalized linear model (GLM), random forest (RF), and Cubist to produce available phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK) maps and to identify the covariates that control mineral distribution in Lorestan Province, Iran. To this end, the locations for collecting 173 soil samples were determined through the conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) method, at four different land-uses (orchards, paddy fields, agricultural, and abandoned fields). The performance of the models was assessed by coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) indices. The results showed that the RF model fitted better than GLM and Cubist models and could explain 40 and 57% of AP and AK distribution, respectively. The R2, RMSE, and MAE of the RF model were 0.4, 2.81, and 2.43 for predicting AP and equal to 0.57, 143.77, and 116.61 for predicting AK, respectively. The most important predictors selected by the RF model were valley depth and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) for AP and AK, respectively. The maps showed higher AP and AK content in apricot orchards compared to other land-uses. No difference was observed between AP and AK content on paddy fields, agricultural, and abandoned areas. The higher AP and AK contents were related to orchard management practices, such as failure to dispose of plant residuals and fertilizer consumption. It can be concluded that the orchards (by increasing soil quality) was the best land-use in line with sustainable management for the study area. However, generalizing the results needs more detailed research.

INDICATORS OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF BROILER CHICKEN DROPPINGS WITH LITTER DURING DIFFERENT STORAGE TIMES

The increase in the population on the planet leads to an increase in the volume of food production. The high demand for poultry products leads to a rapid increase in the number of broiler chickens both in the world and in Ukraine, and at the same time to an increase in the volume of poultry waste, especially droppings and litter. Intensive and uncontrolled use of fresh broiler droppings as organic fertilizer for agricultural plants has a number of economic and ecological disadvantages. Therefore, there is a need to store (ferment) the broiler chickens droppings for a certain period of time (up to 20 months) in order to use it safely in crop production. Bacteria play an important role in the course of enzymatic processes in poultry droppings during its storage. It is of scientific interest to determine the number of bacteria in the droppings of broiler chickens with litter (cereal straw) stored for different times in the cold season. The content of microorganisms was determined in the droppings of broiler chickens. Samples were taken in January at an air temperature of 1.3 °C under the conditions of the experimental farm of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University from droppings 2 days after unloading from poultry houses, and which was stored for 4 and 9 months in barns. The content of CFU Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli was determined in the litter. The indicator of KMAFAnM in the droppings of broiler chickens unloaded from poultry houses was 3.5x108. Until the 4th month of storage of the droppings, the KMAFAnM indicator in it increased. For 9 months of storage, the index of KMAFAnM in the droppings of broiler chickens decreases by 58.7 times compared to the index obtained after 4 months of composting. A group of bacteria Bacillus spp. was represented by the following species: Bacillus subtilis (dominant), Bacillus mesentericus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mycoides. Colonies of Bacillus spp. sown from droppings of different periods of storage were dry, with a wrinkled surface. They were colorless and light velvety in color. The edges of the colony of this bacterium were wavy. The lowest rate of CFU Bacillus spp. was found in the droppings unloaded from poultry houses. The number of CFU Bacillus spp. in droppings that was stored for 4 months was the largest. In broiler droppings that was stored for 9 months, the CFU indicator of Bacillus spp. was 10 times lower compared to droppings that was stored for 4 months. A group of bacteria Staphylococcus spp. was represented mainly by the following species: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. CFU index of Staphylococcus spp. in the droppings unloaded from the poultry houses was 4.6x107. The largest number of CFU Staphylococcus spp. was found in droppings that were stored for 4 months. In the droppings of broiler chickens after 4 months of storage, the CFU index of Streptococcus spp. was greater than at the beginning of storage by 28.8 times and by 53.1 times relative to the droppings stored for 9 months. Research on the detection of Escherichia coli bacteria in the droppings of broiler chickens had a negative result regardless of the time of storage of poultry droppings. CFU Escherichia coli were not detected.

Agronomic Interventions for Higher Water use Efficiency in Greengram (Vigna radiata): An Overview

Agronomic manipulations are imperative for apposite growth of crop leading to higher yields. Various management practices like seed rate, planting time and method, plant population, intercultural practices, weed management, fertilizers and irrigation application, intercropping, mulch application for soil moisture conservation, etc. results in increased water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop. Also selection of crop which necessities lesser water usage for crop growth encourages diversification. Greengram is paramount preference for areas with scarcity of good quality water. Being rich in protein content and minerals, it serves the purpose of healthy regimen. Timely sown crop results in better growth due to favorable climatic conditions. Whereas late sown crop is adversely affected by pest attack, temperature fluctuation etc. ensuing reduced water use efficiency and yield diminution. Planting method, plant population and intercultural operations are essential in agronomic point of view. Selection of apt irrigation regimes directly effects water use efficiency in any field study. As crop productivity is equal with water productivity, the efficient irrigation schedule assures water saving without affecting the crop yields. Because, where no irrigations are given, the water use may be low by the crop but, this may affect crop yields. Use of recommended fertilizers may facilitate the use of irrigation water by crop for its better growth and improved WUE. Insertion of low water requiring crop as intercrop can unswervingly increase water productivity. Applying mulch conserve moisture as its use lowers evaporation from soil surface. Usage of weed management practices conserves irrigation water as weeds compete with crop plants for water and nutrients. Wherefore, the present review will reckon upon the impact of innumerable agronomic interventions in increasing water productivity.

Smart self-power generating garbage management system using deep learning for smart cities

Population growth and industrialization lead to a proportionate increase in cities' daily waste generation rates. Communities in developing cities often turn to waste disposal methods that have proven destructive to human health and the environment. Further, the disposal of waste is not treated and utilized for waste-to-energy (WtE)-based energy generation. To overcome this situation, many researchers proposed various solutions. However, the optimal utilization of this waste for power generation still needs to be solved. The proposed work discusses a self-powered garbage management system using a Convolution Neural Network and IOT for households in smart cities. The proposed system collects household wastes and segregates them into organic and inorganic wastes using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The inorganic waste is sent to the recycling bin, and the organic waste is used for power generation. The residue of the organic waste after power generation is utilized as fertilizer for plants. The proposed system comprises five modules: a garbage collector, a segregation unit, a power generator unit, an inorganic waste collection bin with IoT-enabled sensors, and an electronic control unit. The garbage collector unit collects household waste. The CNN-based waste classifier in the segregator unit separates the waste into organic and inorganic, and the organic waste is sent to the power generation unit. The waste is grinded using a combustion unit in the power generator, producing biogas for electric power generation.The system is fully automatic, and a Raspberry Pi controller controls the complete process with the help of sensors and various motors. The system monitors the inorganic waste collection bin level using sensors. It sends a notification to the municipality's Garbage Collection Van operator using the IoT module once the bin is full and can be sent for recycling. The accuracy of the proposed CNN for waste segregation is 98%. While comparing with other pre-trained CNN models, such as InceptionV3 and Inception ResNet, the proposed method produces satisfactory results with 14% and 12% accuracy gains, respectively. The segregated and decomposed 50 kg of organic waste can produce 6 m3 of biogas which in turn can produce 114 MJ of electric energy, which can be utilized for street lights and also for the proposed smart self-power generating garbage management system to function. The proposed system is highly adaptable in smart cities for household municipal waste management with minimum routine monitoring and operational time requirements. Further, the system generates only a fraction of the required energy.