Influence Of Plant Density Research Articles

The influence of planting density on the oil and fatty acids content of soybean in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley

Background: Plant seed oils are major renewable resources from nature that can be used in multiple applications. Oils and fats are a vital component of human diets. About 1/3 of the daily energy requirements of a healthy diet come from fats. Each branch of the food industry has its own demands for the fatty acid composition of seed oils. High amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are a requirement of healthy diets. However, food manufacturers need highly saturated fatty acids because they need oil that is resistant to high temperatures and oxidation. Soybean oil is second only behind palm oil as the most commercially abundant plant oil globally. Soybean has been recognized for its agricultural importance and their various positive effects on human health. Objective: to identify the quantitative changes of soybean fatty acids depending on the planting density and growing conditions in the Ararat Valley of Armenia. Methods: Soybean was grown in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley. The seeds were sown in the middle of April. Experiments were carried out in hydroponic equipment and soil with different planting densities (30, 50, 70 and 90 plants/m2). The oil content was measured by using the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance method. The composition of fatty acids in seed oil was analyzed by chromatographic method on "Chromatec Crystal 5000" GC. Results: Oil content ranged from 19.6% to 24.4% in all variants. The maximum content was registered in soil with 30 plant/m2 planting density. Linoleic acid content ranged from 46.35 to 51.28% of the total fatty acid content, regardless of planting density and growing media. The content of linolenic acid ranged from 4.13 to 5.11% in all variants. The maximum content of ω-3 and the minimal content of ω-9 was recorded in hydroponics at 30 plants/m2 planting density. The highest percentage of stearic acid was observed in the soil variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2. Interestingly, the variants did not differ in the total content of the 5 main fatty acids (98.84-98.95%). Growing medium had no significant effect on the total saturated fatty acids content; in all variants it ranged from 14.29% to 14.83%. Total unsaturated fatty acids content ranged from 85.2% to 85.7%. The hydroponic variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2 had the lowest ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids (10:1). Conclusion: Planting density and growing media had a significant influence on the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under hydroponic conditions the lowest content of monounsaturated and the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed at the lowest planting density (30 plants/m2), which can be used as a functional food for daily consumption. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, ω-3, ω-6, ω-9, saturated acids.

Soil respiration response to reductions in maize plant density and increased row spacing (Southeast pampas, Argentina)

Previous studies have recognized the influence of crop cover and agricultural management on variables (soil temperature, soil moisture, and root biomass) that influence soil respiration. However, despite the influence of plant density and row spacing on these variables in the maize crop (Zea mays L.), their impact on soil respiration has received little attention. Thus, the aims of this study were (i) to investigate whether reducing plant density and row spacing influences soil respiration, and (ii) to identify the controlling variables (soil temperature and soil moisture) underlying this response. We conducted field experiments in Balcarce, Argentina, over two seasons. Treatments included (i) maize crops at high plant density (≈8 plants m−2) and narrow rows (0.52 cm, HDN), and (ii) maize crops at low plant density (≈6.5 plants m−2) and wide row spacing (0.70 cm; LDW). Leaf area index (LAI), soil CO2 fluxes, soil superficial temperature, and moisture (characterized by the water-filled pore space, WFPS) were assessed throughout the growing season. Grain yield and cumulative soil CO2 emissions were determined at the final harvest. Major findings relevant to understanding the influence of reducing plant density and wider row spacing on instant CO2 fluxes include: (i) LAI reductions were related to higher superficial soil moisture, which was consistent at LAI ≥ 3; suggesting higher decreases in water uptake than increases in soil evaporation, and in turn (ii) increments in soil moisture were associated with higher CO2 fluxes. While lower plant density and wider row spacing had notable short-term effects on WFPS and soil respiration fluxes, they did not significantly affect cumulative soil respiration throughout the growing season. However, the combination of this practice with low-yield potential genotypes that exhibit low stability to changes in resource availability can increase CO2 emissions per unit of grain yield. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of management practices on soil respiration and, consequently, on carbon cycling within agricultural ecosystems.

Optimizing apple orchard management: Investigating the impact of planting density, training systems and fertigation levels on tree growth, yield and fruit quality

An experiment was conducted to investigate the comprehensive influence of planting density, training system and fertigation level on the performance of 'Jeromine'/M.9 apple orchards at Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (India) in two consecutive years. Experiment encompasses 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice within a factorial experiment. The treatments included three planting densities (4000, 3200 and 2666 trees ha−1), two training systems (Tall Spindle and Vertical Axis), and two levels of fertigation (100 % and 75 % recommended dose of NPK). The results indicated that lowest planting density of 2666 trees ha−1 produced highest yield per tree accompanied with superior fruit quality. Trees planted at a planting density of 2666 trees ha−1 and trained to Tall Spindle training system notably restrained tree growth, with the latter contributing to higher yields and superior quality fruit. Similarly, 100 % recommended dose of NPK fertigation resulted in significantly higher yields and enhanced fruit quality. Remarkably, the three-way interaction analysis revealed that treatment combination of 2666 trees ha−1 planting density, Tall Spindle training system and 100 % recommended dose of NPK fertigation produced the highest yield of 13.6 kg tree−1, along with superior quality fruits. The study emphasized that increasing planting density decreased yield per tree while concurrently increasing yield per hectare. The most productive combination yielding 42.1 t ha−1, involved 4000 trees ha−1 with Tall Spindle training system and 100 % recommended dose of NPK fertigation. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing apple orchard management strategies to achieve the delicate balance between tree growth, yield and fruit quality, assisting growers in making informed decisions for improved productivity and fruit quality, thereby contributing to the overall profitability of apple cultivation.

Influence of planting density and zinc on growth and yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

Influence of planting density and zinc on growth and yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

The influence of plant density and mineral nutrition level on corn grain yield in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine

The influence of plant density and mineral nutrition level on corn grain yield in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine

Influence of planting density on the formation of productivity of early maturing maize hybrids in the Western Forest-Steppe

Influence of planting density on the formation of productivity of early maturing maize hybrids in the Western Forest-Steppe

Water Turbidity and Plant Density Influence Shell Shape in Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta)

Water Turbidity and Plant Density Influence Shell Shape in Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta)

Maize (Zea mays L.) planted at higher density utilizes dynamic light more efficiently.

In nature, plants are exposed to a dynamic light environment. Fluctuations in light decreased the photosynthetic light utilization efficiency (PLUE) of leaves, and much more severely in C4 species than in C3 species. However, little is known about the plasticity of PLUE under dynamic light in C4 species. Present study focused on the influence of planting density to the photosynthesis under dynamic light in maize (Zea mays L.), a most important C4 crop. In addition, the molecular mechanism behind photosynthetic adaptation to planting density were also explored by quantitative proteomics analysis. Results revealed that as planting density increases, maize leaves receive less light that fluctuates more. The maize planted at high density (HD) improved the PLUE under dynamic light, especially in the middle and later growth stages. Quantitative proteomics analysis showed that the transfer of nitrogen from Rubisco to RuBP regeneration and C4 pathway related enzymes contributes to the photosynthetic adaptation to lower and more fluctuating light environment in HD maize. This study provides potential ways to further improve the light energy utilization efficiency of maize in HD.

Influence of Plant Density vis-à-vis Architecture on Growth Parameters Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

A field experiment entitled “Influence of plant density vis-à-vis architecture on Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and quality parameters” was carried out on sandy loam soil at College farm, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that plant densities, plants sown under planting density of 90 x 20 cm (55,555 plants ha-1) recorded highest growth contributing characters such as plant height, dry matter production, first fruiting node length, internode length and height node ratio. Planting density of 90 x 30 cm (37,037 plants ha-1) has recorded significantly higher number of sympodial branches and no of nodes per plant during 2021 and 2022 and pooled mean. Length of fruiting branches from node 5 to 15, length of fruiting branches from node 15 to terminal, length of all fruiting branches, distance from main stem to first boll position from node 5 to 15, distance from main stem to first boll position from node 15 to terminal, distance from main stem to first boll position of all fruiting branches, internode diameter, days to initiation of sympodial branches, days to square initiation, days to 50% flowering, days to boll formation, days to boll bursting stage were found to be highest in plants spaced at 90 x 60 cm (18,518 plants ha-1) during two years of study and pooled mean. Interaction was found to be significant on drymatter production at 120 DAS and found highest in treatment combination of semi open plant type (Sadanand) and 90 x 20 cm (55,555 plants ha-1) during 2021 and 2022 and pooled mean. Number of monopodial branches and days to initiation of monopodial branches were showed non-significant results.

Influence of Plant Density and Fertilization on the Growth and Seed Yield of Bunching Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from November 2020 to April 2021 to study the influence of plant density and fertilization on the growth and seed yield of bunching onion. The experiment consisted of three levels of spacing (Viz. S1= 20 cm x 10 cm, S2= 20 cm x 15 cm, S3= 20 cm x 20 cm) and four levels of fertilizers (Viz. F0= No Application (control), F1= N57.5kgP66kgK45kgS10kgV6t/ha, F2= N57.5kgP66kgK45kgS10kg PM6t/ha, F3= N115kgP132kgK90kgS20kgV3tPM3t/ha). The two-factor experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. Growth and yield of bunching onion were influenced by the different spacing. The S3 treatment resulted in the highest number of leaves (8.16), dry matter content in leaves (10.098%), number of seeds per umbel (496.56), thousand seed weight (3.64g). The maximum seed yield per hectare (1065 kg) was observed from S1 treatment. Different levels of fertilizer had also significant influence on yield of bunching onion. The highest number of leaves (8.80), thousand seed weight (4.08g) and seed yield per hectare (1056.3 kg) were found from the F3 treatment. The highest seed yield (1260 kg/ha) with net income (Tk.699991.4) and BCR (2.26) were observed from S1F3 treatment combination, while the lowest seed yield (700.2 kg/ha) with net income (Tk.258214.25) and BCR (1.56) were observed from S3F0 treatment combination. So, economic analysis revealed that the S1F3 treatment combination appeared to the best for achieving the higher yield and economic benefit of bunching onion.

Influence of plant density on productivity and quality indicators of sunflower oilseeds

In the agricultural technology of sunflower cultivation, plant density in crops is one of the main conditions that determine its further productivity [5]. The optimal sowing density of sunflower can vary widely and depend on various factors, such as the varietal characteristics of plant, the soil-climatic zone of its cultivation, specific weather conditions and, above all, the moisture supply of plants, especially in the critical phases of sunflower development (flowering and grain filling) [ 8]. It has been proved that the optimal plant density in sunflower crops is such that not only normal growth processes and development of each plant are ensured, but the maximum possible productivity per unit of sown area is also formed. In this regard, in 2018–2020, in the flat zone on the leached chernozems of LLC «Zarya» of the Shovgenovsky district of the Republic of Adygea, studies were carried out (according to B.A. Dospekhov «Methodology of field experience») in order to study the reaction of new promising sunflower hybrids (Gorstar, Natali, Iren, selection of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «FSC «VNIIMK named after V.S. Pustovoit», Krasnodar) to change the number of plants per hectare. As a result of the research, the degree of influence of the studied factor on the formation of productive qualities of the studied sunflower hybrids has been established– the diameter of the anthode, the number of oil seeds in it, the mass of achenes from one anthode, the weight of 1000 achenes, the fulfillment of achenes, seed yield, total collection of oil from one hectare area). The studies have shown that the maximum seed yield has been achieved in the hybrids Gorstar and Iren, formed on the second variant (50 thousand pieces/ha). In the Natalie hybrid, the maximum yield was recorded in the variant with a plant density of 60 thousand pieces/ha. From this, it should be noted that with the option of 50 thousand pieces/ha, the Natali hybrid turned out to be 0.62–0.61 t/ha less productive than the Gorstar hybrid and 0.52–0.56 t/ha than the Irene hybrid.The studies were carried out on the equipment of the «Expert» Common Use Center of FSBEI HE «MSTU».

Influence of Plant Density and Application of Different NPK Doses on Growth and Yield Performances of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) under the Open Field Conditions in Kabul, Afghanistan

The present study was conducted for one growing season from 12th March 2022 to 15th July 2022 in Horticulture Research Farm at Agriculture Faculty of Kabul University in open field, with the specific objective of finding out the interaction influence of three plant density and four NPK doses as a treatment on the growth and yield parameters of Nahid-F1 variety of cucumber. The experiment was laid out following the Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD), with three replications consisting of combined three level of plant geometry viz. 75×35 cm (S1), 75×45 cm (S2) and 75×55 cm and four doses of NPK viz., control (F0), 60:30:30 (F1), 80:40:40 (F2) and 120:60:60 (F3) as a treatment. The data on growth attributes and yield contributing characteristics of cucumber crop were recorded and analyzed trough SPSS (22) software (2011) using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Factorial Randomized Black Design (FRBD). The results obtained from the current study reveal that all growth and yield characteristics under the study were remarkably influenced by plant density and dose of NPK and cucumber variety of Nahid-F1 performed better with T12 (75×55 cm + NPK 120:60:60), T8 (75×35 cm + NPK 120:60:60) and T3 (75×35 cm + NPK 80:40:40) in respect to the various growth and yield characteristics, such as number of branches, number of leaves per plant, plant height, stem girth, days to first flower bud initiation, days of first fruits picking, fruit length, fruit girth, average fresh fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, number of fruit per vine, yield per square meter and yield per hectare. While T1 (75×35 cm + control), T5 (75×45 cm + control) and T9 (75×55 cm + control) did not show any superiority in any growth and yield attributes as evaluated in Kabul agro-climatic region. Thus, T8 and T12 could be recommended to the farmers of Kabul province for better cucumber production in Kabul agro-climatic condition in Central Afghanistan.

Influence of planting density and development stage on photosynthetically absorbed radiation, biomass and artemisinin yield of Artemisia annua L. ‘Apollon’

Influence of planting density and development stage on photosynthetically absorbed radiation, biomass and artemisinin yield of <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. ‘Apollon’

Influence of plant population density of &lt;i&gt;Chamaecrista rotundifolia&lt;/i&gt; on its value for hay making in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Chamaecrista rotundifolia is a forage legume little used with Brazilian livestock; however, it has been studied for this purpose for over 40 years in Australia. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of plant densities of approximately 444,400, 111,100 and 27,800 plants/ha (equivalent to spacings of 0.15 × 0.15; 0.30 × 0.30 and 0.60 × 0.60 m) on quantitative and qualitative parameters of C. rotundifolia grown in pure stands as forage under exclusive cropping for hay. While leaf dry matter yields in the first 93 days after planting ranged from 1.48 to 9.32 t DM/ha, declining to 0.71–4.92 t DM/ha in the subsequent 83 days, crude protein concentration of the material was only 7–8%. Since this species tends to lose leaf during periods of stress, larger paddock studies are needed to determine how well leaf material is retained under conventional hay-making conditions. Optimal stubble height following harvesting should be investigated in an endeavor to increase DM yields at second harvest along with improved survival of plants.

Вплив елементів технології на врожайність насіння ліній — батьківських компонентів гібридів кукурудзи в умовах краплинного зрошення

Goal. To determine the influence of plant density and treatment with preparation Retenho® on the weight of 1000 grains and the seed yield of lines — parental components of corn hybrids under irrigation conditions. Methods. The research was carried out using field (determining the yield of lines — parental components), laboratory (weight of 1000 grains), and analytical and mathematical-statistical methods. Results. The maximum yield of the mid-early line DK 247 on average at a plant density factor of 90,000 plants/ha was 4.70 t/ha, of the medium-ripe line DK 205710 at a density of 80,000 plants/ha — 5.42 t/ha, of the mid-late line DK 445 for the density of 70 thousand plants/ha — 7.08 t/ha of seeds. The most productive mid-late line DK 445 — the parent component of the Vira, Hileia, Arabat hybrids reacts negatively to the density of crops. The seed yield at a density of 100,000 plants/ha decreased by 1.03 t/ha, or by 15% compared to the yield at an optimal density of 70,000 plants/ha. When plants were treated with Retenho®, the weight of 1000 grains increased by 10–12 g, or by 3.7–5.4% compared to the untreated control. Treatment of plants with the growth-regulating fungicide Retenho® contributed to an increase in seed yield by 0.29–0.41 t/ha, or by 6.3–7.9%. Sowing density affected the weight of 1000 grains: the maximum weight of 1000 grains on average over the years of research (252 g) was obtained at a density of 60 thousand plants/ha in all lines. Conclusions. The trait «weight of 1000 grains» of lines — parental components were affected by FAO group, sowing density, and treatment with Retenho®. Each parent line has an optimal seeding density to obtain the highest seed yield by maintaining the optimal feeding area of one plant. The maximum yield of the mid-early line — the parental component DK 247 was observed at a density of 90 thousand plants/ha and treated with Retenho® — 4.94 t/ha. In the medium-ripe line —parent component DK 205710 formed the maximum yield at a sowing density of 80,000 plants/ha and treatment with Retenho® — 5.61 t/ha. In the mid-late line — the parental component DK 445 showed the maximum yield at a density of 70,000 plants/ha and treatment with Retenho® — 7.08 t/ha.

The Influence of Planting Density on Maize-Soybean Intercropping Inoculated with Organic Fertilizer

Mycorrhizae and organic fertilizers play a critical role in nutrient availability and absorption, soil texture development, and hormone production to promote plant growth. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of planting density on intercropping maize and mycorrhizal soybeans, and the impact of organic fertilizers on maize and soybean yields in dry lands in North Lombok. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with five intercropping treatments: P1 = 2 maize lines: 2 soybean lines, P2 = 3 maize lines: 2 soybean lines, P3 = 3 maize lines: 3 soybean lines, P4 = 4 maize lines: 2 soybean lines, and P5 = 4 maize lines: 3 soybean lines. The data were then analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s significant difference test with a significance level of 5%. It was found that the P3 density showed the highest yield compared with the other intercropping treatments; the number of spores and mycorrhizal infection rate were also increased. The P3 treatment, with the addition of 15 tons of cow manure per hectare and inoculation with AMF, enhanced the yield and promoted the development of mycorrhiza.&#x0D; Keywords: Intercropping; maize; plant density; soybean

Growth, yield and economics of hybrid maize (Zeamays L.) as affected by plant density and fertilizer levels

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2021–2022 at the Bagusala Experimental Farm of MSSSoA, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Gajapati, Odisha, to find out the influence of plant density and levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and economics of maize. Split plot design was adopted to conduct the experiment with 3 plant densities as main plot (P1: 76923, P2: 66666 and P3: 55555 plants/ha) and 4 levels of fertilizer as subplots (F1: 75% of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), F2: 100% RDF, F3: 125% RDF and F4: 150% RDF) having total twelve treatment combinations and three replications. The results revealed that there was no significant effect of different plant densities of maize on growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves/plant and leaf area index (LAI) during peak period. But the treatment P1: 76923 plants/ha, showed significantly higher dry matter accumulation as well as yield compared to remaining plant densities. However, among the levels of fertilizers F4: 150% of RDF resulted significantly higher all the growth and yield parameters. The treatment combination P1F4 (P1: 76923 plans/ha along with F4: 150% of RDF) proved as best treatment combination because of highest net return (Rs. 83032/-) and B:C ratio (1.65).

Planting Arrangement and Effects of Planting Density on Tropical Fruit Crops—A Review

With the growing importance of fruits as valuable food resources, attention has been paid in recent years to enhance productivity and quality. Increasing productivity per unit area through agronomic management is one of the important strategies to increase the production of fruit crops. Keeping this view, this review was undertaken to improve understanding of the planting arrangement and the effect of planting density on productivity and quality of fruit crops. This review will thus provide updated and in-depth information about the influence of planting density on yield and fruit quality, which will also be useful for the growers, consumers, exporters, and processing industry. In fruit crops, the effect of plant density and planting arrangement is well documented. From the review, it is understood that yield per unit area is the product of fruit yield plant−1 and the number of plants per unit area. Fruit size increases with a decreasing planting density, while total yield increases with an increasing density at a certain level. However, fruit quality decreases with an increasing planting density.

Growth and yield of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) as influence of plant density, organo-mineral fertilizer, and weeding frequency

Initial slow growth of mango ginger makes them extremely susceptible to weed interference with high yield losses. Therefore, adequate fertilization and timely weeding becomes necessary for enhanced productivity. Thus, effects of weeding frequency and different application rates of organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) on mango ginger planted at different densities was investigated in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. The experiment was conducted using a split-split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main plot consisted of two plant densities: 444,444 plants/ha and 250,000 plants/ha. The subplot included: OMF rate (0, 2.4, and 3.6 tha−1). The sub-subplot was six levels of weeding frequency. Planting at 444,444 plants/ha gave significantly higher rhizome yield. Application of 3.6 tha−1 OMF caused a significant reduction in weed density, resulting in significantly higher rhizome yield and count. Mango ginger plots that were weed-free throughout the crop life cycle produced the highest rhizome yield, but did not give the highest profit. However, rhizome yield on plots weeded at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after planting (WAP) gave the highest net profit. There was a significant interaction between plant density and OMF for crop vigor score at 6 and 12 WAP, with the plant density of 444,444 plants/ha and application of 3.6 tha−1 OMF yielding a higher vigor score than 250,000 plants/ha and 0 tha−1 OMF combination. We concluded that application of 3.6 tha−1 of organo-mineral, weeding at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 WAP gave the highest profit and thus recommended for commercial production of mango ginger.

Plant Density and Time of White Lupine (Lupinus Albus L.) Relay Cropping with Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) in Additive Design in the Highlands of Northwest Ethiopia

Agronomic strategies such as choosing the optimal row ratio and planting legume crops at the right time are crucial for enhancing crop productivity. A field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to assess the influence of plant density and lupine intercropping time on tef field productivity. The treatments were as follows: tef was planted at a 20 cm inter-row spacing, lupine was sown at 20 and 40 cm inter-row spacing (row ratio of 1 tef: 1 lupine and 2 tef: 1 lupine) and lupine intercropped three times (1, 2, and 3 weeks after tef planting). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications were used. Two sole tef and lupine were planted. The results revealed 40 cm inter-row spacing and delayed lupine intercropping (3 weeks after tef planting) provided the maximum tef grain yield of 1.80 t ha−1. The sole cropping of lupine produced the highest lupine grain yield (2.63 t ha−1). Lupine intercropping at 40 cm inter-row spacing and two weeks after tef planting resulted in the highest land equivalent ratio (1.54), tef equivalent yield (2.45 t ha−1), area time equivalent ratio (1.11), system productivity index (2.5), monetary advantage index (15206 birr ha−1), net benefit (65109 birr ha−1), and marginal rate of return (602%). Therefore, farmers in the northwest Ethiopian highlands should consider intercropping lupine two weeks after tef planting in-between two rows of tef as an effective intercropping system.