Planning Process Research Articles

Advancing Social and Economic Sustainability in Urban Areas: A Methodology for Determining Architectural Programs of Shopping Centers

The surge in shopping center construction within urban areas, especially without a strategic plan, has been particularly notable in Eastern Balkan cities during the 21st century. This tendency may lead to decreased economic activity and noticeable shifts in social and cultural dynamics. The primary objective of this study is to introduce and apply the Methodology for Determining Architectural Programs (MDAP), a mathematical model designed to optimize the planning process of shopping centers. Focused on spatial disposition and internal program distribution, MDAP extends the foundational Huff model by incorporating relevant economic parameters—consumers’ purchasing power and potential investors’ costs. Examining the city of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia, the results indicate the consistency of the MDAP’s results compared to the application of the basic Huff model. This approach could contribute to a more balanced economic distribution within cities, promoting social and cultural relations while offering investors a relevant feasibility study and preserving shopping centers’ profitability. This study underscores the significance of considering social sustainability in urban planning, emphasizing how strategic urban retail development can positively impact social dynamics alongside economic viability by maximizing the potential utilization of existing retail spaces. However, potential limitations include unforeseen social, economic, and political factors influencing shopping center location decisions, posing challenges in real-world applications relying on complex social relations.

Methodological characteristics of statistical support of regional innovation policy

Aim. To identify the possibilities of expanding the general sample of organizations involved in the provision of statistical data regarding the issues of innovation activity implementation to improve the quality of information in decision-making within the framework of regional innovation policy implementation.Objectives. To determine the significance of statistical information for the processes of strategic planning in the country and regions; to identify the problems of adequate reflection of innovation activity in modern Russian statistics; to establish the deviations of the methodological apparatus of Rosstat from the recommendations of the Oslo Manual; to analyze some statistical parameters of innovation activity in the regions of the North-West of Russia; to develop recommendations for changing the approaches of Rosstat to the organization of statistical observation in the sphere of innovation activity.Methods. The article characterizes the state of innovation statistics in the country on the basis of analysis methods. The method of pair correlation allowed to reveal the inconsistency of the parameters of innovation activity of organizations with the key economic indicators of regional development.Results. The authors have identified two main directions of expanding the general sample of organizations when conducting innovation statistics: a larger-scale inclusion of service sector enterprises in the list of surveyed organizations and a decrease in the number of personnel of organizations, starting from which organizations are obliged to provide statistical information on the issues of innovation activity, from 15 to 10 people. In addition, the article substantiates the necessity of applying in Russia the subject approach to the statistical survey of innovation activity of enterprises, which contributes to the identification of factors that affect the innovation activity of organizations, and the assessment of such an impact, taking into account regional characteristics.Conclusions. The change of approaches to innovation statistics will provide the authorities in the regions with correct information for more effective realization of regional innovation policy.

Three new strategies for improving biosecurity and invasive species management to build resilience in Pacific Islands

The inaugural Pacific Ecological Security Conference (PESC) was held in October 2022, bringing together over 100 island leaders, policy-makers, natural resource managers and global and regional invasive species experts to prioritise the critical issue of invasive species in the Pacific Islands Region. Participants confirmed that invasive species are a major threat to building and maintaining climate resilience and adaptability of Pacific Island ecosystems, as well as food security, biodiversity, sustainable livelihoods and the protection of cultural resources and way of life. Three region-wide strategic action plans were developed to guide interventions focused on the topics of invasive ants, coconut rhinoceros beetle and the use of biological control as a pest and weed management tool. These plans were the major outcome of the PESC and, when implemented, will result in coordinated activities that take a “whole-of-Pacific” approach to invasive species biosecurity and management. Here, we briefly describe the background, planning and engagement process for the three plans, summarise any country- and territory-level data obtained through the process and detail what is planned to occur over the next few years. In addition to the adoption and implementation of the strategies as a result of this inaugural PESC, we anticipate that the PESC will become the premier regional conference aimed at reducing the entry and impacts of invasive species to improve sustainability of environments and peoples of the Pacific.

Characterization of the future northeast monsoon rainfall based on the clustered climate zone under CMIP6 in Peninsular Malaysia

The Northeast monsoon (NEM) exerts a significant influence on the climate system of Peninsular Malaysia (PM) and has profound implications for water resource management, flood control, and disaster preparedness in the region. This study employed CHIRPS rainfall data from 1981 to 2022 at a spatial resolution of 0.25° to generate climate zones. The performance of global climate models (GCMs) in replicating monthly rainfall was evaluated using multiple statistical metrics, with the top-ranked ones being used for the generation of future projection downscaled ensemble models. The NEM months (November, December, January, February, and March) were used as input parameters to form clustered homogeneous groups using the Ward hierarchical method. The optimal number of climate zones was determined using the elbow method, silhouette width values, and spatial evaluation. Ultimately, a 7-cluster solution was chosen due to its consistency and meaningful cluster formation. The zones were categorized into two regions: the West Coast and the East Coast, based on their geographical location and distinctive monthly NEM rainfall patterns. The analysis of the probability distribution function (PDF) showed that rainfall in the West Coast region had a more spread-out pattern with varying amounts, while rainfall in the East Coast region was more concentrated and consistent. The Northeast climate zone received the highest rainfall, attributed to its proximity to the South China Sea, mountainous areas, and the NEM convergence zone. In contrast, the Northwest and Lower Central-West climate zones received the lowest rainfall due to the rain shadow effect, limited moisture availability, and distance from major moisture sources. The CMCC-ESM2, CMCC-CM2-SR5, EC-Earth3, and CanESM5 consistently ranked among the highest performing models. After linear scaling bias correction, validated GCMs showed significant improvements, with improvements in MAE, NRMSE, PBIAS, RSR, NSE, MD, CP, R2, and KGE by 11–45%, 15–47%, 96–100%, 15–47%, 10–79%, 5–37%, 68–113%, 11–73%, and 9–51%, respectively. Analysis of NEM season rainfall patterns across climate zones indicated consistent mid-future increases for the Northwest and Lower Central-West zones (12.4–19.8%) and the Upper Central-West and Southwest zones (0.2–5.4%) across all scenarios. In the far-future, the Southeast zone saw an overall increase in rainfall (4.9–11.4%), while the Central-West zone exhibited mixed results (−4.0 to 5.6%). The results also highlighted spatial variability and the need to consider specific climate zones when assessing the impacts of climate change on the NEM, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these projections into long-term planning and decision-making processes.

In the footstep of the old patient from hospital to home: A qualitative field observation study.

Older people often have multiple health conditions and therefore extended care needs. The transition from the hospital back to their home requires careful planning. The fragmented healthcare system and rapid discharge from the hospital can result in limited involvement of the older patient in the discharge planning process. We aimed to explore how older hospitalised patients experienced the transition from hospital to home and how possibilities and constraints in interactions with relevant parties in the transition affected their everyday lives. An ethnographic participant observation study including interviews was conducted with 10 older hospitalised patients. The theoretical perspective in the study is critical psychology and data were analysed using the condition-, meaning- and reasoning analysis. Three themes were identified: (1) Lost in transition - the person's ability to act is limited, (2) In transition - the relatives become important, (3) At home - the home transforms into a workplace. Lack of involvement becomes a condition for older patients as some struggle to create meaning in their transition, affecting their everyday lives. The patients experienced their relatives as important as they ensured that the HCPs got to know their values and wishes. This knowledge is important for HCPs working closely with older people both at the hospital and at home ensuring active involvement of the older person with respect and acknowledgement of the older person's wishes, needs, resources and vulnerability.

Future-oriented Codesign Workshops as a Method of Empowering Citizens in Urban Infrastructure Development: A Capabilitarian Analysis

ABSTRACT Urban mobility infrastructures have a major impact on the everyday life of city residents. Not only their mobility, but also their health, enjoyment of life and development of lifestyle preferences are affected by them. However, inclusive participation in infrastructure planning processes is difficult to achieve. We explore a foresight approach that develops desirable urban visions that involve residents in the preparation of decisions that will impact their lives. We propose future-oriented co-design workshops for the operationalisation of a capabilitarian focus on conscientisation, conciliation and collaboration to involve citizens in the visioning of infrastructure planning. The study is based on future-oriented codesign workshops held in Montreal in 2022–2023. Residents were invited to evaluate and discuss various future scenarios that re-imagine a highway currently cutting through the city. The results show the capabilitarian co-design workshops to promote critical thinking, vision creation and to a lesser extent collaboration in the discussions triggered by the future-oriented codesign workshops. The results also reveal the difficulties of making such discussions truly inclusive, as well as their ambivalent relation to urban planning processes.

Promoting children’s health through community-led street interventions: analyzing sustained voluntarism in Canadian School Streets

BackgroundActive School Travel (AST) initiatives align with the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, which calls for ‘creating supportive environments’ and ‘strengthening community action.’ However, their reliance on volunteers poses sustainability challenges. The main objectives of this study were to document the motivations, satisfaction, and experiences of volunteers involved in sustaining two AST initiatives in Ontario for an entire school year.MethodsTwo volunteer-led School Street initiatives in Kingston, Ontario successfully operated during pick-up and drop-off times of each school day. The first initiative operated for the entire 2021-2022 school year, and the second operated for the entire 2022-2023 school year. These initiatives were the first of their kind in the province of Ontario, Canada. Volunteers from both sites (n = 56) participated in online surveys and their motivations, satisfaction, and experiences of their role were compared using the 2-sided Fisher’s Exact Test.ResultsOver 80% of volunteers were highly motivated to promote safety and over 70% of volunteers were highly motivated to disrupt the status quo of unsupportive, car-centric urban environments by reimagining how streets can be used. By taking collective action to re-shape the environment around these public schools to support healthy, active living, our findings reveal that over 90% of volunteers were highly satisfied. Of the volunteers, 87% felt they contributed to child safety and 85% felt they had developed stronger community connections. They appreciated the short (i.e., 40 minute) time commitment of each shift, weekly email communications by the community organization leading the initiative, and the volunteer schedule. They also appreciated the positive social interactions during volunteer shifts, which they felt outweighed the minimal resistance they experienced.ConclusionsThis research demonstrates the importance of logistical, motivational, and social factors in recruiting and retaining volunteers for community-led School Streets. Our findings support appealing to prospective volunteers’ influence in achieving School Street objectives (e.g., improved safety) in recruitment efforts, as well as highlighting School Streets’ innovative approach. Communicating with volunteers throughout School Street planning and implementation processes and limiting traffic in the closed street zone (i.e., by excluding the school staff parking lot and private driveways from the scope) are additional recommendations based on the findings of this study.

Patient-Centered Adult Cardiovascular Care: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Patient-centered care is gaining widespread acceptance by the medical and lay communities and is increasingly recognized as a goal of high-quality health care delivery. Patient-centered care is based on ethical principles and aims at establishing a partnership between the health care team and patient, family member, or both in the care planning and decision-making process. Patient-centered care involves providing respectful care by tailoring management decisions to patients' beliefs, preferences, and values. A collaborative care approach can enhance patient engagement, foster shared decision-making that aligns with patient values and goals, promote more personalized and effective cardiovascular care, and potentially improve patient outcomes. The objective of this scientific statement is to inform health care professionals and stakeholders about the role and impact of patient-centered care in adult cardiovascular medicine. This scientific statement describes the background and rationale for patient-centered care in cardiovascular medicine, provides insight into patient-oriented medication management and patient-reported outcome measures, highlights opportunities and strategies to overcome challenges in patient-centered care, and outlines knowledge gaps and future directions.

Maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response in Bangladesh: A case study on measuring impact through health information systems

The health sector in Bangladesh is thriving, and the Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) program has been in place to investigate the causes of maternal and perinatal death. This study aimed to investigate the availability of information systems for measuring the status of an MPDSR program and the planning process and actions developed based on real-time information. This study delved into innovative information systems that can be used to monitor and measure the impact of health programs. The study included both the primary and secondary data. A total of six key informant interviews were conducted to explore the enablers and strengths of information systems. Secondary data were collected from government websites and MPDSR action plans. This study highlights the potential and challenges of governmental health information systems in notifying maternal and neonatal deaths. While the current notification rates are not up to national standards, it is encouraging to see health managers develop action plans and address this issue. The MPDSR information system is a valuable tool to help health managers measure changes in maternal and perinatal mortality rates and design locally targeted interventions. However, several obstacles must be addressed, such as insufficient data, lack of monitoring, and irregularities in MPDSR review meetings. By finding ways to overcome these challenges, we can unlock the full potential of MPDSR and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The success of an MPDSR program relies on how the information is utilized to take action and measure the outcome. Advanced information systems, such as health dashboards, scorecards, and administrative data, can play a vital role in measuring the progress and impact of a program. The primary challenge lies in capturing all deaths, including their causes, and having the capacity to analyze the data effectively to develop action plans for health managers.

Governing sustainable corridor development: A case study of the Gilimanuk–Denpasar–Padang Bai corridor in Indonesia

AbstractIn regional planning, and more specifically transport corridor development, sustainability is often overshadowed by economic ambitions and prospects. This contribution explores how the governance of corridor development processes can enhance sustainability. It presents findings from the planning process for the Gilimanuk–Denpasar–Padang Bai (GDP) Corridor in Bali, Indonesia. The analysis is guided by a theoretical framework that builds on literature on regional development, corridor development, sustainability and governance. Using process tracing, the analysis investigates the influence of five governance factors on the process of sustainable corridor development and its outcomes, notably the presence of a sustainability vision, the governance mode, the actor constellation, the available knowledge, and the institutional setting. Whereas literature on sustainable corridors suggests that governance structures and corridor management are needed, this contribution analysis how and under what conditions these structures in practice contribute to sustainable outcomes. The findings show how the original economic focus of the corridor gradually evolved into a more sustainable one, although not all potentials were realized. These illustrate that sustainable corridors require governance of interaction processes, involving a dynamic and contextualized constellation of governance factors, that co‐evolves during the planning process. Despite that the GDP corridor gradually developed into a more sustainable direction, the presence of a sustainability rather than an economic focus from the onset would have increased the potentials of realizing sustainability ambitions.

Applicability of spatial planning system package for the LADM Turkey country profile

AbstractSpatial planning plays a crucial role in shaping the future of urban development and land administration. While land registration information is necessary for spatial planning processes, it is also probable that changes in land registration data occur in line with spatial plan decisions. Development of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Edition II It also aimed to extend its existing conceptual model with spatial plan data, considering the close connection between the two systems. The study aims to design a conceptual model for Turkey's spatial planning system within the LADM Turkey country profile context. This article researches the capability of the proposed conceptual model for representing spatial planning data with instance‐level diagrams and the implementation opportunities of a technical model. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed model, the zoning status certificate, which contains spatial plan and land registration data and is provided to inform about the legal conditions before development, is chosen as the mission. The results show that the LADM Turkey country profile extended with spatial planning system data can represent spatial plan data and be implemented in a technical model to support land administration applications.

Information Sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation: Directions for Ensuring and Ways to Improve them

The article discusses the main directions of ensuring information sovereignty in the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, as well as ways to improve them. To date, some problems have been identified that relate to the security of the information sphere of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, which made it possible to create specific measures to resolve them.Aim. In the information sphere of countries such as the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, various studies of a comprehensive plan were conducted by various scientists, politicians, as well as the military. Thanks to these studies, today there is a theoretical basis for improving the entire mechanism for protecting the information sovereignty of the two countries. However, due to the dynamism of the integration plan processes, changes in globalization, as well as due to the situation in geopolitics, it becomes necessary to conduct more and more analytical studies regarding the application of practical experience in ensuring national security in the information sphere.Tasks. Identification and justification of priority areas for improving the provision of information sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation as the basis of the information component.Methods. During the study, standard scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, expert-analytical, structural-logical, comparative and structural-functional methods, as well as a forecasting method were used.Results. The study showed that the information sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation ensures their political, economic, social stability and sustainable progressive development, since in the context of the globalization of the information space and key areas of public life, the influence on the information field increases and the importance of information security at the national levels increases for each state.Conclusions. It is expedient to consolidate the equal importance in the composition of the structural mechanisms for ensuring the information sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, their constitutional and legal status and equivalent nature. The use of exclusively control and supervisory, regulatory and restrictive procedures in the information environment is not sufficient to maintain information sovereignty.

Demonstrating the utility of Instrumented Gait Analysis in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy.

Instrumented gait analysis (IGA) has been around for a long time but has never been shown to be useful for improving patient outcomes. In this study we demonstrate the potential utility of IGA by showing that machine learning models are better able to estimate treatment outcomes when they include both IGA and clinical (CLI) features compared to when they include CLI features alone. We carried out a retrospective analysis of data from ambulatory children diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were seen at least twice at our gait analysis center. Individuals underwent a variety of treatments (including no treatment) between sequential gait analyses. We fit Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART) models that estimated outcomes for mean stance foot progression to demonstrate the approach. We built two models: one using CLI features only, and one using CLI and IGA features. We then compared the models' performance in detail. We performed similar, but less detailed, analyses for a number of other outcomes. All results were based on independent test data from a 70%/30% training/testing split. The IGA model was more accurate than the CLI model for mean stance-phase foot progression outcomes (RMSEIGA = 11∘, RMSECLI = 13∘) and explained more than 1.5 × as much of the variance (R2IGA = .45, R2CLI = .28). The IGA model outperformed the CLI model for every level of treatment complexity, as measured by number of simultaneous surgeries. The IGA model also exhibited superior performance for estimating outcomes of mean stance-phase knee flexion, mean stance-phase ankle dorsiflexion, maximum swing-phase knee flexion, gait deviation index (GDI), and dimensionless speed. The results show that IGA has the potential to be useful in the treatment planning process for ambulatory children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. We propose that the results of machine learning outcome estimators-including estimates of uncertainty-become the primary IGA tool utilized in the clinical process, complementing the standard medical practice of conducting a through patient history and physical exam, eliciting patient goals, reviewing relevant imaging data, and so on.

Why moving there? Spanish SIEs: factors and motivations involved in the choice of the host destination

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the Spanish Self-Initiated Expats’ (SIEs) motivations and factors involved in the choice of the host destination.Design/methodology/approachThrough an exploratory and qualitative study, drawing upon SIE literature on motivations and careers, 22 Spanish SIEs were interviewed in a semi-structured way.FindingsMost SIEs clearly detailed the line of reasoning behind the host destination choice (specific destination); a second group considered a limited number of potential countries to relocate to (alternative destinations), and the smallest one did not choose a specific location. Career motivations were the most mentioned ones and different degrees of career planning were found: those with a very defined career planning process relied upon one potential destination, while those with a less defined one considered several alternative host destinations. The European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students experience was one of the most mentioned factors influencing the choice of the host destination, which may be common to other European Union (EU) nationals. As to the limiting ones, the visa requirements outside the EU were identified. Other factors were particular to Spain, such as the perceived need for English proficiency for a successful global career and the degrees of career planning.Practical implicationsThese findings may assist Talent Management Managers to align organizational strategies with SIEs motivations. They may also help future Spanish and European SIEs in their individual career management process.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a better understanding of the expatriation motivations and factors influencing the destination location of Spanish SIEs, adding to the SIE and global career literature.

GIS-based intelligent planning approach of child-friendly pedestrian pathway to promote a child-friendly city.

Pedestrian safety, particularly for children, relies on well-designed pathways. Child-friendly pathways play a crucial role in safeguarding young pedestrians. Shared spaces accommodating both vehicles and walkers can bring benefits to pedestrians. However, active children playing near these pathways are prone to accidents. This research aims to develop an efficient method for planning child-friendly pedestrian pathways, taking into account community development and the specific needs of children. A mixed-methods approach was employed, utilizing the Datang community in Guangzhou, China, as a case study. This approach combined drawing techniques with GIS data analysis. Drawing methods were utilized to identify points of interest for children aged 2-6. The qualitative and quantitative fuzzy analytic hierarchy process assessed factors influencing pathway planning, assigning appropriate weights. The weighted superposition analysis method constructed a comprehensive cost grid, considering various community elements. To streamline the planning process, a GIS tool was developed based on the identified factors, resulting in a practical, child-friendly pedestrian pathway network. Results indicate that this method efficiently creates child-friendly pathways, ensuring optimal connectivity within the planned road network.

Identifying the technical and tactical characteristics of Olympic medallists in karate

This study primarily aimed to conduct an observational analysis of Olympic finalists’ performance to determine the patterns and characteristics of karate at the highest level of competition. Due to the need for a complete analytical system, we can use this study to create useful information about the planning process based on winning strategies. The research is based on an analysis of athletes who go to the final of the Tokyo Olympic Games. Thirty fights in the male competition were analysed. Prevalence, percentage frequency, and nonparametric tests were used (Fisher’s exact test, the likelihood ratio test, and Pearson’s chi-square test) for data analysis. Quantity indicators showed that male karate athletes tend to use upper limb karate techniques (53.70%) more than lower limb (35.65%) and a combination (upper and lower or lower and upper limb 10.65%). The difference in scoring by two tactical models of attack and counterattack was significant, and 69.2% of the points were scored by attacking. Moreover, the results suggest a predominant scoring technique using the Kisami-Tsuki model has the highest number of attacks. Considering these characteristics can provide important indicators for technical and tactical coaches and physical trainers to design special training conditions for their athletes.

Local government in Northern Ireland: partnerships, minimalism and marginalisation

ABSTRACT In 2015, a reformed local government system was introduced in Northern Ireland following a lengthy period of review. In the new dispensation, great emphasis is placed on the concept of partnership, vertically between the regional institutions and government departments, and horizontally between local councils and statutory organisations, through a process of community planning. Despite the importance placed on partnerships, they have received little attention in the governance of Northern Ireland. This article assesses recent changes in local government in comparison to Great Britain, Ireland or elsewhere. Through a theoretical framework on partnerships within the New Public Governance literature, the article evaluates the significance of local government reforms and possible further enhancement of powers. In illustrating the fundamental imbalance in the regional-local nexus, resulting in continued over-centralisation and a fragmented model of sub-regional governance, the article concludes that the system remains characterised by marginalised local government, with aspirations for partnership unfulfilled.

Navigating Digital Transformation Challenges: An In-depth Analysis of IT Governance in the Media Industry Using COBIT 2019

This research was conducted with the main objective of evaluating and improving Information Technology (IT) Governance in an Indonesian media company facing significant challenges due to digital transformation. In the methodological approach, the study utilized the COBIT 2019 framework, involving planning, field implementation, reporting, and follow-up processes. The results of the capability level evaluation revealed a gap between actual achievements and desired targets, especially in the aspects of Managed Innovation (APO04) and Managed IT Changes (BAI06). The implications of these findings emphasize the need for improvements in activities related to managed innovation and IT change. The conclusion of this research underscores the urgency of effective IT governance in navigating the dynamics of digital transformation. It is hoped that these findings will serve as a guide for media companies and other organizations to formulate robust IT policies, enhance sustainable operations, and drive innovation in this digital era.

A Study on Sensor Collection Planning based on Target Scheduling and Deviation Correction for Strategic UAV Surveillance and Reconnaissance

The strategic UAV for theater level ISR(Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) mission typically has numerous ground targets over area of responsibility(AOR) or area of operation(AO). It is necessary to automatically incorporate these multitude of ground targets into mission planning process in order to collect ISR images before actual flight mission. In addition, weather information such as wind direction and/or velocity may have significant impacts on the qualities of collected sensor images, especially in SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. Thus weather factors in the operation altitude should also be considered in the mission planning stage. In this study, we propose a novel mission planning scheme based on target scheduling and deviation correction method incorporating weather factors.

Dosimetric validation of intensity-modulated bolus electron conformal therapy planning and delivery using an anthropomorphic cylindrical head phantom.

This work investigated the dosimetric accuracy of the intensity-modulated bolus electron conformal therapy (IM-BECT) planning and delivery process using the decimal ElectronRT (eRT) treatment planning system. An IM-BECT treatment plan was designed using eRT for a cylindrical, anthropomorphic retromolar trigone phantom. Treatment planning involved specification of beam parameters and design of a variable thickness wax bolus and Passive Radiotherapy Intensity Modulator for Electrons (PRIME) device, which was comprised of 33 tungsten island blocks of discrete diameters from 0.158 to 0.223cm (Intensity Reduction Factors from 0.937 to 0.875, respectively) inside a 10.1×6.7 cm2 copper cutout. For comparison of calculation accuracy, a BECT plan was generated by copying the IM-BECT plan and removing the intensity modulation. For both plans, a 16 MeV electron beam was used with 104.7cm source-to-surface distance to bolus. In-phantom TLD-100 measurements (N=47) were compared with both eRT planned dose distributions, which used the pencil beam redefinition algorithm with modifications for passive electron intensity modulation (IM-PBRA). Dose difference and distance to agreement (DTA) metrics were computed for each measurement point. Comparison of measured dose distributions with planned dose distributions yielded dose differences (calculated minus measured) characterized by a mean and standard deviation of -0.36%±1.64% for the IM-BECT plan, which was similar to -0.36%±1.90% for the BECT plan. All dose measurements were within 5% of the planned dose distribution, with both the BECT and IM-BECT measurement sets having 46/47 (97.8%) points within 3% or within 3mm of the respective treatment plans. It was found that the IM-BECT treatment plan generated using eRT was sufficiently accurate for clinical use when compared to TLD measurements in a cylindrical, anthropomorphic phantom, and was similarly accurate to the BECT treatment plan in the same phantom.