Plant Diseases In Agriculture Research Articles

Covariance Kalman Geometric Graph Based Feature Extraction And Bernoulli Kernel Classifier For Plant Leaf Disease Prediction

As far as the agricultural domain is concerned, one of the most hot research areas of analysis is accurate prediction of leaf disease from the leaf images of a plant. The prediction of agricultural plant diseases bymeans of the image processing techniques will hence reduce the dependence on the farmers to safeguard their agricultural land and also their products. However, with the presence of noise, the leaf disease prediction is said to be hindered. To address this issue, in this paper, Covariance Kalman Geometric Graph-basedBernoulliClassifier (CKGG-BC) for Plant leaf disease prediction is proposed. The CKGG-BC method is split into three parts. To start with the plant leaf image provided as input, the Covariance Kalman Filtered Preprocessing modelintroduced for the image enhancement. Second, Geometric Graph-based Segmented Co-occurrence Feature Extraction model is applied to the preprocessed image to accurately segment the infected leaf areas and followed by which extracting the accurate infected leaf areas. Finally, Bernoulli Online Multiple Kernel Learning Classifier is applied for accurate plant leaf disease prediction with minimum classification error. The proposed method provides a significant refinement with respect to state-of-the-art methods. Even under complex background conditions, i.e., in the presence of noise, the averageaccuracy of the proposed method is said to be improved and hence paves mechanism for prediction of plant leaf disease in a significant manner. Experimentalresults exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of computational overhead, accuracy, true positive rate and classification error respectively.

Evaluation of the use of essential oils for managing powdery mildew disease on zucchini plants

For many years, plant protection products have been used to manage plant diseases in agriculture, contributing to increase agricultural production. However, plant protection products could cause undesirable adverse effects on human health and the environment. This research aims to highlight the efficacy of plant protection strategies based on natural products. In order to find an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides, different formulates based on essential oils, single and in combination, have been tested against zucchini powdery mildew. Their effectiveness against fungal pathogens has been studied extensively, showing that their antifungal activity is closely associated with monoterpenic phenols, i.e. thymol, carvacrol, eugenol. The tested essential oils included Rosmarinus officinalis (L.), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry and Origanum vulgare (L.). The performed experiments pointed out that when using the combination of essential oils, the formulate showed better disease protection compared to the ones based on single oils, confirming the results obtained in previous trials. The good level of disease reduction, also observed in these trials, allows us to carry on the work for the development of formulations based on essential oils at low dosages, taking advantage of the essential oils mixtures’ synergistic effect.

Pesticide Use Related to Pesticide Poisoning Factors and the Impact of Pesticide Exposure on Health

Pesticides are chemicals used to kill pests, both insects, fungi and weeds. Pesticides have been widely used for the purpose of eradicating pests and plant diseases in agriculture. The classification of the severity of pesticide exposure seen from the activities carried out is divided into four categories ranging from the lowest to the highest. A person with increasing age causes the metabolism function to decrease, so the average level of cholinestrase in the blood will be lower, making it easier for pesticide poisoning. Many studies have shown that there is a close relationship between the lengths of pesticide exposure

Activation of aqueous solutions by high-frequency glow discharge plasma in water vapor to stimulate growth and control diseases of agricultural plants

The results of an experimental study of the activation of weak aqueous solutions of a strong electrolyte with a low-temperature glow discharge plasma are presented. A method for producing an activated aqueous solution based on 0.9 % NaCl solution in a glow discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure is presented. The main characteristics of the activated aqueous solution, including the Raman spectrum at a wavelength λ = 514,53 nm, are shown. The results of experiments on the test objects give an assessment of the effectiveness of the effect of the obtained activated aqueous solution on various crops. In particular, experimental confirmation of the possibility of using this activated solution as a plant growth regulator was obtained.

Segmentation and Classification of Plant Disease using SVM–PSO in Cloud

Area of agriculture plant disease detection attracts is very important one, main role is diseases detection. To develop the plant diseases detection, it required to identify arrival of the diseases in the leaf and instruction to the agriculturalists. In this proposed work, a leaf disease detection system (LDDS) based on Otsu segment (OS) is developed to identify and classify the diseases in the set of leaves. Clustering scheme is offered from segmented image of the diseased leaf. Otsu segmentation is measured the size of segmented leaf are uploaded to less storage place. In observing location, the amounts are retrieved as well as the features are extracted from the original segmented image. The enhancement as well as classification is used to SVM based on PSO classifier. The overall design of this paper is LDDS take scan be calculated in terms of system efficiency and it is compared with the existing methods. The result indicates the research technique offers a whole detection accuracy of 90.5% and classification accuracy of 90.4%.

Ants suppressing plant pathogens: a review

Ant–plant mutualisms are usually regarded as driven by ants defending plants against herbivores in return for plant‐produced food rewards and housing. However, ants may provide additional services. In a review of published studies on ant–pathogen–plant interactions, we investigated whether ants’ extensive hygiene measures, including the use of ant‐produced antibiotics, extend to their host plants and reduce plant pathogen loads. From 30 reported species combinations, we found that the presence of ants lead to reduced pathogen levels in 18 combinations and to increased levels in 6. On average, ants significantly reduced pathogen incidence with 59%. This effect size did not differ significantly from effect sizes reported from meta‐analyses on herbivore protection. Thus, pathogen and herbivore protection could be of equal importance in ant–plant mutualisms. Considering the abundance of these interactions, ecological impacts are potentially high. Furthermore, awareness of this service may stimulate the development of new measures to control plant diseases in agriculture. It should be noted, though, that studies were biased toward tropical ant–plant symbioses and that the literature in the field is limited at present. Future research on plant pathogens is needed to enhance our understanding of ant–plant mutualisms and their evolution.

Recognition and classification of paddy leaf diseases using Optimized Deep Neural network with Jaya algorithm

In the agriculture field, one of the recent research topics is recognition and classification of diseases from the leaf images of a plant. The recognition of agricultural plant diseases by utilizing the image processing techniques will minimize the reliance on the farmers to protect the agricultural products. In this paper, Recognition and Classification of Paddy Leaf Diseases using Optimized Deep Neural Network with Jaya Algorithm is proposed. For the image acquisition the images of rice plant leaves are directly captured from the farm field for normal, bacterial blight, brown spot, sheath rot and blast diseases. In pre-processing, for the background removal the RGB images are converted into HSV images and based on the hue and saturation parts binary images are extracted to split the diseased and non-diseased part. For the segmentation of diseased portion, normal portion and background a clustering method is used. Classification of diseases is carried out by using Optimized Deep Neural Network with Jaya Optimization Algorithm (DNN_JOA). In order to precise the stability of this approach a feedback loop is generated in the post processing step. The experimental results are evaluated and compared with ANN, DAE and DNN. The proposed method achieved high accuracy of 98.9% for the blast affected, 95.78% for the bacterial blight, 92% for the sheath rot, 94% for the brown spot and 90.57% for the normal leaf image.

Vfr, A Global Regulatory Gene, is Required for Pyrrolnitrin but not for Phenazine-1-carboxylic Acid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas chlororaphis G05.

In our previous study, pyrrolnitrin produced in Pseudomonas chlororaphis G05 plays more critical role in suppression of mycelial growth of some fungal pathogens that cause plant diseases in agriculture. Although some regulators for pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis were identified, the pyrrolnitrin regulation pathway was not fully constructed. During our screening novel regulator candidates, we obtained a white conjugant G05W02 while transposon mutagenesis was carried out between a fusion mutant G05ΔphzΔprn::lacZ and E. coli S17-1 (pUT/mini-Tn5Kan). By cloning and sequencing of the transposon-flanking DNA fragment, we found that a vfr gene in the conjugant G05W02 was disrupted with mini-Tn5Kan. In one other previous study on P. fluorescens, however, it was reported that the deletion of the vfr caused increased production of pyrrolnitrin and other antifungal metabolites. To confirm its regulatory function, we constructed the vfr-knockout mutant G05Δvfr and G05ΔphzΔprn::lacZΔvfr. By quantifying β-galactosidase activities, we found that deletion of the vfr decreased the prn operon expression dramatically. Meanwhile, by quantifying pyrrolnitrin production in the mutant G05Δvfr, we found that deficiency of the Vfr caused decreased pyrrolnitrin production. However, production of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid was same to that in the wild-type strain G05. Taken together, Vfr is required for pyrrolnitrin but not for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid biosynthesis in P. chlororaphis G05.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ АНТИФУНГАЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ МИКРОМИЦЕТОВ В ПРИСУТСТВИИ НАНОЧАСТИЦ

Micromycetes were isolated from Moldavian soil, from which 11 strains belonging to the genus Trichoderma (5 strains) and Penicillium (6 strains) were selected, in which antifungal activity was determined in relation to a number of test cultures - 5 strains of phytopathogenic fungi that cause diseases of agricultural plants, often found in Moldova. The strains were grown on the agar medium Czapek with the addition of nanoparticles (NPs) to the medium in concentrations: Co - 0.0001%; Cu, ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 2 ZnO 4 and Fe 2 CuO 4 - 0.001%. Studies have shown that the addition of Co NP to the medium did not affect the antifungal activity in the presence of Cu NP and ZnO NP (4.5-92%) in representatives of the genus Trichoderma. The best results were obtained by adding Fe 2 O 3 or Fe2ZnO 4 (5.3-30.4%) to the medium. In representatives of the genus Penicillium, it was also noted that the best results in determining the antifungal activity corresponded to the variants of experiments with the addition of NPs Fe 2 O 3 , Fe2,ZnO 4 and Fe 2 CuO 4 (an increase in the growth inhibition zones from 6.4 to 33.3%). Thus, according to the obtained results, it can be stated that the presence of NPs of various chemical natures have a definite effect on the change in the antifungal activity of micromycetes against to phytopathogens, causing various diseases of important crops cultivated in Moldova. The representatives of the genus Trichoderma and Penicillium found the possibility of increasing antifungal activity against to one or another phytopathogen, varying the composition of the cultivation medium by the addition of certain NPs to it.

Фитосанитарный прогноз – залог получения стабильного урожая хмеля

The article presents monitoring data on the identification and determination of the species composition of phytophages and phytopathogens of ordinary hop plantings in the Chuvash Republic in conditions of high temperatures and a dry summer of 2018. Studies were conducted on hop plantations in the hop-growing enterprises of the Chuvash Republic in 2018. Methods of identifying, accounting for pests and diseases were carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations on the forecast of development and accounting of pests and diseases of agricultural plants. Observations on the species composition showed a stable structure of the species community. Against the background of high summer temperatures and droughts, there was a clear inhibition of pest populations, at the same time some species of phytophages felt well and adapted to these conditions, completed development cycles favorably, and left for wintering quite a lot. The greatest damage to hop planting this year was caused by an ordinary spider mite. The timely detection and localization of foci of spider mite gave the opportunity to prevent the spread, control the number and harmfulness.

Silver Nanoparticles Complexed with Bovine Submaxillary Mucin Possess Strong Antibacterial Activity and Protect against Seedling Infection.

A simple method for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) of silver (Ag) in a matrix of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) was reported previously by some of the authors of this study. Based on mucin characteristics such as long-lasting stability, water solubility, and surfactant and adhesive characteristics, we hypothesized that these compounds, named BSM-Ag NPs, may possess favorable properties as potent antimicrobial agents. The goal of this study was to assess whether BSM-Ag NPs possess antibacterial activity, focusing on important plant-pathogenic bacterial strains representing both Gram-negative (Acidovorax and Xanthomonas) and Gram-positive (Clavibacter) genera. Growth inhibition and bactericidal assays, as well as electron microscopic observations, demonstrate that BSM-Ag NPs, at relatively low concentrations of silver, exert strong antimicrobial effects. Moreover, we show that treatment of melon seeds with BSM-Ag NPs effectively prevents seed-to-seedling transmission of Acidovorax citrulli, one of the most threatening pathogens of cucurbit production worldwide. Overall, our findings demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity of BSM-Ag NPs and their potential application for reducing the spread and establishment of devastating bacterial plant diseases in agriculture.IMPORTANCE Bacterial plant diseases challenge agricultural production, and the means available to manage them are limited. Importantly, many plant-pathogenic bacteria have the ability to colonize seeds, and seed-to-seedling transmission is a critical route by which bacterial plant diseases spread to new regions and countries. The significance of our study resides in the following aspects: (i) the simplicity of the method of BSM-Ag NP synthesis, (ii) the advantageous chemical properties of BSM-Ag NPs, (iii) the strong antibacterial activity of BSM-Ag NPs at relatively low concentrations of silver, and (iv) the fact that, in contrast to most studies on the effects of metal NPs on plant pathogens, the proof of concept for the novel compound is supported by in planta assays. Application of this technology is not limited to agriculture; BSM-Ag NPs potentially could be exploited as a potent antimicrobial agent in a wide range of industrial areas, including medicine, veterinary medicine, cosmetics, textiles, and household products.

GEODATA: Information System Based on Geospatial for Early Warning Tracking and Analysis Agricultural Plant Diseases in Central Java

The Government of Indonesia is currently faced with the problems of food, especially rice. It needs in large numbers that have to import from neighboring countries. Actually, the Indonesian government has the ability to produce rice to meet national needs but is still faced with the problem of pest attack rice annually increasing extent. One of the factors is that geographically Indonesia located on the migration path of world rice insect pests (called BPH or Brown Planthoppers) (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) It leads endemic status annually. One proposed strategy to be applied is to use an early warning system based on a specific region of the main pest population. The proposed information system called GEODATA. GEODATA is Geospatial Outbreak of Disease Tracking and Analysis. The system works using a library ESSA (Exponential Smoothing - Spatial Autocorrelation) developed in previous studies in Satya Wacana Christian University. GEODATA built to meet the qualifications required surveillance device by BMKG (Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics’ Central Java Provinces), BPTPH (Indonesian Agency of Plant Protection and Horticulture) Central Java Provinces, BKP-KP District Boyolali, Central Java, (Indonesian Agency of Food Security and Agriculture Field Supervisor, District Boyolali, Central Java Provinces) and farmer groups. GIS GEODATA meets the needs of surveillance devices that include: (1) mapping of the disease, (2) analysis of the dynamics of the disease, and (3) prediction of attacks / disease outbreaks in a particular region. GIS GEODATA is currently under implementation in the laboratory field observations of plant pest in Central Java province, Indonesia.

DIVERSITY OF SOIL ARTHROPOD IN GREEN BARRIER AREA PT. PUSRI

The research was conducted to inventory and identify as well as acknowledge the correlation between vegetation type with soil arthropods in the Green Barrier area of PT Pusri. PT. Pusri green Barrier area is 28 hectares and dominated by 10 types of vegetation, such as, the Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Wild), Bambu (Bambusa Sp), Beringin (Ficus benyamina), Buah Roda (Hura crepitans L), Jati (Tectona grandis L), Kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) , Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L), Mahony (Swietenia macrophylla King), Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), and Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L). Soil arthropods were collected by using pit fall traps and funnel barlese-tullgren in every type of vegetation, between July-August 2015. Identification of arthropod genera Identification has been done in Entomology Laboratory of the Agriculture Plant Disease Faculty Sriwijaya University, and analysis of soil organic in the Laboratory of Soil Faculty of Agriculture Sriwijaya University. The results were obtained into 3 classes of soil arthropods belonging to the 10 orders, 28 families and 35 genera. The diversity index value of soil arthropods in various types of vegetation is classified moderately (H= 1-3), and no type of soil arthropods were dominant, mean that soil arthropods with different types spread over in the various types of vegetation in the area of Green Barrier PT. Pusri. Light intensity abiotic factors play an important role in the life of the soil arthropod communities in vegetation Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L) with a correlation coefficient 1.00Keywords: soil arthropods, community structure, a biotic factors, Green Barrier PT. Pusri

Study on Insect Pests Detection Based on Digital Image

This paper mainly performs Cascade AdaBoost algorithm based on multi-feature to detect the images of Eurydema dominulus, which will cause harm to crucifer. Firstly, the mixing of HAAR features and LBP features is adopted instead of the single-feature of traditional model, which makes description of images more comprehensively from the angle of the gradient and texture. And then use the best features selected by Gentle AdaBoost algorithm to compose the weak classifier and the strong classifier. And the cascade detector is composed of the trained classifiers of each layer according to a certain screening rate. Experimental results show that the method of detection has the probability of dis-detecting and leak-detecting, but it still has a certain reference value in the field of agricultural plant diseases and insect pests detection for its good robustness.

VIRAL DISEASES OF WHEAT AND THEIR MAIN CARRIER IN THE CONDITIONS OF LOWER VOLGA

Of numerous diseases of agricultural plants, the viral and mycoplasmal diseases cause the biggest losses. The most widespread wheat viral diseases in lower Volga are the Russian winter wheat mosaic, mosaic of awnless brome, barley yellow dwarf and wheat pale green dwarf, the last one caused by a my-coplasma infection. The large majority of phytopathogenic viruses are distributed by insect vectors, which, as a rule, are virus-specific and often provide not only the transfer of virus particles but also their long-time keeping, multiplication and virulence rising. The presented investigations in 2010-2011 suggested that high amount of leafhoppers, their virus-carrying, and also favorable weather conditions are basic factors for the spreading of viral infection on wheat plants. The dynamics of leafhoppers number was investigated on two winter wheat varieties and two spring ones, the degree of development of complex viral diseases on culture was studied. It was shown that in 2011 significant reduction of carrier population (as compared with 2010) resulted in decrease of preva-lence of viral infection both on spring and winter wheat. Both on spring and winter wheat the first symptoms of infection can be already observed at tillering. At the earing phase the majority of infected plants does not form the ear or are lost entirely. Keywords: wheat, virus diseases, insect vector.

ДИНАМИКА ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ЦИКАДКИ ПОЛОСАТОЙ (Psammotettix striatus L.) И РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ МОЗАИКИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ НИЖНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

Of numerous diseases of agricultural plants, the viral and mycoplasmal diseases cause the biggest losses. The most widespread wheat viral diseases in lower Volga are the Russian winter wheat mosaic, mosaic of awnless brome, barley yellow dwarf and wheat pale green dwarf, the last one caused by a mycoplasma infection. The large majority of phytopathogenic viruses are distributed by insect vectors, which, as a rule, are virus-specific and often provide not only the transfer of virus particles but also their long-time keeping, multiplication and virulence rising. The presented investigations in 2010-2011 suggested that high amount of leafhoppers, their virus-carrying, and also favorable weather conditions are basic factors for the spreading of viral infection on wheat plants. The dynamics of leafhoppers number was investigated on two winter wheat varieties and two spring ones, the degree of development of complex viral diseases on culture was studied. It was shown that in 2011 significant reduction of carrier population (as compared with 2010) resulted in decrease of prevalence of viral infection both on spring and winter wheat. Both on spring and winter wheat the first symptoms of infection can be already observed at tillering. At the earing phase the majority of infected plants does not form the ear or are lost entirely.

BACTERIAL AND VIRAL DISEASES OF CROPS: DISTRIBUTION AND DIAGNOSTICS

A workshop devoted to «Problems of bacterial and viral plant diseases in agriculture and development of integrated plant protection» was held at April; 24 t h 2013 at Russian University of People's Friendship.

Trichoderma biocontrol: signal transduction pathways involved in host sensing and mycoparasitism.

Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are used as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi like Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium spp. which cause both soil-borne and leaf- or flower-borne diseases of agricultural plants. Plant disease control by Trichoderma is based on complex interactions between Trichoderma, the plant pathogen and the plant. Until now, two main components of biocontrol have been identified: direct activity of Trichoderma against the plant pathogen by mycoparasitism and induced systemic resistance in plants. As the mycoparasitic interaction is host-specific and not merely a contact response, it is likely that signals from the host fungus are recognised by Trichoderma and provoke transcription of mycoparasitism-related genes. In the last few years examination of signalling pathways underlying Trichoderma biocontrol started and it was shown that heterotrimeric G-proteins and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases affected biocontrol-relevant processes such as the production of hydrolytic enzymes and antifungal metabolites and the formation of infection structures. MAPK signalling was also found to be involved in induction of plant systemic resistance in Trichoderma virens and in the hyperosmotic stress response in Trichoderma harzianum. Analyses of the function of components of the cAMP pathway during Trichoderma biocontrol revealed that mycoparasitism-associated coiling and chitinase production as well as secondary metabolism are affected by the internal cAMP level; in addition, a cross talk between regulation of light responses and the cAMP signalling pathway was found in Trichoderma atroviride.

Climate change and plant diseases in Ontario

Current models predict that expected climate change in Ontario will significantly affect the occurrence of plant diseases in agriculture and forestry in the coming years. Direct, multiple effects on the epidemiology of plant diseases are expected, including the survival of primary inoculum, the rate of disease progress during a growing season, and the duration of epidemics. These effects will positively or negatively influence individual pathogens and the diseases they cause. Changes in the spectra of diseases are also anticipated. Abiotic diseases associated with environmental extremes are expected to increase, and interactions between biotic and abiotic diseases might represent the most important effects of climate change on plant diseases. The management of plant diseases will also be affected. In agriculture, plant breeding programs are expected to adapt many crops to increased duration of growing seasons and, concurrently, to develop drought and stress tolerance. There will be opportunities for new crops and cultivars to be introduced, but effective systems must be in place to detect new pathogens and prevent them from entering with these new crops. Because of the long-lived nature of trees, forests are slow to adapt, and the impact of climate change will have to be considered in forest management plans. Adaptations in agriculture and forestry have been occurring in Ontario for over 100 years, but these may need to occur at an accelerated rate because of rapid changes in climate. It is critical that the infrastructure of agricultural and forestry research remains strong to ensure successful transition and adaptation.

Review: Lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia complex

BurKholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of phenotypically similar, genetically distinct bacteria that are beneficial to the environment but can also cause severe human infections. Bcc are being exploited for use as bioremediation agents and as a way to combat agricultural plant diseases. However, Bcc can cause lung infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease or cystic fibrosis often resulting in mortality of these patients. Since it is unclear what bacterial components are necessary for causing human infections, studies of Bcc have focused on identifying putative virulence factors. As in other Gram-negative bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Bcc induces a strong immune response that can contribute to host cell damage. The unusual structure of Bcc LPS lowers the anionic charge of the Bcc cell surface, which inhibits the binding and subsequent effects of cationic antibiotics. These distinguishing features include the substitution of a Ko for a Kdo residue in the inner core oligosaccharide and Ara4N residues bound to phosphates of the lipid A backbone. The structures of O antigen subunits and the consequent serotypes will also be discussed, with particular reference to the O antigen biosynthetic loci of two Bcc strains.