Organizational Planning Research Articles

A primer on brand-name prescription drug contracting.

Prescription drug contracting in the United States has evolved over decades from discounts provided to members of early health maintenance organization plans to rebate contracts to more complex value-based purchasing arrangements. This primer describes the history of contracting between pharmaceutical manufacturers and managed care pharmacy organizations and details the various contracting methods used today.

Data-Driven Decision Support Tool Co-Development with a Primary Health Care Practice Based Learning Network

Background The Alliance for Healthier Communities is a learning health system that supports Community Health Centres (CHCs) across Ontario, Canada to provide team-based primary health care to people who otherwise experience barriers to care. This case study describes the ongoing process and lessons learned from the first Alliance for Healthier Communities’ Practice Based Learning Network (PBLN) data-driven decision support tool co-development project. Methods We employ an iterative approach to problem identification and methods development for the decision support tool, moving between discussion sessions and case studies with CHC electronic health record (EHR) data. We summarize our work to date in terms of six stages: population-level descriptive-exploratory study, PBLN team engagement, decision support tool problem selection, sandbox case study 1: individual-level risk predictions, sandbox case study 2: population-level planning predictions, project recap and next steps decision. Results The population-level study provided an initial point of engagement to consider how clients are (not) represented in EHR data and to inform problem selection and methodological decisions thereafter. We identified three initial meaningful types of decision support, with target application areas: risk prediction/screening, triaging specialized program referrals, and identifying care access needs. Based on feasibility and expected impact, we started with the goal to support earlier identification of mental health decline after diabetes diagnosis. As discussions deepened around clinical use cases associated with example prediction task set ups, the target problem evolved towards supporting the upstream task of organizational planning and advocacy for adequate mental health care service capacity to meet incoming needs. Conclusions This case study contributes towards a tool to support diabetes and mental health care, as well as lays groundwork for future CHC EHR-based decision support tool initiatives. We share lessons learned and reflections from our process that other primary health care organizations may use to inform their own co-development initiatives.

Model of Formation of Communicative Competences of Students-Programmers in the Process of Joint Activity

Effective professional activity in the digital era is based on the ability to make decisions, willingness to cooperate and skills to manage emotional intelligence. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the training of IT-specialists and create conditions for the formation of their communicative competences. The purpose of the article is to discuss the results of the development of the model of the process of forming communicative competences of software engineering students in collaborative activities. The research methodology includes competence-based, constructivist, network approach, personality-oriented approach and activity-based approaches. The method of pedagogical modeling was used, which allowed to correlate the existing and ideal characteristics of the educational process under study, to identify and outline ways to improve it in the context of professional activity in the IT-sphere. The development of the model was carried out taking into account the technology of “blended learning”. Research results. The model of the process of formation of communicative competence of students-programmers includes the target block, in which the personal goals of education, the standard of specialty 09.02.07 “Information Systems and Programming”, the requirements of employers to the professional activity of programmers are indicated; the organizational-activity block, including diagnostic and activity-forming activities; the result-criterial block, including criteria and indicators of assessment of communicative competence. Conclusion. Communicative competences of students-programmers include knowledge of psychological bases of communication and possession of virtual communication skills, active participation in teamwork, skills of constructive interaction, organizational skills, readiness for interaction, orientation to self-improvement in interaction, self-motivation skills, self-regulation skills, self-control, conflict resolution. The process of formation of communicative competences of students-programmers is carried out in the educational activity on the basis of learning in cooperation as a type of joint activity, providing students’ motivation for constructive interaction, increasing the performance of academic tasks, individual responsibility, eliminating the barriers of interaction through the use of flexible planning strategy and organization of virtual teamwork based on the principles of Agile-methodology and Scrum-method.

The world from the perspective of digital nomads: exploring sentiments in destination reviews

PurposeThis study aims to explore the emotional landscapes and spatial preferences of digital nomads, focusing on how sentiments expressed in destination reviews influence their mobility and destination choices.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a lexicon-based sentiment analysis of social media comments and reviews, alongside advanced geographical information systems (GIS) mapping techniques, the study analyzes the emotional tones that digital nomads associate with various destinations worldwide.FindingsThe analysis reveals significant patterns of emotional sentiments, with trust and joy being predominant in preferred destinations. Spatial patterns identified through GIS mapping highlight the global distribution of these sentiments, underscoring the importance of emotional well-being in destination choice.Practical implicationsInsights from this study offer valuable guidance for Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) in strategic planning, enhancing destination appeal through targeted marketing strategies that resonate with the emotional preferences of digital nomads.Originality/valueThis research introduces a novel approach by integrating sentiment analysis with GIS to map the emotional and spatial dynamics of digital nomadism, contributing a new perspective to the literature on tourism and mobility.

A REVIEW OF DATA-DRIVEN DECISION MAKING IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

This research review article explores the transformative impact of data-driven decision-making (DDDM) across various sectors, highlighting the integration of advanced analytics to enhance organizational efficiency, innovation, and strategic planning. Despite the potential benefits, the adoption of DDDM poses significant challenges, including data quality issues, integration complexities, and the need for a cultural shift towards valuing data analytics. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent research and case studies, this article synthesizes key findings, emerging trends, and future research areas in DDDM. It provides practical recommendations for practitioners aiming to implement and optimize DDDM processes, emphasizing the importance of fostering a data-driven culture, investing in robust data infrastructure, and ensuring the ethical use of data. Additionally, the article offers suggestions for continuous improvement and adaptation to technological advancements, advocating for regular strategy reviews, monitoring emerging trends, and fostering innovation. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the outlined recommendations, organizations can unlock the full potential of DDDM, driving significant advancements in efficiency, competitiveness, and strategic decision-making in the digital age.
 Keywords: Data-driven Decision Making, Engineering Management, Machine Learning, Big Data, Advanced Analytics, Organizational Efficiency, Data Quality and Infrastructure, Technological Advancements.

Competence Assessment of Team of Specialists under the Organization and Personnel Department at Public Universities in Vietnam

A study was conducted to identify the components of competency in general that are considered important in improving the work efficiency of team of specialists under the organization and personnel department at public universities in Vietnam. Data have been collected through a management questionnaire to team of specialists under the organization and personnel department (n = 106) managerial staff (n = 50), and lecturers and other specialists (n = 245). Analysis of deductive content and statistics of technical description are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of data, respectively. The results show that there are five important components of competency of specialists under the organization and personnel department that need to be formed, including professional quality, professional competence, consulting competence, competence of planning and implementation organization, competence of self-improvement, and professional development. In addition, there are three groups of complementary competencies, including communication competence, foreign language competence, and information technology competence. The main objective of the article is to identify the components of competency in general that are considered important in improving the work efficiency of team of specialists under the organization and personnel department at public universities in Vietnam. The findings can be used by administrators at public universities as a basis for them to have specific strategies and solutions in the university’s team development to meet the requirements of higher educational renovation today.

Health economic evaluation of blended collaborative care for older multimorbid heart failure patients: study protocol

BackgroundIntegrated care, in particular the ‘Blended Collaborative Care (BCC)’ strategy, may have the potential to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in multimorbid patients with heart failure (HF) and psychosocial burden at no or low additional cost. The ESCAPE trial is a randomised controlled trial for the evaluation of a BCC approach in five European countries. For the economic evaluation of alongside this trial, the four main objectives were: (i) to document the costs of delivering the intervention, (ii) to assess the running costs across study sites, (iii) to evaluate short-term cost-effectiveness and cost-utility compared to providers’ usual care, and (iv) to examine the budgetary implications.MethodsThe trial-based economic analyses will include cross-country cost-effectiveness and cost-utility assessments from a payer perspective. The cost-utility analysis will calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) using the EQ-5D-5L and national value sets. Cost-effectiveness will include the cost per hospital admission avoided and the cost per depression-free days (DFD). Resource use will be measured from different sources, including electronic medical health records, standardised questionnaires, patient receipts and a care manager survey. Uncertainty will be addressed using bootstrapping.DiscussionThe various methods and approaches used for data acquisition should provide insights into the potential benefits and cost-effectiveness of a BCC intervention. Providing the economic evaluation of ESCAPE will contribute to a country-based structural and organisational planning of BCC (e.g., the number of patients that may benefit, how many care managers are needed). Improved care is expected to enhance health-related quality of life at little or no extra cost.Trial registrationThe study follows CHEERS2022 and is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00025120).

Usability and Feasibility Evaluation of a Web-Based and Offline Cybersecurity Resource for Health Care Organizations (The Essentials of Cybersecurity in Health Care Organizations Framework Resource): Mixed Methods Study.

Cybersecurity is a growing challenge for health systems worldwide as the rapid adoption of digital technologies has led to increased cyber vulnerabilities with implications for patients and health providers. It is critical to develop workforce awareness and training as part of a safety culture and continuous improvement within health care organizations. However, there are limited open-access, health care-specific resources to help organizations at different levels of maturity develop their cybersecurity practices. This study aims to assess the usability and feasibility of the Essentials of Cybersecurity in Health Care Organizations (ECHO) framework resource and evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with implementing the resource at the organizational level. A mixed methods, cross-sectional study of the acceptability and usability of the ECHO framework resource was undertaken. The research model was developed based on the technology acceptance model. Members of the Imperial College Leading Health Systems Network and other health care organizations identified through the research teams' networks were invited to participate. Study data were collected through web-based surveys 1 month and 3 months from the date the ECHO framework resource was received by the participants. Quantitative data were analyzed using R software (version 4.2.1). Descriptive statistics were calculated using the mean and 95% CIs. To determine significant differences between the distribution of answers by comparing results from the 2 survey time points, 2-tailed t tests were used. Qualitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Thematic analysis used deductive and inductive approaches to capture themes and concepts. A total of 16 health care organizations participated in the study. The ECHO framework resource was well accepted and useful for health care organizations, improving their understanding of cybersecurity as a priority area, reducing threats, and enabling organizational planning. Although not all participants were able to implement the resource as part of information computing technology (ICT) cybersecurity activities, those who did were positive about the process of change. Learnings from the implementation process included the usefulness of the resource for raising awareness and ease of use based on familiarity with other standards, guidelines, and tools. Participants noted that several sections of the framework were difficult to operationalize due to costs or budget constraints, human resource limitations, leadership support, stakeholder engagement, and limited time. The research identified the acceptability and usability of the ECHO framework resource as a health-focused cybersecurity resource for health care organizations. As cybersecurity in health care organizations is everyone's responsibility, there is potential for the framework resource to be used by staff with varied job roles. Future research needs to explore how it can be updated for ICT staff and implemented in practice and how educational materials on different aspects of the framework could be developed.

Need Assessment of Education Management According to Sub-District Non-Formal and Informal Education Centre Standards for Excellence

This study aims to study the Current Conditions, Desirable Conditions, and Necessary Needs of Educational Management according to standards for Excellence of Sub – District Non – Formal and Informal Education Centre. And to study educational management guidelines according to the Sub – District Non – Formal and Informal Education Centre Standards for Excellence. There were two steps: Step 1: Study the Current Conditions, Desirable Conditions, and Needs of educational management standards of Sub – District Non – Formal and Informal Education Centre Standards for Excellence. The sample consisted of 40 school administrators and 328 of the heads of Sub – District Non – Formal and Informal Education Centre, a total of 368 attended in the academic year 2022 using Multi-stage Random Sampling. Step 2: Study the standard educational management guidelines. The informants are qualified by studying best practices from five Models of Sub – District Non – Formal and Informal Education Centres, two persons, totaling ten people, by specific sampling. The research instruments: 1) The Current Conditions and Desirable Conditions Questionnaire following educational management according to standards for Excellence of Sub–District Non–Formal and Informal Education Centre, a 5-level rating scale. 2) Semi-structured interview 3) The Educational Management Approach Assessment Form is a 5-level estimation scale with statistics used to analyze the data, including mean, standard deviation, priority sorting of PNImodified data, and content analysis. The results showed that 1) the current condition as a whole and in terms of study is at a high level; Overall desirable conditions are at the highest level. One aspect is at the highest level: six are at the highest level. Considering the necessary needs, it found that the needs of educational management according to the standards. There is a need to develop all seven areas as follows Organizational Leadership, Strategic Planning, Learner and Stakeholder Focus, Knowledge Analysis and Management Measurement, Processing Management, and Personnel Focus. 2) the suggestions were seven aspects and 135 approaches as follows Workshops, Learning from other people, Brainstorming, Operating Integration, Mentoring, and Learning from successful organizations.

The potential for Indigenous-led conservation in urbanized landscapes in Canada

Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) are an important pathway and governance system for area-based conservation led by Indigenous Peoples. While IPCAs have been established across rural and northern regions of Canada, they have received little attention in urbanized landscapes, even though all of Canada’s urban areas coincide with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis territory (and thereby underlying Indigenous jurisdiction) and the majority of Indigenous Peoples in the country live in urban centers. Canada’s federal government is in the process of establishing six new urban national parks and has committed to working with local Indigenous governments and organizations in parks planning. This study examined the potential for strengthening Indigenous participation in urban parks planning, governance, and management, including the establishment of new urban Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (UIPCAs). The results of spatial analyses of urban Indigenous territory, a review of relevant domestic and international policy and interviews with local Indigenous conservation leaders illuminate the potential for new forms of urban conservation governance that are grounded in Indigenous rights and responsibilities and reflective of Indigenous knowledge systems and biocultural priorities. However, it remains to be seen how urban Indigenous-led conservation, such as UIPCAs, can fit and operate within proposed government urban conservation initiatives, such as Canada’s Urban National Parks Program, which do not currently foreground Indigenous-led conservation in the governance of urban green space.

The Role of Strategic Management in the Procurement Process

The modern era is characterized by a rapid pace of change. Therefore, it is important for all types of organizations not only to respond to changes, but also to anticipate them. At this time, strategic management acts as the main tool, which involves the development and implementation of plans that help the organization achieve its desired goals and objectives. This process includes both strategy formulation and organizational structure and resource allocation planning, as well as change initiatives and resource control. For operational activities, any enterprise needs raw materials, related products, and various types of services provided by other organizations. At the same time, business constantly needs to develop, acquire the necessary goods/services at lower costs and of higher quality. Therefore, special importance is attached to strategic management when making purchases. Keywords: Strategic management, Procurement, Procurement management, Procurement plan

Zoo professionals and volunteers in the U.S: experiences and prevalence of burnout, mental health, and animal loss.

Burnout and mental health among animal care and health professionals (ACHPs) has received increasing attention in recent years. Despite rapid growth of research in this area, the wellbeing of individuals who work and/or volunteer in zoo settings has received minimal attention. An anonymous online survey was created to evaluate zoo staff and volunteers' experiences of animal-related loss, rates of professional fulfillment and burnout, mental health, perceived organizational support, and resilience. Participants included 1695 zoo professionals (72% ACHPs, 20% other staff) and volunteers (7%) who were recruited through relevant professional listservs and online platforms, and flyers on zoo grounds. ACHPs reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and burnout and lower levels of professional fulfillment than other zoo staff and volunteers. The most common animal-related losses experienced by ACHPs in the past year were unexpected death (80%) and anticipated loss (74%), with more than half of these losses occurring within the past 3 months. ACHPs' reported bond with animals under their care was positively associated with depression and anxiety. Having a formal ritual or process following the death of an animal was positively associated with job fulfillment and perceived organizational support and negatively associated with depression and burnout-yet only 17% of participants in our sample indicated that their zoo had such a process or ritual. Our findings suggest that many ACHPs are struggling with burnout, anxiety, depression, and low rates of professional fulfilment and perceived organizational support. We recommend that zoos develop organizational plans that foster a culture which normalizes and validates grief/loss experiences and is proactive in responding to animal loss, related trauma, and other occupational stressors. The results of this research demonstrate the need for systemic changes within the zoo industry, for the betterment and welfare of both humans and the animals under their care.

Architectural Peculiarities of the Structure of Technoparks and Technopolises

This research aims to explore the architectural features that define modern technoparks and technopolises as innovative hubs for knowledge-based industries worldwide. By analyzing various case studies from leading global centers, we seek to identify commonalities in design principles, spatial organization, and urban planning strategies that contribute to their success as catalysts for technological advancement and economic growth. Through a comprehensive analysis of diverse case studies, this study identifies recurring design principles, spatial arrangements, and urban planning methodologies that underpin their efficacy as drivers of technological progress and prosperity. The methodology involves an in-depth examination of case studies from prominent technoparks and technopolises worldwide. Analysis is conducted to identify recurring patterns in architectural design, spatial organization, and urban planning strategies. By synthesizing findings from these case studies, this research elucidates the critical factors shaping the architectural landscape of technoparks and technopolises. The results highlight the importance of functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability in architectural design to foster collaboration, creativity, and innovation within these complexes. Spatial organization prioritizes connectivity and accessibility, facilitating interaction among stakeholders and promoting a conducive environment for knowledge exchange and interdisciplinary collaboration. Furthermore, integration of amenities such as green spaces and mixed-use developments enhances the quality of life for occupants and contributes to the overall vibrancy of these innovation clusters. In conclusion, the architectural peculiarities of technoparks and technopolises play a significant role in shaping their identity as catalysts for technological advancement and economic prosperity. Understanding these architectural features provides valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and architectural practitioners to strategically plan and sustainably develop technologically-driven urban environments. Leveraging design innovation can cultivate vibrant innovation ecosystems, propelling societies towards a more sustainable and knowledge-driven future.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SERVICE INNOVATION FACTORS INFLUENCING TO ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF MUNICIPALITY IN THAILAND

Introduction: The development of Local Authoritative Organizations (LAO) in Thailand has continued for a long time, amid efforts to centralize power especially since the civil service reform and national political factors in each period have always affected changes in Local Authoritative Organizations (LAO). According to the decentralization plan of the Act on Decentralization Plans and Procedures for Local Administrative Organizations, there are guidelines for transferring missions to local authoritative organizations in 6 areas: 1) infrastructure, 2) quality of life promotion, 3) community organization, society and maintaining peace and order 4) investment, commerce and tourism promotion 5) management and conservation of natural resources and the environment 6) arts and culture, traditions and local wisdom. Currently, there are a total of 7,848 local authoritative organizations, excluding Bangkok Metropolitan and Pattaya City.
 
 Method: To examine the conceptual framework of Service innovation factors influencing to organizational performance of municipality in Thailand.
 
 Results: The findings revealed that Innovative organization and Innovative capability affect to Performance Management through Operational performance and Innovative capability and Service Innovation affects to Organizational Performance
 
 Conclusion: This study concluded that Conceptual framework of Service innovation factors influencing to Organizational performance of Municipality in Thailand consisted of Innovative Organization, Innovative Capability, Service Innovation related to Performance Management and Organizational Performance. Research on Factors in innovation and organizational management that affect the performance of local government organizations in the type of municipality. The researcher created a model by analyzing a total of 5 latent variables, divided into 3 external latent variables: innovative organizations; Innovative capabilities and service innovation As for the internal latent variables, there are 2 variables: performance management and organizational performance, as shown in Figure 6 Conceptual Framework.

Process evaluation of a disability-inclusive employment programme: examining the design and implementation of STAR+

ABSTRACT Little is known about what works to facilitate disability-inclusive employment. This study reports initial findings of a process evaluation of a disability-inclusive employment programme, STAR+, being implemented across Bangladesh. The study interrogates the design of STAR+ and the structures and processes by which it was delivered. Findings reveal an important role of early involvement of disability-focused organizations in intervention planning. The study further discusses adaptations made during STAR+ delivery. First, in some project areas, extra resources were available to appoint additional staff to support disability inclusion. Second, family members were relied upon by implementers to support youth with disabilities at their workplace and classroom training. Lastly, STAR+ implementers take care to ensure the right employers are selected by the programme, in some cases engaging in additional ad-hoc selection processes to on-board more altruistic individuals. Results are discussed in terms of programmatic and policy implications.

Common Teaching Strategies of Mathematics Teachers and Learning Achievement of High School Students at Tacurong National High School

Students' academic experiences are greatly influenced by effective teaching methods, especially in topics like mathematics. This study explores the opinions of math teachers about using different teaching pedagogies with high school pupils. Without an organized plan, information could be shared that isn't relevant to the interests of the students, which highlights the need of using a variety of techniques to create positive discipline and encourage student motivation. Twenty-two high school math instructors from a public school in New Isabela, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, were chosen as respondents using a Purposive Sampling Technique. The study uses a validated questionnaire to measure teacher impressions and uses a quantitative comparative design. To evaluate the collected data, statistical methods such as mean, One-way-analysis of Variance, and Tukey-Kramer were used. The computed F-value of 3.238 indicates that the results show a significant difference in the learning achievement of High School pupils in Mathematics when exposed to diverse teaching styles. This emphasizes how crucial it is to modify teaching strategies to meet the various needs of students. The study provides insightful information about how different teaching methods can improve students' academic performance in mathematics, laying the groundwork for further research and possible advancements in teaching methods. Comprehending the viewpoints of educators about these tactics can facilitate the creation of focused interventions aimed at enhancing the educational experience for High School Mathematics pupils.

Malaria elimination in West Java, Indonesia: A descriptive-and-qualitative study.

Following World Health Organization (WHO) plans for thirty-five malaria-endemic countries, Indonesia will eliminate malaria by 2030. As one of the Indonesian provinces, West Java targeted subnational malaria elimination in 2022. This article aims to describe malaria surveillance data and elimination programs, including weaknesses in sustaining the program. This study used secondary data from malaria surveillance information system regencies/cities' case reports for 2019-2022 and achievement data of sub-national malaria elimination certification from each regency/city from 2014-2022. The data was confirmed from the evaluation study document, analysis of reported cases, and interviews. Most cases were confirmed by microscopic examination (84.1% in 2021 and 94.4% in 2022) and rapid diagnostic tests (57% in 2019 and 58.1% in 2020). Malaria is more prevalent among men (93% in 2019, 95% in 2020, 96% in 2021, and 95.9% in 2022) and productive ages of 15-64 years (98.8% in 2019, 100% in 2020, 99.2% in 2021, and 98.8% in 2022), frequently occurs in the military (56.3% in 2019, 75.7% in 2020, 45.2% in 2021) and police (40.5% in 2022), often uses passive case detection for identifying cases (97.9% in 2019 and 2020, 95.2% in 2021, and 97.6% in 2022), and the majority undergo inpatient treatment (86.4% in 2019, 81.7% in 2021, and 82.6% in 2022). Most positive cases originated from imported cases, and last indigenous cases were still found in 2019. Plasmodium vivax dominated malaria cases and and relapses were high (55.0% in 2020, and 47.3% in 2022). All regencies/cities have obtained sub-national malaria elimination certification in 2022. West Java has the potential to be verified for Java-Bali sub-national malaria elimination targeted in 2023, albeit cases of imported malaria still occur. It is imperative to address the issue of imported cases transitioning into locally transmitted cases (introduced) by effective coordination across all regencies/cities and inter-provincial efforts.

RISKS IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSMENT PECULIARITIES IN BUSINESS PLANNING PROCESS

The scientific article discusses problematic aspects of identifying and assessing risks at the stage of developing business plans. It was determined that changes in the economic environment of enterprises require the formation of new approaches and means of solving economic problems. One of the effective ways to solve this problem is to develop a business plan. This document should be considered both a management tool of the business entity and a means of attracting financing. The specifics of business planning are defined, the main reasons that lead to the development of a business plan are considered.
 It is noted that risks are an important element that must be paid attention to in business planning. The interpretation of the term "risk" in the scientific literature is generalized. It was determined that the presence of risk in the business plan is a forming factor of uncertainty. The study points to the presence of risks as a mandatory and undeniable element of enterprise activity in modern conditions. Risk assessment is a mandatory structural element of a typical business plan.
 It is indicated that each business plan is individual and unique. It is proposed to detail the risks not in a separate section "Risks", but in the section of the main sections of the business plan: market analysis, marketing plan, organizational plan and management, production plan, financial plan, which will allow group all existing risks, detail them and develop priority measures to neutralize them.
 The main types of risks that may arise in the main sections of the business plan are revealed. It was determined that the systematization of types and groups of risks by sections is an important tool for their effective management, because it helps to choose individual approaches to assessment, measurement, forecasting and selection of response measures.
 As a result, it is proposed to form an appropriate table of risks and means of their neutralization, which will allow to show the investor or an interested person that the applicant is informed and able to cope with the risks and threats of the project

Content Analysis Approach Its characteristics, advantages and uses Its advantages and disadvantages

This approach, despite its lack of publicity and is currently widespread in the field of social research, is considered one of the most appropriate means of analysis for the nature of the research material in itself, which is the human being on the one hand, and the subject of research in its essence, and it mostly deals with moral, family, or ideological affairs, or interacting and complex phenomena on the other hand, It differs from other methods and manner in two main ways ; first is that the data that this approach focuses on are the words and symbols that make up the content of communication, unlike ethnographic reports or other digital and statistical data, as it includes, for example, speeches, letters, books, conversations, television or radio programs, and second is the procedures used in his studies, it differs from the procedures of historical research or literary criticism in that it seeks to be accurate and precise in order to reduce the possibilities of error and distinction, and follows a clear organized plan for data processing, classification and quantitative expression in order to measure the studied concepts and examine the interrelationships. and differs In contrast to ethnographic reports or other numerical and statistical data, it includes, for example, letters, messages, books, conversations, television or radio programs, and the second is the procedures used in His studies differ from the procedures of historical research or literary criticism in that they seek to be accurate and precise so as to reduce the possibilities of error and distinction and follow a clear organized plan for data processing, classification and quantitative expression in order to measure the studied concepts and examine the interrelationships.

Functional and technological concepts of airports (past and present)

The article discusses the impact of security factors, economic and social conditions of public life, and the development of technology, which leads to many changes in the functional and technological schemes of air passenger services. This, in turn, affects the planning and volumetric-spatial solutions of airport terminals and changes in the organization of airport master plans. It is logical to assume that these changes are not the last, and there is a need to predict further possible solutions. But this is not possible without reviewing and systematizing the changes that have already taken place in the design and construction of airports. The article discusses several concepts of functional and planning passenger service, namely: The concept of runways in the form of a circle. The takeoff and landing of the first passenger airplanes depended heavily on wind speed and power. The airfield configuration in the form of a circle allowed solving this problem. Now this solution is outdated and not used. The concept of containerization of passenger transportation. An assumption was made about the construction of large-capacity passenger aircraft with up to 1000 passengers. Accordingly, it was proposed to first place passengers in specialized containers and then attach these containers to specialized aircraft to save time during handling. The concept remained futuristic due to the fact that passenger aircraft of this capacity are not produced, but it may happen in the future. The concept of urban airports. For the comfort of air passengers, it was proposed to build airports directly in the city. After a certain period of time, this concept was forced to be abandoned due to modern requirements and air traffic safety measures. The concept of centralized or decentralized air passenger service. The concept has been evolving throughout the history of airport construction. At the present stage, the concept of centralized service is more widespread, as it is the most comfortable and economically feasible. The concept of additional (non-transportation) passenger services. The commercial industry of air passenger services at the airport, in the form of shops, cafes, hotels, and much more, is now successfully developing. This allows airports to increase the level of comfort and affects the reduction of costs and lower prices for the transportation of each individual air passenger. The article notes that some concepts are outdated, some are too futuristic, some have ceased to exist due to inconsistencies with modern security measures, and some have stood the test of time and become dominant in modern airport design. Analysis, comprehension and summarization of the consequences of the introduction of certain functional and technological concepts of air passenger service leads to changes in the organization of airports. The process of scientific research of these phenomena is the key to the future life of airports and their efficient operation. This task is quite complex and requires a lot of studies, not only in the field of architecture and design, but also in sociology, economics, marketing, and management.