Plant Allium Cepa Research Articles

An assessment of toxic heavy metals in soil and plants (Allium cepa and Daucus carota) by GFAAS

ABSTRACT Toxic metals were identified from soil and different edible and non edible parts of Allium cepa and Daucus Carota. Results showed that there is significant metal movement from soil to vegetables. Different vegetables have different mechanism of metal sorption and uptake. Levels of heavy metals in soil were in the order of Zn>Cu>Ni>Sb>Co>Mn>As>Cd>Pb>Cr before the cultivation of vegetables i.e. Allium cepa and Daucus carota. Ten in number heavy metals including essential metals i.e. Zinc, Copper and Manganese and non essential metals nickel cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, antimony, chromium and lead were selected for investigation. Samples were classified into soil before cultivation, after cultivation, edible and non edible parts of vegetables Allium cepa and Daucus carota. The results showed significant metal movement in the entire chain from soil to the different parts of vegetables. These vegetables were grown in the selected soil samples and heavy metals were estimated by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Soil samples were also analysed again and significant reduction in metal concentration was found after vegetation. Results of heavy metals in different parts of the Allium cepa and Daucus Carota showed a very interesting correlation that toxic metal movement was automatically stopped when reached near the edible part of the vegetables. It seems as if some natural barriers across the plant persist which prohibit the toxic metal movement towards the edible parts. It is quite evident from the results that metal movement from soil to vegetables is significant and it should remain same in the edible parts as well. But in edible parts metal amount was extraordinary low which can not be considered as dangerous for human health. The results provide useful biological and toxicological effect of toxic heavy metals in soil and edible and non edible parts of vegetables.

Growth and productivity of Onion (Allium cepa L.) as influenced by set size and spraying with Nanocarbon.

A field study was conducted in Diwaniyah city at the winter season 2017-2018 for studying the effect of the set size and Nanocarbon compounds on the growth and yield of onion plant Allium cepa L. three set sizes (small, medium and large ) and two Nanocarbon concentrations(0 and 500 mg / L) were used in the experiment. A range of vegetative traits including plant height and number of leaves, total leaf area, chlorophyll rate and number of roots were studied. In addition to yield characteristics that includes number of bulbs, fresh and dry weight and productivity. The results showed that set size and Nanocarbon compounds significantly affected the vegetative growth of the studied plants. plants planted with large sets and treated by 500 mg/L Nano-carbon scored the best results for plant height, chlorophyll rate and leaf area. In which, it recorded the highest plant height (70.1 cm), and the maximum chlorophyll content (80.18 mg/ml), and the maximum leaf area (5.21 cm2), compared to control treatment which scored (26.5 cm), (47.59 mg/ml), (2.21cm2) for the same parameters above. The number of leaves/plants increased with the increase in set size while it decreased when treated by all Nano-carbon concentration. The large set gave the highest number of leaves/plants when not treated by Nanocarbon as it reached 8.5 leaves, in comparison with those treated by Nanocarbon and the comparison treatment which reached 7.1and 7.5 respectively. The plants planted with medium sets and treated by (500 mg/L) of Nanocarbon gave the largest number of roots/plant reached 90.1 root, compared to control plants, which have 68 root only. large set plants treated by 500mg/L. carbon nanotubes increased The number of double bulbs, fresh weight, dry weight and productivity increased to 7.9, 31.01g, 9.0 g and 70.017respectively in compare to control plants which scored 1.8, 27.59g, 2.531g and 64.636 for the same parameters respectively.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL GEL CONTAINING Allium cepa EXTRACT

Herbal medicines widely improved for primary health care because of better cultural acceptability and better compatibility with human body and lesser side effects. The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate of herbal gel containing Allium cepa extract. Topical gel formulation was designed by using Allium cepa extract and carbopol 934 as a gelling agent and different excipients. The herbaceous plant Allium cepa (onion). It has great health significance and is consumed for nutritional and health benefits for last centuries. It contains flavonoids compound. Plant extract used for prevention of hair loss. Raw onion eaten in salad form this is play very important role in health benefits. Gel was prepared by incorporating extract of Allium cepa in gel at a particular step in order to prepare non greasy formulation. Gel Formulation F3 Batch was optimized in the concentration 1.5% of Carbopol 934. Different gel formulations were evaluated for their physical appearance; pH, Spreadability, Homogeneity in-vitro diffusion ,Viscosity and Drug Excipients comparability study are carried out.

A green alternative for degradation of trihalomethanes by nanocompounds and the use of bioassays to monitor genotoxic effects

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are undesirable contaminants that are generated during the pre-chlorination of water in water treatment stations which have been classified by international agencies as carcinogenic to humans. In this study, a green method for degradation of THMs in water via heterogeneous Fenton-like process catalyzed by cobalt-doped magnenite (Fe3-xCox4) was proposed. The determination of THMs degradation efficiencies by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that under optimized conditions (THMs concentration of 240 μg L−1, pH 6, 400 mg of Fe3-xCox4 nanoparticles, and 400 μL of H2O2 (30%)), the proposed procedure was able to degrade THMs (trichloromethane (90%), bromodichloromethane (90%), bibromochloromethane (87%), and tribrommethane (86%)). The remain concentration of THMs were lower than value permitted in water intended for human consumption on Brazil (100 μg L−1). Genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity tests were also carried out using the organic compounds under investigation, with the plant Allium cepa as a test subject. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the studied contaminants may present both genotoxic and mutagenic effects to exposed organisms. Through this study, it was possible to verify that the method developed has the potential to be used for environmental remediation.

Impact of Artemisia absinthium hydrolate extracts with nematicidal activity on non-target soil organisms of different trophic levels

Natural pesticides are considered a good alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental impacts. However, biopesticides may have unknown effects on the environment, and can affect non-target organisms. In this study, the ecotoxicological effects of an aqueous extract (hydrolate) from Spanish populations of Artemisia absinthium (var. Candial) showing a promising biopesticide activity, were evaluated on non-target soil organisms from different trophic levels (natural microbial communities characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the earthworm Eisenia fetida and the plant Allium cepa). The hydrolate usually was considered as a by-product of the distillation to obtain essential oils. However, recently has been found to have nematicide properties. The hydrolate caused acute toxicity at values of LC50 of 3.87% v/v for A. cepa and 0.07 mL/g for E. fetida. All the concentrations except for the most diluted (1% v/v) reduced the bacterial physiological activity compared to controls (LC50 = 25.72% v/v after 24 h of exposure). The hydrolate also slightly altered the ability of the microbial community to degrade carbon substrates. These results indicate that the hydrolate from A. absinthium may affect the survival and metabolic abilities of key soil organisms.

Toxicological effects of comercial formulations of fungicides based on procymidone and iprodione in seedlings and root tip cells of Allium cepa.

In this study the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of two commercial fungicide-active compounds, procymidone (PR) and iprodione (IP), were determined. The parameters evaluated were germination and root growth, mitotic index, chromosomal and nuclear aberrations, and molecular analyses were also performed in the model plant Allium cepa L. The results demonstrated that the active compounds PR and IP were phytotoxic, delaying germination and slowing the development of A. cepa seedlings. Moreover, PR and IP showed cytogenotoxicity towards A. cepa meristematic cells, inducing chromosomal changes and cell death. The mutagenic activity of the active compounds was demonstrated by the detection of DNA changes in simple sequence repeat (SSR) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in the treated cells compared to the negative control. Together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the damage caused by these substances in living organisms and reveal a promising strategy for prospective studies of the toxic effects of environmental pollutants.

Ecotoxicity of a new biopesticide produced by Lavandula luisieri on non-target soil organisms from different trophic levels

Plant-based biopesticides have become an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides by reducing the undesired environmental impacts and side-effects on human health. However, their effects on the environment and especially on non-target organisms have been little studied.This study analyses the ecotoxicological effects of the extract of Lavandula luisieri on soil non-target organisms from different trophic levels: the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the plant Allium cepa and a natural-soil microbial community whose taxonomy was analysed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extract tested is the hydrolate –product from a semi industrial steam distillation process- of a Spanish pre-domesticated variety of L. luisieri. This hydrolate has been recently shown to have bionematicide activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. A previous study showed that the main components of the hydrolate are camphor and 2,3,4,4-Tetramethyl-5-methylidenecyclopent-2-en-1-one.Hydrolate caused acute toxicity (LC50 2.2% v/v) on A. cepa, while only a slight toxicity on E. fetida (LC50 > 0.4 mL/g). All the concentrations tested (from 1 to 100% v/v) caused a significant decrease in bacterial growth (LC50 9.8% v/v after 120 h of exposure). The physiological diversity of the community was also significantly altered, except in the case of the lowest concentration of hydrolate (1% v/v). The ability of soil microbial communities to use a variety of carbon sources increased for all substrates at the highest concentrations.These results show that both the plants and bacterial communities of the soil can be affected by the application of biopesticides based on these hydrolates, which highlights the need for a more detailed risk assessment during the development of plant-based products.

Evaluating Toxicological Properties of Claydite Gravel, Containing Ferrovanadium Production Sludge, by Method of Biotesting with the of Higher Plants

Recycling of sludge wastes, generated at industrial wastewater treatment and containing heavy metals, is a relevant and long-term task in building materials production. At that, the possibility of toxicants emission to the environment should be taken into account. This paper presents the findings of evaluating toxicological properties of artificial porous aggregates (claydite gravel), containing ferrovanadium production sludge, by means of using higher plants (Avena Sativa and Allium cepa) as test objects. It is demonstrated that adding sludge to the raw charge in amount up to 15% in the process of baking intensifies the melt formation with clay minerals, which contributes to the safe binding of heavy metals, reducing their diffusion to water media. Water extracts of the obtained claydite have no phytotoxic effect on higher plants.

Evaluation of Genotoxicity by Micronucleus Assay in vitro and by Allium cepa Test in vivo.

The in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of new metallodrugs either as Small Bioactive Molecules (SBAMs) or Conjugates of Metals with Drugs (CoMeDs) is evaluated by the micronucleus test and the Allium cepa assay, respectively. Fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5), normal human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) and immortalized human keratinocytes cells (HaCaT) were incubated with solutions of SBAMs or CoMeDs at their IC50 values for 48 h (the concentration of a compound which is required to inhibit the cells growth by 50% in relation to the non-treated cells). The micronucleus abundance percentage towards the corresponding one, of the non-treated cells indicates the in vitro genotoxicity of the formulations. The in vivo Allium cepa test comprises the exposing of the plant Allium cepa roots to an SBAMs or a CoMeDs solution for 48 h. The percentages of the mitotic index, the chromosome aberrations, the nuclear abnormalities and the presence of the micronucleus are calculated indicating the in vivo genotoxicity of the agent.

Potential factors contributing to the decline of Iris Yellow Spot Virus in organically grown onion crops in Canterbury and Hawke's Bay over three years

The Tospovirus Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), transmitted by thrips (predominantly Thrips tabaci), was first recorded in New Zealand in 2007. In March 2015, symptoms of the virus were relatively widespread in an organically managed onion crop in Canterbury. Onion plants were sampled for the presence of T. tabaci adults and larvae and for IYSV symptoms on an organically managed farm in Canterbury in 2014-2015, 2015-16 and 2016-17, and on a similar farm in Hawke's Bay in 2014-2015 and 2015-16. An immunoassay was used to confirm the presence of IYSV in some symptomatic plants. In Canterbury, IYSV symptoms were less apparent in 2015-16 and no symptoms were observed in 2016-17. No IYSV symptoms were observed in the Hawke's Bay onion crop, despite relatively high T. tabaci numbers. The virus symptoms declined from when they were first observed in March 2015 to undetectable levels in 2016-17 in Canterbury, which may be attributed to crop location, fewer thrips and the absence of a disease reservoir in volunteer Allium cepa plants or other hosts.

Concise Review: Herbal remedies for the treatment of nausea and vomiting

Background: Vomiting occurs when the contractions of stomach muscle walls cause a large amount of the stomach content to go upward and flow back into the esophagus; this process is very common among infants. The aim of this review was to present the effects of medicinal plants on vomiting.
 Methods: In the current review, articles indexed in databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Islamic World Science Citation Center, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran were retrieved using the search terms ‘vomiting’, ‘nausea’, ‘medicinal plants’, and ‘traditional medicine’.
 Results: Based on the research findings, the medicinal plants Zingiber officinale, Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum verum, Citrus limon, Matricaria chamomilla, Lavandula angustifolia, Allium cepa, Oryza sativa, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Elettaria cardamomum, Pimpinella anisum, Ferula assa-foetida, Ocimum basilicum, and Musa sapientum were selected as the focus.
 Conclusion: In traditional medicine, treatment for vomiting is relevant, especially in children. The mechanisms of some of these plants have been understood but for many they are still unclear. Further investigations are needed to understand more about these medicinal plants and their mechanism of action for effective use in the clinic.

Morphotoxicity and cytogenotoxicity of pendimethalin in the test plant Allium cepa L. - A biomarker based study

Pesticides have brought tremendous benefits to mankind by increasing food production and controlling various crop diseases. But their prolonged and extensive use has been reported to induce toxicity. Biological markers used for the evaluation of toxic effects of pesticides have increased these days. The aim of this study was to determine the morphotoxic and cytogenotoxic effects of pesticide pendimethalin applied to the soil by using morphological and genotoxic biomarkers in the test plant Allium cepa L. A pot experiment was set up in which pendimethalin was added to soil at the rate of 0, 0.033, 0.044, 0.055 and 0.066 g kg−1 soil. Similar sized onion bulbs were planted in each pot and 3 replicates were maintained for each dose of pendimethalin at 1, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days after treatment. Average root number (ARN) and average length of roots (ALR) of onion bulbs were recorded and on the day 3 of sowing roots were harvested and fixed for cytological analysis. Morphological biomarkers revealed significant concentration and duration dependent inhibition of ARN and ALR as compared to control which shows the morphotoxicity of pendimethalin. The results also showed inhibitory effect on the mitotic index (%) of A. cepa while relative abnormality rate (%) increased. Further, we observed aberrations in both the dividing and non-dividing cells along with spotting of few ring chromosomes. Reduced mitotic index, increased relative abnormality rate; various chromosomal and interphase nuclear aberrations all being mitosis endpoint markers reflect the cytogenotoxicity of pendimethalin, even at lower concentrations.

Short-term assessment of cadmium toxicity and uptake from different types of Cd-based Quantum Dots in the model plant Allium cepa L.

We report on the toxicity and bioaccumulation of three different types of Cd-based quantum dots (QDs), dispersed in aqueous medium, for a model plant Allium cepa L. It is believed that encapsulation of nanoparticles should reduce their toxicity and increase their stability in different environments; in this work we studied how QD encapsulation affects their phytotoxicity. Core, core/shell, and core/shell/shell QDs (CdTe, CdTe/ZnS, and CdTe/CdS/ZnS QDs capped by 2-mercaptopropionic acid) were tested and CdCl2 was used as a positive control. After 24-h and 72-h exposure, total Cd content (MCd) and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were determined in all parts of A. cepa plants (roots, bulb, shoot), and the total length of the root system was monitored as a toxicity end-point. Measurements of total Cd content versus free Cd2+ content (with Differential Pulse Voltammetry, DPV) in exposure media showed differences in chemical stability of the three QD types. Correspondingly, selected QDs showed different toxicity for A. cepa and different Cd bioaccumulation patterns. CdTe QDs were the most toxic; their effect was similar to CdCl2 due to the release of free Cd2+, which was confirmed by the DPV measurements. Plants exposed to CdTe QDs also bioaccumulated the most Cd among all QD exposure groups. CdTe/ZnS QDs showed no toxicity and very low bioaccumulation of Cd in A. cepa; the main source of measured Cd in the plants were QDs adsorbed on their roots, which was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. On the contrary, CdTe/CdS/ZnS QD toxicity and bioaccumulation patterns were similar to those of CdTe QDs and pointed to unstable CdS/ZnS shells.

The determining performances of some onion (Allium cepa l.) varieties in Absheron conditions

The study covers the performances of onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties introducted from Turkiye. Collecting and analysing of gene pool materials focusing to onion is so important for actual seed selection and perspective forms. The main purpose of the study is collecting gene pool materials spesific of onion plant (Allium cepa L.) according to economic indicators, quality and yield traits and phenological observations over 12 different varieties (Barakat, Mor Soghan, Beyaz soghan, Tekirdagh soghan, Casta, Beta Panko, Red Amposta, Betaki, Panko, Metan, Erkenci, Valenciana) bringing from different regions of Turkey. Based on study results, there were big differences among varieties in the Azerbaijan conditions.

Engineered nickel oxide nanoparticles affect genome stability in Allium cepa (L.)

Indiscriminate uses of engineered nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) in heavy industries have ushered their introduction into the natural environment, ensuing novel interactions with biotic components of the ecosystem. Though much is known about the toxicity of NiO-NPs on animals, their phytotoxic potential is not well elucidated. NiO-NP hinders intra-cellular homeostasis by producing ROS in excess, having profound effect on the antioxidant profile of exposed animal and plant tissues. In the present study, bulbs of the model plant Allium cepa were treated with varying concentrations of NiO-NP (10 mg L−1 - 500 mg L−1) to study changes in ROS production and potential genotoxic effect. The data generated proved a concomitant upsurge in intracellular ROS accumulation with NiO-NP dosage that could be correlated with increased genotoxicity in A. cepa. Augmented in situ ROS production was revealed through DCFH-DA assay, with highest increase in fluorescence (70% over control) in bulbs exposed to 125 mg L−1 NiO-NP. Effect of NiO-NP on genomic DNA was studied through detailed analyses of RAPD profiles which allows detection of even slightest changes in DNA sequence of treated plants. Significant differences in band intensity, loss and appearance of bands as well as genomic template stability and band sharing indices of treated plants revealed increased vulnerability of genomic DNA to NiO-NP, at even lowest concentration (10 mg L−1). This is the first report of NiO-NP induced genotoxicity on A. cepa, which confirms the nanoparticle as a potent environmental hazard.

Insilico Prediction of Binding Efficiency for the Phytoconstituents from Traditional Medicinal Plants against Diabetes Target: Aldose Reductase

Diabetes mellitus is a most common metabolic disease arising from lack of insulin production or insulin resistance. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Aldose reductase, a clinically important key enzyme which is involved in the polyol pathway and considered as the main factor for the pathogenesis of many diabetic complications. The aim of the present study is to combat and manage the diabetic mellitus using traditional medicinal plants. The phytoconstituents which are biologically active in plants Silybummarianum (milk thistle), Abelmoschusesculentus (okra), Allium cepa (onion), Withania somnifera (winter cherry), Commiphora wightii (Guggul), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) were identified from the literature and the 3D structure were retrieved from the publicly accessible chemical compound, PubChem. The compounds were docked with the target aldose reductase using glide module of Schrodinger software. Among the 120 number of compounds, taxifolin from Silybummari anum showed least G score value of -11.11 Kcal/mol. The compound taxifolin had significantly interacted with 5HA7 protein and further information are discussed in detail.

Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in plants: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, deregulation of antioxidant defenses, and cell-cycle arrest

Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and biochemical effects were evaluated in the plants Allium cepa, Nicotiana tabacum, and Vicia faba following exposure to ZnO nanoparticles (np; diameter, ∼85nm). In the root meristems of Allium cepa cells, we observed loss of membrane integrity, increased chromosome aberrations, micronucleus formation, DNA strand breaks, and cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint. In Vicia faba and Nicotiana tabacum, we observed increased intracellular ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and activities of some antioxidant enzymes. TEM images revealed gross morphological alterations and internalization of the np. Our findings provide evidence of ZnO np toxicity, characterized by deregulation of components of ROS-antioxidant machinery, leading to DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, and cell death. These plants, especially Allium cepa, are reliable systems for assessment of np toxicology.

Allium Chromosome Aberration Test for Evaluation Effect of Cleaning Municipal Water with Constructed Wetland (CW) in Sveti Tomaž, Slovenia

® ; Allium metaphase test; Chromosome damage Abstract We show the effectiveness of the communal waste water cleaning plant of the type LIMNOWET ® Constructed Wetlands (CW). The tests were done with the Allium metaphase test and show the degree of genotoxicity, by observing the aberrations of the metaphasic chromosomes of the plant Allium cepa L. that are evoked by genotoxic substances in the polluted water. The CW plant reduced the degree of genotoxicity 29.0% to 3.5% (the Fisher's Exact test: p=9.2e-13<0,00001). Therefore CW is a very effective ecoremediation technique, since it removes up to 96% of waste.

Influence of Temperature on Mutagenicity in Plants Exposed to Surface Disinfected Drinking Water

Disinfection of surface drinking water, particularly water chlorination, produces by-products with potential genotoxic and/or carcinogenic activity. A study carried out at a pilot plant for drinking water disinfection of lake water revealed mutagenic activity of three different disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid) in different seasons using in situ mutagenicity assays, both in animal (micronucleus test) and in plant organisms (anaphase chromosomal aberration and micronucleus tests). The effects of the disinfectants appeared to be modulated by the season of exposure. In this study, we tried to understand if (and to what extent) the temperature parameter could actually play an independent role in the registered seasonal variation of mutagenic effects, neglecting the variation of other parameters, e.g. physical conditions and chemical composition of the lake water. Therefore plants (Allium cepa for chromosomal aberration test and Vicia faba for micronucleus test) were exposed to the same disinfected lake-water samples at different temperatures (10℃, 20℃ and 30℃), according the ones registered during the in situ experiment. Long-term expo- sure at the temperatures of 20℃ (both Vicia faba and Allium cepa) and 30℃ (Vicia faba only) to disinfected waters induced clear mutagenic effects. These results show that temperature is an important variable which should be taken into account when in situ exposure of plants is planned for mutagenicity testing. Also, different plant systems clearly show specific temperature ranges suitable for their growth, thereby indicating the need for an accurate selection of the test organism for a specific experimental plan.

Changes of Elements Concentration in Onion Set Plants (Allium cepa L.) Traditionally Cultivated Under Different Soil Types in Greece

Changes of Elements Concentration in Onion Set Plants (Allium cepa L.) Traditionally Cultivated Under Different Soil Types in Greece