Plant-based Extracts Research Articles

A Review of Herbal Toothpaste Formulation, and Efficacy in Oral Care

The increasing consumer shift toward natural, plant-based, and eco-friendly products has significantly contributed to the rise in popularity of herbal toothpastes in the global oral care market. Herbal toothpastes, formulated using plant-based extracts, offer a safe and sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic toothpastes, which often contain chemicals such as fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, and artificial preservatives. This review paper aims to explore the key ingredients, formulation processes, and evaluation methods used in the development of herbal toothpaste, with a particular focus on their therapeutic properties, efficacy, and safety. Herbal toothpastes are typically composed of herbal extracts known for their medicinal benefits, such as neem, clove, aloe vera, tea tree oil, and peppermint, which provide antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Additionally, natural abrasives like calcium carbonate and silica are included for plaque removal, while natural binders and thickeners ensure proper consistency. The formulation process involves the careful selection of these ingredients, their extraction, and the preparation of a stable, homogeneous paste. Evaluation of herbal toothpaste is essential to ensure its safety, efficacy, and consumer acceptability. Microbial testing is conducted to determine the toothpaste’s ability to inhibit oral pathogens, while sensory evaluation assesses taste, texture, and aroma. Clinical studies are performed to evaluate the product's impact on gum health, plaque reduction, and remineralization of enamel. Moreover, parameters such as abrasivity and pH levels are rigorously tested to ensure that the toothpaste does not damage tooth enamel or irritate gums.

Innovative Eco-friendly Approaches to Enhance the Vase Life of Cut Flowers: A Comprehensive Review

This study investigates the key determinants of cut flower vase life, focusing on the influence of pre- and post-harvest conditions and environmental factors. Addressing the commercial challenges associated with limited vase life, the research underscores the critical need for sustainable and eco-friendly floral preservatives to enhance flower freshness. It highlights the rising interest in plant-based extracts and biodegradable alternatives as effective substitutes for conventional chemical preservatives. These natural preservatives not only improve floral longevity but also reduce environmental impact when paired with optimized post-harvest management practices. The study emphasizes the growing body of research dedicated to extending the shelf life of cut flowers through environmentally conscious solutions. By advancing both flower durability and ecological sustainability, eco-friendly preservatives hold significant potential to revolutionize the floriculture industry.

A perspective on the environmental impact of plant-based protein concentrates and isolates

Plant-based proteins are promoted as nutritious, environmentally safe, and a key element for food security. Numerous studies using environmental life cycle assessments confirmed plant-based meat alternatives are more environmentally favorable than animal-derived meat. However, most missed other factors from protein extraction and concentration that contribute to environmental impact (both positive and negative). Furthermore, few studies examined the entire environmental impact because they overlooked social and nutritional life cycle assessments. Many publications assumed most environmental impact occurred in crop cultivation before high protein products are manufactured. However, industrial plant-based protein extraction, concentration, and purification require large amounts of natural resources, energy, chemicals, and highly specialized equipment seldom accurately assessed from an environmental, social, and nutritional perspective. This paper presents opinions and perspectives on additional information to consider to fully realize environmental benefits of highly proteinaceous plant-based food ingredients. Elements are also discussed we perceive as “hot spots” for future assessments in presenting a complete picture for minimizing environmental impact and how the numerous actors in this supply chain can transform our food system and secure protein availability for future generations.

In-vitro Evaluation of Bio Agents and Botanical Extracts against Alternaria alternata Causing Alternaria Blight of Dahlia

This study investigates the effectiveness of various bio-agents (Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum) and plant-based botanical extracts (neem, marigold, eucalyptus, ashwagandha, tulsi) in managing Alternaria alternata, a fungal pathogen responsible for Alternaria blight in Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis). The research was conducted using the poisoned food technique to assess the antifungal properties of these treatments at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%). In the case of botanicals Neem leaf extract showed the minimum growth a maximum inhibition (19.75 mm, 75.99%) and least were Tulsi leaf extract with maximum growth and minimum inhibition (61.60 mm, 25.13%) against A. alternata on the other hand Trichoderma viride showed the minimum growth a maximum inhibition (19.68 mm, 72.73%) and least were Trichoderma harzianum with maximum growth and minimum inhibition (24.51 mm, 66.03%) against A. alternata. Results indicate that both bioagents, particularly Trichoderma viride, and botanical extracts, especially neem and eucalyptus, significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Mancozeb, a chemical fungicide used as a treated check, exhibited the highest inhibitory effect. These findings suggest that integrating bio-agents and botanicals could be an effective strategy for sustainable management of Alternaria blight in Dahlia cultivation.

Bioactive Silk Revolution: Harnessing Curcuminoid Dye and Chitosan for Superior Antimicrobial Defence and UV Shielding

Background/Objectives: The use of natural colourants is gaining attention due to their biocompatibility and functional benefits. This study introduces a different approach using turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) dye extract combined with chitosan to significantly enhance the antibacterial and UV-shielding properties of silk. Methods: The turmeric dye’s chemical composition was analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), UV–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The dyed silk’s colourfastness was tested through rubbing, washing, and light exposure. Results: The chitosan-mordanted silk showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), as well as antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (A. niger). It also demonstrated a high ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). For comparison, alum-mordant was used, and chitosan proved more effective. Beyond its use as a dye, turmeric is renowned for its medicinal properties. Its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties have been extensively researched, which are primarily linked to its curcuminoid compounds. Turmeric is used in traditional medication to treat digestive issues, arthritis, and skin diseases. Conclusions: This work underscores the innovative use of plant-based dye extracts and natural mordants like chitosan as a sustainable alternative to conventional metallic mordants, paving the way for the evolution of bioactive silk with improved functional properties.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal makeup primer

The burgeoning interest in natural and sustainable beauty products has driven the development of herbal makeup primers, which combine cosmetic functionality with the benefits of botanical ingredients. This abstract explores the formulation, efficacy, and advantages of herbal makeup primers. Unlike traditional primers that often rely on synthetic chemicals, herbal primers leverage plant-based extracts known for their skin-enhancing properties, such as aloe Vera& Orange oil. These ingredients offer soothing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant benefits that can improve skin texture and promote a healthier complexion. The formulation of herbal makeup primers typically includes a blend of herbal extracts, essential oils, and natural emulsifiers. These components work synergistically to create a smooth base for makeup application while also addressing skin concerns such as redness, dryness, and uneven tone. Clinical and consumer studies suggest that herbal primers can enhance makeup longevity and performance, while simultaneously contributing to overall skin health. In summary, herbal makeup primers represent a significant advancement in cosmetics science by integrating the therapeutic benefits of herbal ingredients into everyday beauty routines. Their growing popularity underscores a shift towards more eco-friendly and skin-conscious beauty solutions, aligning with consumer demand for products that offer both cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. Future research and development in this field are likely to expand the range of available formulations and further validate the efficacy of these natural alternatives.

A Review on Microwave-assisted Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanostructures Using Plant-Based Extract

Nanotechnology is a field of science that deals with manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular level, on a scale of one billionth of a meter. This review paper highlights using a microwave-assisted green approach to synthesize metallic nanostructures in a smaller, finer and cost-effective manner using metallic salt and plant-based extract solutions. The metallic salt solution acts as a reaction precursor, while the plant-based extract is a capping, reducing and stabilizing agent. This process can synthesize various metallic nanostructures and metal oxide nanocomposites, including silver, nickel, copper, sulphur, iron, etc. Synthetic nanostructures have numerous applications due to their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio. They act as catalysts, anticancer, antibacterial, electro-catalytic, phytochemical, physiochemical and antimicrobial agents. These synthesized nanostructures are characterized using various microscopic instruments such as SEM, TEM, UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, XPS, DLS and others.

Study the Antifungal Effects of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on the Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, and Candida albicans

: The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the limitations of current antifungal therapies underscore the need for novel alternative treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on three clinically significant fungi: Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, and Candida albicans. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using plant-based extracts to ensure eco-friendly production methods. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized using UV spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization assays revealed spherical particles with colloidal stability, an average size of approximately 80 nm, a Polydispersity Index of 0.4, and a surface charge of 62.3 mV. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values demonstrated effective suppression of fungal growth at low nanoparticle concentrations. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of green-synthesized Ag NPs as a promising alternative to conventional antifungal agents, emphasizing their significant advantages in biocompatibility and eco-friendliness. These findings could pave the way for a new era in treating fungal infections, particularly those caused by drug-resistant strains.

The Potential Role of Herbal Plants in the Management of Depression: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence

Depression, a debilitating mental health disorder affecting millions worldwide, con-tinues to challenge the medical community. While several pharmacological interventions ex-ist, their efficacy and side effects often warrant the exploration of alternative treatments. Natu-ral products derived from plants have gained attention for their potential antidepressant prop-erties in preclinical studies. This comprehensive review examines the antidepressant activity of various plant-based extracts through preclinical investigations and explores the underlying mechanisms of action. Our review systematically analyzes the literature, encompassing a wide range of plants. We present evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies, highlighting the behavioural and neurochemical changes induced by these plant-derived compounds. Further-more, we delve into the potential mechanisms of action, encompassing modulation of neuro-transmitters, anti-inflammatory effects, neurogenesis promotion, and antioxidant properties. The reviewed studies suggest that numerous plants possess promising antidepressant proper-ties, potentially offering novel therapeutic avenues. However, the variability in methodologies and the need for further clinical validation underscore the complexity of translating preclinical findings into effective treatments. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians alike, shedding light on the current state of knowledge regarding plants with an-tidepressant potential and their underlying mechanisms of action, paving the way for future investigations and therapeutic developments in the field of depression management.

Invasive Alien Plant Species Aqueous Extracts in a War Against the Granary Weevil (Sitophilus granarius [L.]) – are They Long-Term Effective or Can They Only Win the Battle of Cannae?

This study investigates the effectiveness of plant-based extracts in repelling the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius), a common storage pest causing significant economic losses. The selected plant species (Canadian goldenrod, giant goldenrod, indigo bush, staghorn sumac, and tree of heaven), were examined for their repellent effects on weevils in grain samples. Surprisingly, the short-term repellent effects observed after 24 hours diminished after 3 days, suggesting potential challenges for practical applications, especially in long-term grain storage. Temperature emerged as a significant environmental factor, influencing weevil behavior. Lower temperatures created an illusion of increased effectiveness, while higher temperatures accelerated weevil reproduction. Commercial product NeemAzal, despite its reputation for effectiveness, proved the least potent among all treatments, raising questions about its applicability in such cases. Progeny emergence tests indicated no significant differences between treatments, emphasizing the ineffectiveness of the extracts in sustaining long-term repellent effects. The study concludes that while plant-based extracts may offer short-term victories in pest control, their long-term efficacy remains uncertain. The complex interplay of factors, including temperature and humidity, highlights the challenges in developing sustainable and practical solutions for grain storage pest control, necessitating careful consideration by real-world users.

Preparation, Characterization, and Wound Healing Promotion of Hydrogels Containing Glucosyloxybenzyl 2-Isobutylmalates Extract from Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f.

Plant-derived medicinal materials have significant potential and promising applications in wound healing and skin regeneration. This study aims to develop a plant-based extract hydrogel from Bletilla striata (Thunb.Reichb.f.), specifically a glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates extract (B), and characterize its potential effects on wound healing. We synthesized the hydrogel using carbomer (C), glycerol (G), and triethanolamine (T) as the matrix, incorporating B into the hydrogel base, and evaluated its physical and chemical properties. In vitro tests assessed the biocompatibility of the glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates-carbomer-glycerol-triethanolamine (B-CGT) hydrogel and its effects on cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Animal model experiments evaluated its potential to promote wound healing. The results showed that the prepared B-CGT hydrogel possessed a good three-dimensional network structure and stability, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging capacity in antioxidant tests. In cell experiments, the B-CGT hydrogel exhibited no potential cytotoxicity and showed good hemocompatibility and promotion of cell proliferation. Animal experiments indicated that wounds treated with the B-CGT hydrogel healed significantly faster, with improved formation of new epithelial tissue and collagen. This study suggests that the developed B-CGT hydrogel is a promising candidate for wound dressings, with excellent physicochemical properties and controlled drug release capabilities, effectively promoting the wound healing process.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Insecticidal Effect of Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Bark of Nauclea latifolia (Rubiaceae) on Workers of Macrotermes bellicosus (Rambur, Isoptera) in the Laboratory

Pesticides are increasingly criticized for their harmful effects on the environment and the health of farmers by environmental protection organizations and farmers themselves. Faced with this, new strategies including the use of plant-based extracts are proposed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the insecticidal effect of two plant extracts on Macrotermes bellicosus workers. Thus, through phytochemical screening and direct toxicity test, the secondary compounds and the insecticidal effect of hydro-ethanolic extracts of the bark and leaves of Nauclea latifolia were respectively evaluated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids in the hydro-ethanolic extracts of the bark and leaves of N. latifolia. On the other hand, it revealed an absence of tannins in both extracts. The direct toxicity test showed the efficacy of both extracts on M. bellicosus workers. The LD 50 of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark of N. latifolia (49.5 mg/L) was 2.6 times lower than that of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves (129.55 mg/L). Total mortality with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark with doses of 50 and 100 μl was obtained 72 hours after treatment, while with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves, it was obtained 96 hours after treatment. Efficacy is raised with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark. The consumption test revealed the presence of veneer in both treated and control samples. Filter papers were consumed for both extracts in both treated and control samples extracts of the bark and leaves of N. latifolia are effective against M. bellicosus workers. They can be recommended for the control of termite pests after evaluation of their acute toxicity to mammals.

The impacts of biopreservation with Latilactobacillus sakei cell-free supernatant in combination with plant-based extracts on the quality of modified atmosphere packed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets

The objective of the current study was to determine impacts of Latilactobacillus sakei cell-free supernatants in conjunction with plant extracts on the chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen-TVB-N, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds, free fatty acids, and pH) and microbiological parameters (total mesophilic viable count, total psychrophilic viable count, total coliform count, and total lacttic acid bacteria), and organoleptic characteristics (general acceptability, odor, taste, and texture) of modified atmosphere packed (40%N2 and 60%CO2) sea bass. The results showed that fillets treated with combination of Lat. sakei and plant-based extracts, especially Lat. sakei + blackberry leaf (7 days) and Lat. sakei + macroalgal extracts (7 days), and Lat. sakei + juniper (3 days), prolonged the shelf life of fish. Biochemical analyses revealed lower values for Lat. sakei + blackberry leaf and Lat. sakei + macroalgal extracts. The highest number of TVC was observed in the control (9.46 log cfu/g) and Lat. sakei (9.04 log cfu/g) groups at the end of storage. Thus, the usage of blackberry leaf and macroalgal extracts can have promising strategies to be employed as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in seafood industry, especially in combination with cell free extracts of bioprotective lactic acid bacteria strains.

The effect of some vegetable origin oils used in different clove varieties against Meloidogyne incognita

Alternative control methods are needed against plant parasitic nematodes in Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) and Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) plants and one of these methods is the use of plant-based extracts against nematodes. Plant parasitic nematodes cause economic damage in cut flower production areas, so in order to reduce this damage, it is aimed to use different non-synthetic plant-based extracts as an alternative to chemical control methods within the scope of cultural control of nematodes. For this purpose, garlic, thyme, and terminator (70% thyme + 30% different plant mixture formation) were used to determine the resistance against M. incognita in two different clove cultivars, Turbo with standard flower type and Harnet with spray flower type. While the egg pack index was 1.40 ± 0.70 in the Harnet cultivar with garlic application, this rate was 16.00 ± 9.66 in the positive control. While the egg pack index was 1.20 ± 0.42 in the Turbo variety, in which garlic was applied, this value was 3.70 ± 0.48 in the control. When evaluated based on varieties, the egg package index was lower in the Turbo variety with garlic application compared to the Harnet variety.

Phytochemical Screening And Antimcrobial Efficacy of Leaf Extract Of Guava (Psidium guajava) On Selected Bacteria

Guava leaf extract has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepato protective and antioxidant activities. The high resistance of bacteria to modern day drugs has led researchers in the pharmaceutical industry to look towards plant-based extracts for solutions. Hence, this studywas aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava (guava) on some selected bacteria. Pure isolates of bacteria gotten from urine of patients in Charis Rhema Research and Diagnostic Laboratory were used in the study. Extracts from the leaves of Psidium guajava were tested for presence of phytochemicals. Separation of active components of the extracts was one using Chromatographic technique. The antibacterial activityof Psidium guajava leaves was determined using agar diffusion bioassay. Phenols were present at all concentrations (100, 80 and 60mg). The study discovered a significant relationship between extract concentration and the zones of inhibition at 60% N-hexane/40% methanol for Klebsiellasp., and 0.0% N-hexane/100% methanol for S. aureus. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols were the active compounds in guava that helped in the inhibition of growth on the sampled isolates. Methanol and N-hexane extracts of guava can be used as potent medicines for inhibitingthe growth of Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus.

Combining cyclic lipopeptides and cinnamon extract enhance antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum strains pathogenic to banana and delay Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions

Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a widely distributed disease that generates devastating losses in banana production. Foc belongs to the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) which includes several evolutionary lineages. Nine of them are pathogenic to banana such as F. phialophorum, F. grosmichelli, F. duoseptatum and the most aggressive F. odoratissimum tropical race 4 (TR4). No control method has been successfully implemented to manage FWB, then enhancing the potential of management approaches can avoid or delay disease epidemics and reduce disease severity. Here we determined the antifungal effect of different plant-based extracts against Foc in vitro, and whether the combination of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) extract and Bacillus tequilensis EA-CB0015 cyclic lipopeptides had an additive effect against different Foc lineages in vitro and against FWB in banana plants in greenhouse. We found, from 17 plant-based natural extracts, that cinnamon was highly active against Foc strain IB (race 1). Furthermore, cinnamon and cyclic lipopeptides inhibited different strains of various evolutionary lineages of Foc belonging to race 1 and TR4, and their combination increased in 1.4-fold the effect of the single extracts in vitro. Our results showed that soil concentration of F. odoratissimum TR4-II5 decreased by 1000-fold when treated with the combination of 488 mg L−1 cinnamon and 128 mg L−1 lipopeptides in a soil microcosm system after 5 days of incubation, followed by a partial population recovery after 21 days. In greenhouse experiments, the combination reduced external but not internal FWB symptoms, and cinnamon extract had a significant impact on internal plant symptoms. Taken together, the effect of cyclic lipopeptides with cinnamon extract on Foc supports their function towards delaying the effect of disease progression and suggests that the combination enhances the effect of the single extracts.

Grape seed phenolic extracts encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles: Characterization and in vitro evaluation against skin melanoma

Nanocarrier platforms encapsulating plant-based natural extracts have emerged as an attractive tool to increase the safety and stability of phytomedicines and nutraceuticals. In this study, phenolic fractions were extracted from grape seed waste, spray dried, and characterized. Grape seed extracts (GSE) of Marselan, a red international variety, and Obeidi, a Lebanese autochthonous white variety, had a total phenolic content (TPC) of 301 and 206 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry matter, respectively, along with a high content of catechins, gallic acid, epicatechins, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and protocatechuic acid. A nanocarrier formulation was developed using poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA), yielding GSE-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) with an average of 230 nm particle size and −35 mV zeta potential, 50% encapsulation efficiency, and sustained release over 96 h. GSE NPs exhibited high colloidal stability in terms of size and high chemical stability in terms of TPC and antioxidant activity for both Marselan and Obeidi when stored at 4 °C for 3 months. GSE NPs showed excellent biocompatibility in human dermal fibroblasts. Both NPs and crude extracts significantly suppressed the proliferation of B16–F10 melanoma cells, particularly Obeidi NPs. This study emphasizes the important role nanotechnology can play in the valorization of bioactive nutraceuticals by presenting GSE NPs as a promising nanoformulation against skin cancer.

A critical appraisal on the involvement of plant-based extracts as neuroprotective agents (2012-2022): an effort to ease out decision-making process for researchers.

The purpose of this review study is to provide a condensed compilation of 164 medicinal plants that have been investigated for their neuroprotective aspects by researchers between the years 2012 and 2022 which also includes a recent update of 2023-2024. After using certain keywords to retrieve the data from SCOPUS, it was manually sorted to eliminate any instances of duplication. The article is streamlined into three major segments. The first segment takes a dig into the current global trend and attempts to decrypt vital information related to plant names, families, plant parts used, and neurological disorders investigated. The second segment of the article makes an attempt to present a comprehensive insight into the various mechanistic pathways through which phytochemicals can intervene to exert neuroprotection. The final segment of the manuscript is a bibliometric appraisal of all researches conducted. The study is based on 256 handpicked articles based on decided inclusion criteria. Illustrative compilation of various pathways citing their activation and deactivation channels are also presented with possible hitting points of various phytochemicals. The present study employed Microsoft Excel 2019 and VOS viewer as data visualisation tools.

Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Leaves and Galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) Rhizome for the Management of Rice Brown Plant Hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)

The utilization of plant-based extracts derived from clove leaves and galangal rhizome represents a potential alternative for pest control, offering relative environmental safety, particularly in the case of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) infestations in rice plants. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal formulation of clove leaves and galangal rhizome extracts for effective management of N. lugens on rice plants. The research was conducted at the Green House of the Pest and Plant Disease Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. Six different concentrations of clove leaves and galangal rhizome extracts were used, each with four replications. These concentrations were 2 ml/L, 4 ml/L, 6 ml/L, 8 ml/L, 10 ml/L and a control group. Application of the extracts employed three methods: insect spraying, plant spraying and insect-on-plant spraying. The results indicated that insect spraying with clove leaves extract resulted in a mortality rate of 43.3% to 93.3%, while galangal rhizome extract caused a mortality rate of 13.3% to 80%. Plant spraying with clove leaf extract led to a mortality rate of 6.7% to 46.7% and galangal extract resulted in a mortality rate of 6.7% to 40.0%. Insect-on-plant spraying caused mortality rates of 46.7% to 86.7% for clove leaves extract and 50% to 76.7% for galangal extract at 12 to 72 hours after application. The highest efficacy in terms of the quickest insect mortality occurred at a concentration of 10% using the insect spraying and insect-on-plant spraying methods, with mortality observed at 12 hours after application. The slowest response was observed at a concentration of 10% using the plant spraying method, with mortality occurring at 48 hours after application. The LT50 values for 10% clove leaves and galangal rhizome extracts application were determined as 18.2 hours and 24.6 hours, respectively. Therefore, clove leaves and galangal extracts can serve as viable alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of N. lugens, a pest of rice plants.

Antimicrobial Potential of Polyphenols: An Update on Alternative for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance.

The last decade has encountered an increasing demand for plant-based natural antibiotics. This demand has led to more research-based investigations for natural sources of antimicrobial agents and published reports demonstrating that plant extracts are widely applied in modern medicine, reporting potential activity that may be due to polyphenol compounds. Interestingly, the effects of polyphenols on the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics have not been well-studied. Hence, the current review encompasses the prospective application of plant-based phenolic extracts from plants of Indian origin. The emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents has increased the inefficacy of many antimicrobial drugs. Several strategies have been developed in recent times to overcome this issue. A combination of antimicrobial agents is employed for the failing antibiotics, which restores the desirable effect but may have toxicity-related issues. Phytochemicals such as some polyphenols have demonstrated their potent activity as antimicrobial agents of natural origin to work against resistance issues. These agents alone or in combination with certain antibiotics have been shown to enhance the antimicrobial activity against a spectrum of microbes. However, the information regarding the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships remains elusive. The present review also focuses on the possible mechanisms of natural compounds based on their structure- activity relationships for incorporating polyphenolic compounds in the drug-development processes. Besides this work, polyphenols could reduce drug dosage and may diminish the unhidden or hidden side effects of antibiotics. Pre-clinical findings have provided strong evidence that polyphenolic compounds, individually and in combination with already approved antibiotics, work well against the development of resistance. However, more studies must focus on in vivo results, and clinical research needs to specify the importance of polyphenol-based antibacterials in clinical trials.