Plant Diameter Research Articles

The Growth Response Variability of Some Legume Species on Salinity

Abundant amount of saline soils provides possibility to increase farming acreage in Indonesia. Legume species are good sources of protein for Indonesian daily food. Among legumes species, some species could show more tolerant to salinity and could be potentially cultivated on saline soils. Our present research work was undertaken to evaluate the growth response of legume species to salinity. Alfisol and saline soils, as main factors, used in the study were combined factorially with six legume species (groundnut, soybean, pigeon pea, velvet bean, hyacinth bean and sword bean) as sub-factor. Each factorial treatment was arranged in randomized block designed and was replicated three times. The standard deviation (SD) analysis was used to analyse the effect of salinity to the growth of legume species. Plant height at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and at 50 DAS, shoot diameter at 50 DAS, root dry weight at 50 DAS, shoot dry weight at 50 DAS and leaf dry weight at 50 DAS varied among legume species on Alfisol and saline soils. In general, the plant growth of legume crops, measured as plant height, plant diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf dry weight, was significantly retarded by salinity at different degree. The growth reduction on saline soil was related to higher Na concentration in roots and leaves. The highest and the lowest degrees of retardation by salinity on root, shoot and leaf dry weights were observed on pigeon pea and groundnut, respectively. Soybean, velvet bean, and hyacinth bean showed the degree of growth retardation by salinity between pigeon pea and groundnut. Response to salinity of sword bean was comparable to groundnut. Thus, groundnut and sword bean could be cultivated on saline soil.

КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЙ СИГНАЛ В РАДИАЛЬНОМ ПРИРОСТЕ МОЛОДНЯКА И ДЕРЕВЬЕВ СОСНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ

The article describes the results of a radial growth (2005–2019) analysis among the trees and undergrowth of Scots pine, which grows under extreme ecological conditions of the Uchalinsky Mining and Processing Plant (the Republic of Bashkortostan). Comparatively large variation of the trait was revealed among the trees in intra- and interannual levels. Multidirectional signals of the climatic factors influence on plant growth were found in the two alternative age groups. Monthly temperatures turned out to be more critical in this process for trees, precipitation was more important for the undergrowth. The fact of a statistically significant correlation of the radial increase with the amount of precipitation in October of previous years was revealed in the first age group. Monthly temperatures in January and July had a significant positive effect on the annual growth of trees, but April temperatures negatively correlated with this indicator. A negative correlation between the high temperatures of June and July and the increase in plant diameter was found in the undergrowth. To ensure a high radial increase in this age group, more precipitation in September of previous years and July of current years is important. It was shown that the occurrence of these patterns in the younger generation of Scots pine depends on forest growing conditions. The results obtained allow to quantify the climatic signals in the growth of the plant and can be useful in predicting the impact of climate change on this species.

Applications of cow manure and bagasse biochar on the growth and flavonoids of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria)

Cow manure and bagasse biochar are expected to increase yield of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) and reduce the use of chemical that can trigger global warming. This study aimed to obtain the response of adding cow manure and bagasse biochar on the growth and flavonoids in white turmeric. This research was held in July 2022 – June 2023, located at faculty agriculture experimental field and CV Che-Mix Pratama. The method used completely randomized design with two factors and 3 replications. The first factor was cow manure dose 0, 100, 200, and 300 g perpolybag and the second was bagasse biochar 0, 80, 160, and 240 g perpolybag. Variables consisted number of leaves, number of tillers, diameter, stem dry weight, rhizomes wet weight, rhizomes dry weight, and flavonoids percentage. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with a 5% level test and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% level. Dose 300 g of cow manure was the best treatment to generate the best number of leaves, number of tillers, plant diameter, stem dry weight, rhizomes wet weight and dry weight. The highest flavonoids at 0.06% was found in 100 g of cow manure and 240 g of bagasse biochar.

The Effectiveness of Using Types of Containers and Consentration AB Mix on the Growth and Production of White Packcoy (Brassica rapa L.) Var. Dakota Uses Wick System Hydroponics

The research was conducted in Branggah Village, Lumbang District, Probolinggo Regency, from March to June 2020. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using containers and AB mix nutrient concentrations on the growth and production of white pakcoy plants (Brassica Rapa L) using a hydroponic wick system. . The design used was factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of two factors: 1. The wick system hydroponic container material consists of a plastic tub; Styrofoam, Stainless steel 2. Concentration of AB Mix Nutrients consists of 4 (four) levels, namely 1100 ppm; 1300 ppm; 1500 ppm; 1700 ppm with 3 repetitions. Parameters observed: Plant height, number of leaves, plant diameter, plant wet weight, root length, plant dry weight. The results showed that the single treatment of the wick system hydroponic container and the concentration of AB mix showed a significant effect on the observations of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, wet and dry weight of plants of all ages of observation. The interaction between container type and nutrient concentration had no effect on all observed parameters except leaf area.

A dataset of species composition and biomass in successional stages of Tiantong typical evergreen broad-leaved forest (2008–2017)

As a basic properties of forest vegetation, forest succession law is the basis understanding . Typical evergreen broad-leaved forest a zonal vegetation in the subtropical area of China. The existing vegetation is mostly in different secondary succession stages due to human and natural disturbance. lant species is an important indicator of the forest ecosystem and the basis for the study o structure, function and dynamics of evergreen broad-leaved forest. According to CNERN monitoring standards, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station three three succession plots and established a dataset species composition 2008 to 2017. The succession plots are evergreen shrub plot, Schima Superba forest plot and Castanopsis fargesii forest plot, respectively species name, abundance, mean diameter and biomass of woody plants the plots. The database provides critical data for the study and application of succession, community assembly and forest restoration in subtropical typical evergreen broad-leaved forests.

NPK 15-10-12 dengan Pengisi Abu Terbang: Pengembangan Pupuk dan Pengujian pada Tomat

PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PSP) produces 1,222 tons fly ash per month from the operation of a coal boiler with a capacity of 1x23 MW. Fly ash has potential physical properties and mineral content. The Government Regulation No.22 of 2021, which classifies fly ash as a non-B3 waste, open up opportunities to utilize fly ash in a fertilizer product. In this project, the development of NPK 15-10-12 fertilizer with fly ash as a filler and fertilizer testing on tomato plants has been conducted. The use of fly ash as a filler in the granulation process has no effect on crushing strength and nutrient content of N, P, and K. The effects of using fly ash in the granulation process are in the consumption of water and in the granule drying process. The greater the ratio of fly ash the more water needed in the granulation process and eventually causes an increase in the moisture content in the final product. From the results of fertilizer test on tomato plants on the parameters of plant height, plant diameter, and fruit weight, the use of NPK with fly ash-filler did not give a significant difference compared to the use of NPK without fly ash. The use of fly ash as a filler also does not give any influence on the content of heavy metals in the fruit of tomato. Increase in pH of soil are observed in fertilization to NPK 15-10-12 using fly ash fillers.
 
 Keywords: fly ash, granulation, NPK Fertilizer, tomatoes

Increase in willow vegetative weight depends on varietal characteristics and the period of planting material collection

The article presents the results of research on the growth of the ground mass of willow depending on varietal characteristics, the time of harvesting the planting material and the use of MaxiMarin absorbent gel. Methods. Field, measuring, mathematical and statistical. The results. The research was conducted with two types of willow, the Panfilska variety and the Zb-ruch rodshaped variety, at the experimental field of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet during 2019–2022. It was found that the use of MaxiMarin absorbent gel for planting willow shoots harvested both in autumn and in spring did not ensure increasing their survivability. Survival of shoots harvested in autumn was significantly higher than those harvested in spring, regardless of varietal characteristics. No significant increase in biometric parameters – plant height, shoot thickness, and number of stems – was found, depending on the time of harvesting the planting material and the use of the absorbent gel. The use of absorbent gel for planting shoots harvested in the fall of the Zbruch variety ensured a reliable increase in stems, compared to both the control – without gel, and the harvesting of planting material in the spring of both varieties. In the first year of vegetation, on an average of three years, there was a tendency to increase the growth of the willow height and the thickness of the stems of the rodshaped variety Zbruch, compared to the three-stemmed willow of the Panfilska variety, and in the last recording dates, on the contrary, the growth of the height and thickness of the stems of the Panfilska variety was greater than that of the Zbruch variety regardless of the period of harvesting shoots. The intensity of growth of the vegetative mass of the willow depends on what the yield of planting material – cuttings or shoots depends on – both its height and the diameter of the stems and their number. The height of the plants and the thickness of the willow stems in dynamics depended on varietal characteristics. Growth of vegetative mass was more intense in rod-shaped willow of the Zbruch variety than in the threestamen variety of Panfilska. The use of MaxiMarin absorbent gel for planting willow shoots, which were harvested both in autumn and in spring, did not increase their survival rate. Key words: variety, shoots, cuttings, height, diameter of plants, number of stems.

Preliminary assessment of genetic gain through the selection of different pedunculate oak populations in provenance test

The distribution of pedunculate oak in Bosnia and Herzegovina is important in connecting the southern and eastern provenances of the Balkan Peninsula with provenances from Central Europe. However, due to over-exploitation, pedunculate oak is almost extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This research aims to determine the heredity and production potential of the pedunculate oak from 28 provenances in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian provenance test through the genetic gain of thickness and height growth. The results will be used in selection of best provenances in terms of genetic gain. For this research, height and root collar diameter of pedunculate oak plants in Bosnian-Herzegovinian provenance tests were measured in 2012, 2016 and 2020. The provenance test was established in 2009. It contains 28 provenances from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Heredity and selection differential were assessed using analysis of variance. Possible genetic gain if using five best and one best provenance were determined. The results of the genetic gain for height obtained using data from 2012 and 2020 were low. The results obtained for 2016 indicate that the genetic gain for height, using five best provenances would be 7.62%, and using the best provenance 9.98%. Results of the genetic gain for root collar diameter obtained for 2016 and 2020 were low. For 2012, the genetic improvement using five best provenances would be 4.28%, and using the best provenance 6.32%. The results indicate that by selecting the best provenances of pedunculate oak and their propagation, we can achieve a significant increase in plant height and thickness, i.e., the yield of wood mass. As research concerns juvenile material, it is necessary to continue systematic monitoring, to determine the actual heredity and genetic age, when the trees reach their physiological maturity, and when the annual value oscillations become uniform.

The effect of distance planting of red mangrove (Rhizophoraapiculata) on Pulau Sembilan, PangkalanSusu District, Langkat Regency

Mangroves are a very important coastal resource for socio-economic development In addition, mangrove habitats contribute to complex food webs and energy transfer. This research was conducted in the mangrove forest area of Pulau Sembilan Village, Pangkalan Susu. This research activity was carried out for 3 months from October to December 2022. Observations in this study were carried out every two weeks. This study was based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 6 replications. The treatment in question is the spacing with P0 = 46 meters, P1 = 47 meters, P2 = 48 meters, P3 = 49 meters and P4 = 50 meters. From the research on the effect of plant spacing on Rhizophoraapiculata, the highest seedling height growth was obtained in the P0 treatment (40m spacing) with a value of 213.2 cm or average 35.5 cm. The highest increase in plant diameter was found in the P0 treatment with a value of 7.59mm or average 1.27 mm. The highest added value was found in treatment P2 with a value of 37.0 cm. The increase in leaf length is 55.4 cm which is found in the P4 treatment.

Mapping and Population Structure of Shorea platyclados in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve

In its natural habitat, S. platyclados is abundant in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, North Sumatra. However, like the Dipterocarpaceae family, this species has limitations in regeneration related to the uncertain flowering phase and the seeds' recalcitrant nature. This condition can be a long-term threat to the sustainability of S. platyclados. Efforts should be made to select mother plants as a source of short-term quality seeds, to support the breeding program and the conservation of S. platyclados. Monitoring of mother plants will be more effective if mapping data is available. Therefore, it is important to map the mother plant of S. platyclados. In addition, the population structure needs to be identified and related to trends in its sustainability. The goal of this study was to map the mother plant of S. platyclados in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve and to examine its population dynamics.. This research was conducted in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra. There are 195 hectares of designated population there. Combining the path method and the plotline, the sampling methodology was applied. Fifty (50) plots were observed across the sample area of 2 hectares (1% Sampling Intensity), which was separated into three lanes. Observations were made on a 20 m × 20 m plot to measure the vegetation at the tree level (diameter 20 cm), a 10 m × 10 m observation sub-plot to measure the vegetation at the pole level (diameter 10cm - 20m), a 5 m × 5 m observation sub-plot to measure the vegetation at the sapling level (diameter 10 cm), and a 2 m × 2 m observation sub-plot to measure the vegetation at the seedling level. The mother plants were recorded as many as 309 individuals in 50 observation plots, or 155 individuals/ha spread evenly in the relatively sloping Nature Reserve area. The distribution structure of the height and diameter of the mother plants indicates a good adaptation, resembles a standard curve. The population structure of S. platyclados is curved like an inverted J, indicates that this population is quite stable and sustainable. However, monitoring at the pole level is crucial based on a gap in the presence of this regeneration compared to others.

Analysis of the effect of seed growth (Rhizophora apiculata) on the distance of land from the beach in of Pulau Sembilan Pangkalan Susu District Langkat Regency

Mangrove is a renewable resource that provides services related to the environment, such as abrasion protection, seawater control of incursion, reduction of sea wave height and speed, cleaning of water contaminants, among others, important to support living beings. Its objectives include to study and evaluate the impact of planting distance from the beach which is useful for increasing growth for mangrove ecosystem type Rhizophora apiculata and this study based on a complete randomized design (RAL) with treatment distance (J) consisting of 5 treatments (a) P0 (planting distance from the beach 41 meters), (b) P1 (planting distance from the beach 42 meters), (c) P2 (planting distance from the beach 43 meters), (d) P3 (distance from the beach 44 meters) (e) P4 (planting distance from the beach 45 meters). The percentage of plant growth is 100%. Observational Data on the measurement of height, diameter, leaf count, leaf size, and leaf area, that the treatment at planting distance can increase the growth of seedlings R. apiculata. Based on the results of the study the effect of planting distance on R. apiculata obtained in the treatment of P2 (planting distance from the beach 43 m) a seedling height value that was highest growth with a value of 198.0 cm or average 33.0 cm. The highest value of plant diameter obtained from the treatment of P3 (spacing 44 m) with a value of 7.74 mm or average 1.29 mm . The highest added value was found in treatment P1 with a value total number of 39.2 strands or average 6.5 strands. The increase in leaf area is 50.9 cm or average 8.4 cm which is found in the P2 treatment.

Chicory Taproot Production: Effects of Biostimulants under Partial or Full Controlled Environmental Conditions

Two trials were conducted on chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) grown under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions with the aim to evaluate the potential of three biostimulants (seaweed extract (SWE), animal-derived protein hydrolysate (APH), and vegetal-derived protein hydrolysate (VPH) on improving quali-quantitative traits of taproot, in short and out-of-season production cycles. In the greenhouse trial, VPH biostimulant promoted the inulin yield on a per-hectare basis with respect to the untreated control and APH. Taproot fresh weights, dry weights, and diameter in VPH-treated plants increased in comparison with APH-treated ones. SWE-treated plants showed intermediate values of the root production parameters and the inulin yield, with no statistical difference with VPH, APH, and control. In the growth room trial, SWE, VPH, and control showed no significant differences in growth, root yield, and quality. The results demonstrated that VPH can be useful for improving root production and inulin yield of chicory under partial controlled conditions such as in a greenhouse, whereas no benefits of biostimulant applications on crop yield and quality traits were recorded in growth chambers under full control of micro-climate conditions.

Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid on Tomato Plant Growth.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria have several abilities to promote plant growth and development. One of these skills is the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which mainly promotes root and shoot development. The bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Azospirillum brasilense have been widely used in agriculture with this function. However, little is known about whether the joint inoculation of these bacteria can reduce plant development by the excess of IAA produced as a result of the joint inoculation. The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of IAA on the inoculation of B. subtilis and A. brasilense in three tomato genotypes. The Micro-Tom genotype without mutation for IAA synthesis, Entire, has high sensitivity to IAA, and the diageotropic genotype (dgt) has low sensitivity to IAA. The results show that the plant parameter most sensitive to microbial inoculation is the number of roots. No treatment increased the shoot dry mass parameters for the Micro-Tom genotype and dgt, root dry mass for the Micro-Tom genotype, plant height for the Micro-Tom and Entire genotypes, root area and root volume for the genotype dgt. The Azm treatment reduced plant height compared to the control in the dgt, the BS + Azw and BS + Azm treatments in the Micro-Tom genotype and the Azw + Azm treatment in the dgt genotype reduced the plant diameter compared to the control. BS and BS + Azw reduced the number of roots in the Micro-Tom. The results strongly support that the mixture of B. subtilis and A. brasilense can reduce some parameters of plant development; however, this effect is possibly an interference in the mode of action of growth promotion of each isolate and is not related to an excess of IAA produced by the bacteria.

Sex-linked reproductive allocation in the dioecious shrub Pimelea microcephala subsp. microcephala (Thymelaeaceae) from four populations across a rainfall gradient

ABSTRACT Dioecy, the separation of sexes into different male and female plants, can enable sexes to independently develop optimal strategies for the sex-linked allocation of reproductive resources. Understanding how dioecious species vary as conditions become more or less favourable may affect conservation and revegetation efforts in arid environments. Our study investigated sex-related resource allocation in the Australian native shrub, Pimelea microcephala subsp. microcephala (Thymelaeaceae) at four sites across an annual rainfall gradient of 250–390 mm in semi-arid South Australia. The study measured 25 male and 25 female individuals for plant height, plant diameter, the number of inflorescences per plant, number of flowers per inflorescence and the ratio of reproductive to vegetative biomass. Significant differences in the ratio of biomass allocated to reproduction between sexes (p < 0.05) were detected at three of the four sites, with sex-related differences increasing with decreased annual rainfall. Female reproductive allocation was two to five times greater, and was less variable than males at all sites except the highest rainfall site (p < 0.05), while male reproductive allocation decreased with average annual rainfall (p < 0.05). Growth outcomes of males and females were equal and female reproductive traits were mostly consistent between sites and were not associated with rainfall, therefore population structure may remain stable for P. microcephala subsp. microcephala as habitats become drier, so long as pollen limitation does not occur.

Effect of Types and Concentration of Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Pakcoy Plants (Brassica Rapa L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) on the growth and production of pakcoy plants. The experiment was carried out in Jiken village, Tulangan sub-district, Sidoarjo regency, from June to August 2020. The experiment was arranged in a factorial manner using a randomized block design (RAK) with several factors. The first factor is the type of liquid organic fertilizer, consisting of POC-1 and POC-2. The second factor is concentration, consisting of 0, 10, 20, and 30 ml/liter. From these two factors, 8 treatment combinations were obtained; The experiment was repeated 3 times so that there were 24 experimental units. The results showed that there was an interaction effect between the type and concentration of POC on the fresh weight of pakcoy per plant; POC fermented using effective microorganisms (EM) which was applied with a concentration of 30 ml/liter gave the highest harvest weight of 83.33 g per plant. Different types of POC have no effect on plant growth and production. POC concentration significantly affected plant height and stem diameter and fresh weight of pakcoy plants.

Model Pertumbuhan Polinomial Tanaman Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) di Lahan Rawa Gambut, Kalimantan Tengah

Sengon (Paraserinthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) is a fast-growing plant that is widely cultivated by people in dry land. Currently, the cultivation of this plant is also mostly carried out on unflooded peat swamp land in Central Kalimantan. Utilization of peat swamp land has good prospects because this land is rich in organic matter as a source of plant nutrition. This study aims to determine the growth of sengon plants and create a plant growth model to predict the diameter and height of plants at a certain age. The research was conducted in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. The model used to predict the growth of sengon plants is a polynomial equation. The results showed that the growth of sengon plants planted in unflooded peat swamp land at the ages of 6, 13, 30, 36, 48, and 56 months namely 3.76 cm; 7.07 cm; 12.94 cm; 13.91 cm; 18.76 cm; and 22.88 cm respectively for diameter (dbh); 4.64 m; 9.70 m; 11.45 m; 12.16 m; 14.75 m; and 15.20 m respectively for shoot height; and 2.37 m; 4.13 m; 4.85 m; 5.28 m; 5.62 m; and 6.21 m respectively for branch-free height. Sengon plant growth model with polynomial equations is y = -0.01802 + 0.739x - 0.0157x2 + 0.0002X3; y= 0.6002 + 0.893x - 0.0236x2 + 0.0002x3; and y = 0.5676 + 0.3777x - 0.0106x2 + 0.0001x3 for diameter (dbh), shoot height and branch-free height, respectively. The equation is valid and has high accuracy so that it can be used to predict diameter, shoot height and branch-free height of sengon plants until the age of 56 months.

Production of lettuce cultivars in greenhouse in Humaitá, southern Amazonas state

Lettuce is the main leafy vegetable commercialized in Brazil and it is cultivated in many different environment conditions and regions. But, under high temperature and high light intensity lettuce plants tend to early flowering, making it difficult to obtain high-quality lettuce harvest. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the productive performance of lettuce cultivars in a greenhouse in the municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas state (AM). The cultivars used were Rafaela and Hanson, Veneranda, Mônica SF 31, Simpson, Solaris, Elba, Quatro Estações and Babá de Verão. The lettuce seedlings were transplanted 24 days after sowing into a greenhouse covered by 100 micra polyethylene transparent agrofilm. It was used bed with 33-m-long and 1-m-wide, using 30 cm x 30 cm spacing between plants. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. The parameters evaluated 32 days after transplanting were plant diameter, number of leaves, stem length and shoot dry mass. Cultivars Babá de Verão and Elba presented a better agronomic performance for cultivation in greenhouse in municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas state.

Pengaruh Pemberian Kompos Limbah Batang Tembakau Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum L.,) Kasturi

The purpose of the study was to apply compost fertilizer to tobacco stem waste on the growth and production of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.,) which was to determine the effect of applying KBT fertilizer as a provider of soil organic matter and nitrogen addition to the growth and production of kasturi tobacco plants in Jember. This activity was carried out on the UPT area. Processing of the Jember State Polytechnic from July 2019 to October 2019. The design used in this activity was a Non-Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of 5 treatments, namely: P0 0 grams KBT 20 grams ZA (control), P1 150 grams KBT 20 grams ZA P2 300 grams KBT 20 grams ZA, P3 450 grams KBT 20 grams ZA, P4 600 grams ZA 20 grams ZA, and repeated 5 times. The application of Tobacco Stem Compost Fertilizer (KBT) significantly affected the growth of the average leaf length and leaf width at 49 DAP and 56 DAP. Giving KBT had no significant effect on parameters of wet leaf production and dry leaf production of tobacco and had no effect on growth parameters of tobacco plant height, stem diameter of tobacco plants and number of leaves of tobacco plants at all ages

Variation of Subsoiling Effect at Wing Mounting Heights on Soil Properties and Crop Growth in Wheat–Maize Cropping System

Subsoiling is an effective practice to promote better soil water infiltration and crop growth. The information regarding the variation and persistence of subsoiling effects with different soil disturbance on soil properties and crop growth was absent in previous research. In this study, the effects of wing mounting height (h) (75–155 mm) during subsoiling on soil disturbance at various layers, soil properties and crop performance were investigated using in situ field experiments from 2019 to 2021 in winter wheat–summer maize rotations. The experimental field soil was covered with crop stubble and crop straw was removed before subsoiling or sowing the next crop. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess different subsoiling treatment effects on tested variables, including soil moisture content, bulk density, plant diameter, plant height, dry root weight, root number, yield, and yield components of crops. Means between subsoiling treatments were compared using Duncan’s multiple range tests. Based on ANOVA outputs, the h significantly (p &lt; 0.05) affected soil moisture content in the first growing season of winter wheat (WW1), soil bulk density, number of roots and panicle number and grain yield of WW1, and thousand kernel weight (TKW) of both WW1 and summer maize (SM). Decreasing h overall gave better soil properties and crop performance. Decreased subsoiling effects were found on aspects of insignificant difference in subsequent grain yield of SM and winter wheat in the second growing season (WW2). These findings had implications for designing higher-performance winged subsoilers, as well as selection of subsoiling frequency.

Regeneration of Natural Forests in the Hindu Kush Range: A Case Study of Quercus baloot Plants in Sheshikoh Oak Forests, District Chitral, Pakistan

Regeneration of oak (Quercus baloot Griff.) forests is an issue of concern in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in general and Sheshikoh Valley of District Chitral in particular. The oak forests cover has been continuously deteriorated and depleted due to uncontrolled grazing, low moisture content of soil, and overusage of the plant as fuelwood and are hence the major contributors toward the failure of oak regeneration. The present study was aimed to asses’ different treatments and their impacts on the growth and regeneration of oak forests. This study was conducted in oak forests of Sheshikoh Valley, Chitral, where four plots of 2-acres each were established. Each plot was treated with separate treatment, that is, fencing, mixed treatment (fencing and fertile soil), fencing and trench treatment, and control plot and their regeneration capacity was studied and compared with each other. The data was collected in March and September between 2011 and 2015. The result showed that the number of plants in the first plot (fencing) were 23, with an average height of 43 inches and a diameter of 11.7 mm. In the second plot (fencing and fertile soil), 40 plants grew with an average height of 42 inches and a diameter of 10 mm, whereas in the third plot (fencing and trench), 45 plants developed with an average height of 48 inches and a diameter of 13 mm. However, the fourth plot (nontreated plants) showed poor germination with 8 plants, with an average height of 8.5 inches, and the diameter of plants was 3.7 mm. Therefore, the survival rate of plants in the first, second, and fourth plots remained unsatisfactory at the end of the research. In conclusion, the third treatment (fencing and trench) was the best suitable practice to stabilize oak forests in their natural zones.