Open Space Planning Research Articles

Authority of PPAT in implementing land transfer for tourism investment in Badung regency

Green Open Space (RTH) is one of the elements in an area that is very important to support the life and activities of the population, because basically green open space is a natural element that plays a very important role in realizing an environmentally sound Badung Regency. Green open space planning is based on considerations to achieve balance, harmony, and building safety with the surrounding environment. As part of the spatial plan, the position of green open space will determine the balance of the living environment and the built environment because green open space is the lungs of an area. Spatial planning is the basis for anticipating the rapid development of built spaces, which must be followed by a policy of providing open spaces. This limited land has resulted in the existence of green open space being reduced because of being pressured by other functions that arise along with the development of the need for buildings in Badung Regency. Green open space often experiences land conversion into buildings or hardened land that does not allow plants to grow. In addition, the Badung Regency government is also inconsistent in maintaining the existing green open space, because there are many land conversions or road widening or development that are not matched by green open space rejuvenation. Moving on from the assumption regarding the promulgation of a regulation in terms of year, the PERDA Green Line of Badung Regency which was promulgated on May 17, 1993 with the PERDA RTRW of Badung Regency which was promulgated on December 30, 2013 with a time difference of 247 months or 20 years and 7 months has greatly reduced the green line area in Badung Regency. In this case, it is also necessary to study the duties and authorities of the PPAT in maintaining land balance in the conversion of the land function.

Assessment of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) Using SatelliteDerived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Three Metropolitan Cities of Nepal

Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are urban areas that are relatively warmer than nearby rural areas due to the presence of infrastructures, such as buildings, roads, and associated development. This study explored the UHIs in Nepal's three largest metropolitan cities, i.e., Pokhara, Bharatpur, and Nepalgunj. Using freely available data, we explored LST dynamics between 2000 and 2019 and how changes in NDVI affect LST and their relationship with UHI. We used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day product (MOD11A2) to evaluate LST and the MODIS-derived NDVI 16-day product (MOD13Q1) to quantify land surface characteristics. Using a simple linear regression technique, we explored the relationship between LST and NDVI. The results indicated that LSTs for the urban areas are consistently greater than LSTs for the nearby rural areas, and an inverse relation between LST and NDVI was obtained. The results from Pokhara and Bharatpur showed that increasing LST resulting from declining NDVI is responsible for UHIs. However, the results from Nepalgunj suggested that factors other than NDVI are responsible for variation in LST. These results indicate a need for systematic mapping, planning, and managing open and green areas in large cities. This research also highlights the scope of applying UHI conceptual models to rapidly developing urban areas in different locations of Nepal for better planning and management of open spaces.

Open Urban Space Regeneration Strategies Based on Urban Welfare: A Project and Experiment in the San Lorenzo District in Rome, Italy

The current socio-economic dynamics and the consequences induced by the pandemic emergency have generated a reflection on the need to recover the dimension of proximity and to share resources, spaces, infrastructures, and experiences. This solicits a remodelling of the system of public open spaces, based on a resilient, adaptive model; multifunctional and linked to the temporality of the functions that spaces can accommodate. The paper deals with the issues of planning and design of public open spaces around the needs of proximity and welfare. This is achieved through collecting and systematizing state of the art concepts on the role of public space within the urban structure of the city, and the formulation of guidelines for design, deduced from an empirical application conducted on a pilot district in the city of Rome. The paper aims to suggest to policymakers and planners a new approach and a path for future research and practice in the planning and design of more sustainable and inclusive green areas and public spaces, meeting the diverse needs of citizens. We undertook this objective through the experimental application of an intervention methodology on the public space system of the San Lorenzo neighbourhood in Rome.

The Green Network Panoramic Vision

Most cities worldwide suffer from the unequal distribution of urban areas and country areas around them and the growth of dangerous environmental issues. One of the primary causes of the imbalance is the continued expansion of building blocks and urban development against the open spaces and green areas either in or out of cities. Furthermore, the natural landscape, in general, has a significant impact on protecting the climate from rising temperatures and pollutants. So the aim of this research is to identify a panoramic vision of a green network and get to ‎use sustainable land in a strong and socially solid society. ‎ As a result, the research problem reads: there is dispersion and disintegration in urban open space planning and its development. To solve the research problem, a hypothesis is proposed stating that “the absence of a panoramic vision of green networks and disconnection with the surrounding region is one of the most important causes of dispersion in those spaces”. Erbil city is one of the Iraqi cities in the northern part, was chosen as a case study to examine the green network components or elements. The results showed that Erbil has many aspects of the green network. This study offers some suggestions to fulfill the missing parts of it.

Meeting the need for a rational basis for open space and recreation planning in new high density residential areas: the Recreational Activity Benchmark model

ABSTRACT The development of new high-density residential precincts in Australian cities, notably in association with new public transport nodes (Transit-Oriented Developments – TODs), presents challenges for planners in creating living environments, including provision for open space and recreation. The traditional ‘standards’ method and other existing approaches to planning for open space and recreation have significant limitations in coping with the challenges presented by high-density developments. It is argued in this paper that a planning approach focused on recreation participation as the key performance criterion can provide a solution. The Recreational Activity Benchmark (RAB) model is presented and shown to be capable of providing for appropriate levels of recreational activity while making savings in land requirements.

Community Public Open Space Planning Based on Green Infrastructure with the Priority of Biodiversity

Maintaining and restoring urban biodiversity is one of the basic functions of green infrastructure. Starting from the ecological problems of community public open space and the insufficiency of traditional planning methods, the biodiversity of green infrastructure attempts to be integrated into public open space planning in community-scale. After discussing the research on the combination of community public open space and green infrastructure based on biodiversity, ‘the interconnections between green infrastructures’ is the key to achieving both benefits at the same time. Finally, taking Nanjing Xinjiekou Street in China as an example, the renewal planning method of community public open space on the priority of biodiversity is elaborated and corresponding suggestions are put forward. In a word, the reasonable planning and layout of community green infrastructure based on biodiversity can make up for the disadvantages of traditional planning and renewal methods of public open space to a certain extent, solve the ecological and social problems of public open space, and realize the symbiosis of people and nature in community.

Effects of open space accessibility and quality on older adults' visit: Planning towards equal right to the city

The notion of social equity and equal rights to the city has not been addressed comprehensively in the use of public open space, particularly the issue of the rapidly ageing population. Hence, this study extends the idea to examine older adults' right to use public open space in urban cities by asking whether the planning and design of open space have adequately catered for the special needs of the older age group. In this study, spatial analysis and environmental audits were applied to investigate the accessibility and quality of 58 open spaces in an old urban renewal district in Hong Kong. Results show the key variables that influence older adults' visits to open space in the high-density urban environment context. Particularly, the quality of open space is more important than accessibility factors for older adults' visits because of the compact urban form. Interestingly, street connectivity which is usually regarded as contributing positively to accessibility has adverse effects on older adults. Findings provide useful insights for urban planners to ensure accessible and inclusive planning of open spaces, which can enhance social equity for older adults in a high-density city.

Green May Be Nice, but Infrastructure Is Necessary

Green infrastructure is presented as a novel and innovative approach in the current environmental planning discourse, but how new is it really? An historical overview of planning ideas in both the urban and the rural contexts indicates that the concept, if not the term, “green infrastructure” has a very long and distinguished pedigree in the field of landscape and open space planning. To determine how far the concept is indeed new, definitions of green infrastructure from the literature are examined. While “green” has long been loosely used as a synonym for natural features and vegetation in the planning context, “infrastructure” is the part of the term which is really novel. Infrastructure is otherwise understood as being either “technical” or “social”, and the common features of these otherwise very different forms are considered in order to gain a better understanding of how they might also relate to a new interpretation of green infrastructure. A number of international case studies of different “green infrastructure” projects are then presented, again to better understand their common features and potential relationship to other infrastructure types. Finally, the necessity to consider green and blue areas together and to take them as seriously as other forms of infrastructure is emphasized. The developing climate and biodiversity crises underline the urgency of implementing a flexible and multifunctional green-blue infrastructure system. This must be carefully integrated into the existing fabric of both urban and rural landscapes and will require an appropriately resourced administration and management system, reflecting its beneficial impacts.

Re-designing urban open spaces to act as green infrastructure - the case of Malta

The need to strive for resilience and mitigate or adapt to climate change are increasingly at the forefront when planning for and managing urban concentrations. The planning and design of urban open spaces is integral to improving the sustainability and resilience of built environments. If urban open spaces function as urban green infrastructure they have the potential to contribute towards sustainable development, increase the resilience of our towns and cities and ultimately facilitate the potential of new scenarios for safe mobility. The poor quality of urban open spaces in Malta suggests that a ‘gap’ exists in their planning and design. The aim is to develop proposals for the planning and design of urban open spaces such that they may function as green infrastructure so as to improve their sustainability and resilience. The research also serves to identify potential barriers to adopting such an approach. Identifying and tackling such barriers is an important step in ensure places where people want to live, work and play. A ‘Mixed Method’ approach using Malta’s urban conurbation as a case study is adopted. The methodology is developed in two phases. The first phase utilises mixed data collection techniques to understand the situation. The second phase develops proposals in response to the results and uses focus group discussions to identify the barriers. The phase one results identify that existing urban open spaces in Malta are lacking in their potential to act as green infrastructure. Gaps in the planning process and policy as well as governance issues are also identified. Following a comparison with international literature, proposals are developed. These address three main themes: spatial implications; planning aspects; and governance requirements. This paper focuses on the theme concerning the spatial implications. Key planning and design principles which should be adopted, to move towards more sustainable and resilient urban spaces which facilitate sustainable mobility amongst other things, are presented. The potential barriers to implementing such an approach are identified and discussed. Ultimately, the paper concludes that determining planning and design principles is not sufficient. The barriers identified confirm that the success of redesigning urban open spaces to act as green infrastructure is not only a matter of design, but is also dependent on planning processes together with the engagement of stakeholders and suitable governance systems.

The relationship of traders’ activities to the quality of city park (case study: Taman Sampangan Semarang)

The implementation of planning and green open space planning in Semarang does not consider and examine the existence of Street Vendor as informal sector. Because there is no particular place provided to them, they will promote their product in improper place. This study aims at identifying the phenomenon appeared as result of the sporadic existence of street vendor in “Taman Sampangan” Park. By employing descriptive qualitative method, this study uses “Taman Sampangan” park as its subject. While the technique of collecting data is accomplished by using observation and documentation. This documentation aims to give brief and clear description about the situation. The result shows that the existence of street vendor both inside and outside the park will trigger positive and negative impact. However, the negative impact will be clearer such as they build their tent inside the park area, on the pedestrian path, or even on the parking area. Those vendors are illegally selling their products in almost pedestrian path. This because its accessibility and strategic location will potentially attract the customers. For this reason, there is violation of space planning rule. The uncontrolled growth of street vendors in this area force people to walk in the street so it will trigger the risk of accident. Therefore, it is necessary to provide counselling to people who visit the park and traders who sell in Taman Sampangan area. In addition, there is a need to add garden elements that have not yet been available, and the need to arrange street vendors carts so that the function of the park can be utilized optimally and sustainably by the residents of Semarang.

Effect of physical environment on person‐centred dementia care in a long‐term care facility: Focus group interviews with staff

AbstractBackgroundAccording to the spread of the person‐centred care approaches, the physical environment has been acknowledged as an important component of a dementia care facility. This study demonstrated that staff experiences and opinions of the physical environment in supporting their care practices for residents living with dementia in long‐term care facilities in Canada and Sweden. Focus group interviews were used with 24 staff members. Semi‐open questions were asked about the role of physical environment on care practice, job satisfaction, and interaction with residents. Data were analyzed by thematic analysis. This study yield three environmental themes: i) design atmosphere, ii) space arrangements, and iii) sensory stimuli. The findings demonstrate that well‐designed environment factors such as homelikeness, an open space plan and stimulating outdoor, positively encourage the emotion of staff as well as residents, which leads to build trust and relationship and to increase job satisfaction. This study highlights the complexities of how care was influenced by the physical environment of the care setting.

Plants Potential of Green and Open Space Planning (RTH) to Mitigate CO2 Gas Emission in Ambon

The urbanization rate may give an adverse effect on a city. For example, it accrues the number of urban dwellers and induces the exploitation of land resources with a quick conversion rate, which leads to the degradation of the quality of the environment. This condition is exacerbated by deescalated green and open spaces (RTH) as a CO 2 absorber. CO 2 emissions in urban regions can be mitigated by exerting trees, which have a pivotal role in carbon uptake. This research imparts an analysis of plant species that are potential for absorbing carbon and storing biomass in green and open spaces in Ambon. The research method is quantitative by estimating biomass and carbon uptake of trees. Results indicate that trembesi (Samanea saman), linggua (Pterocarpus indicus), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), bintanggur (Calophyllum inophyllum), and kerai payung (Filicium decipiens) are typical trees planted in Ambon. The highest CO 2 uptake capacity (B = 110.95 tons/ha, CO 2 = 191.38 tons/ha) is identified in Trembesi (Samanea Saman), linggua (Pterocarpus indicus), the second-highest with a B = 61.66 tons/ha and CO 2 = 106.36 tons/ha, and Akasia (Acacia mangium), the third-highest with a B = 25.24 tons/ha and CO 2 = 41.69 tons/ha

The Architectural Phenomenon of Chernivtsi of the Beginning and the mid-20th-Century: F. Fellner, G. Helmer, F. Kiesler, H. Creangă and Others

Over the last 30 years, there has been considerable debate on the styles of modern architecture around the world and, particularly, in Ukraine. Interestingly, proponents of traditionalism seek answers in the reproduction of ornaments and facades of buildings or the imitation and interpretation of folk forms and materials engendered in past eras. Connoisseurs of the latest technologies and trends see the essence of modern architecture in open space planning, the universality of space and share common views on the overall versatility of objects, irrespective of the territory on which they are located. However, it is of the utmost importance that they also study extensively the outstanding personalities and their creative heritage, which will enable them to predict the potential ways of architectural development down the line. For many years the Department of Architectural Environment Design of Lviv Polytechnic National University has been investigating architecture through the prism of continental and world systems of culture with numerous cross-cultural similarities and differences, authenticity and borrowings and synthetic phenomena. In other words, the Department hones in on the development of conceptual ideas throughout European history and the World cultures. It should be noted that within the territorial boundaries of modern western Ukraine there are cities, which used to be the administrative centers of other countries. They developed in accordance with the dominant tendencies of the former capitals, which shifted their culture potential from the center to the periphery, mainly due to architecture. One of the brightest cities of the early 20th century was Chernivtsi. It was the administrative center of Bukovina, which belonged to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and later to the Kingdom of Romania. Hence, the experience of architects who worked in the city and erected many multifunctional buildings constitutes important evidence in our investigation. However, these are not the quantitative indicators of the completed building projects but rather the architects' progressive ideas highlighting a phenomenal universal feature that should be taken into consideration, which is sometimes of greater importance than merely practical optimization of complex architectural forms. The paper seeks to address three architectural phenomena associated with Chernivtsi, namely, the Viennese bureau of F. Fellner and G. Helmer, the futurist designer F. Kiesler, and the Romanian modernist H. Creangą. The criteria for selecting these personalities were their common features: the certain period of time spent in Chernivtsi, enthusiasm and desire to constantly improve architecture, the willingness to seek understanding of the spatial, formal, historical and urban contexts of architecture. The design concepts of these architects are systematically collected and analysed at the Institute of Architecture and Design in Lviv Polytechnic National University. They are developed and implemented in student research projects, as well as bachelor's and master's theses and can lay the foundation for the innovative architectural solutions in Ukraine.

The utilization pattern of east flood canal as public open space in urban area

East Flood Canal is one of the manmade waterfront public open spaces in Jakarta which is often visited by residents. The existence of the public open space is very important for society. The purpose of the study is to identify the utilization pattern of public open space on canal banks and analyze the problems related to the utilization of this space. Method used place-centered mapping to identify physical characteristic of public open space and patterns of activity that occur in the study area. The study is conducted in the segment East Flood Canal on Jl. Kolonel Sugiono, Duren Sawit sub-district, East Jakarta. The result is the pattern of utilizing public open space in the four zones in the East Flood Canal segment is linear because the pattern follows the physical setting of pedestrian circulation paths and bicycle lanes. This study suggests both two circulation pathways (pedestrian and bicycle) need to be designed continuously along the canal and equipped with adequate facilities. Improvement of the planning, design, and maintenance of public open space in the segment of canal will have many benefits to increase social interaction, recreational activities, educational communication, and also a concern for the hydrological aspects of the canal.

Assessing the outcomes of implementing natural open space plans in a Global South city

Systematic conservation planning is a scientific method of prioritising scarce resources to minimise the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The approach aims to consider social, economic and political imperatives, and may be used by municipalities to designate their (predominantly) natural open space systems, in the form of a conservation plan. However, the multidimensional outcomes of implementing these conservation plans — in terms of both positive and negative ecological, social, and institutional dimensions — are rarely critically evaluated. We present a practical approach to assess the outcomes of implementing natural open space plans in urban areas, especially for the local (municipal) level where resource challenges may hinder assessment. The approach, drawn from comparisons of existing conservation assessment frameworks, considers the following outcome categories: ecological/natural; social/human; financial (institutional); and management (institutional). The approach is tested on a South African case study, and factors (challenges and opportunities) affecting the outcomes of implementing natural open space plans are identified. The results underscore how ecological outcomes are negatively affected by habitat transformation attributed to urbanisation and inappropriate land use management; and transgressions such as illegal, exploitive land uses. In respect of the social/human outcomes, collaborative partnerships with civil society, and the involvement of champions, are pivotal to implementation success. We found that financial and management institutional constraints contribute to inadequate investment in natural open space planning exacerbated by budget alignment to short and medium-term socio-economic and political priorities. The inter-dependence of the different outcomes emphasises the complexity of social-ecological systems and the need for a holistic assessment. Understanding the factors affecting the outcomes of implementing natural open space plans allows local government to respond to the emerging knowledge of changing ecological and socio-economic conditions, facilitating the institutionalisation of adaptive management approaches, which appreciate the intertwined nature of social-ecological systems. This can, in turn, enhance decision-making processes, and advance conservation outcomes, ecosystem resilience and resulting flows of ecosystem services provided by nature, which are essential for human well-being.

Green Open Space Planning in Improving the Quality of Space in the Mamuju Urban Area

The increase in regional demographics certainly affects the use of energy for transportation and households which will ultimately have implications for greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions in the region. This study focuses on the planning of green open space in the Mamuju Urban Area in order to minimize the effects of greenhouse gases so that the quality of space in the area is maintained. This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research that explores the condition of green open space in the Mamuju Urban Area and takes into account the existing emission potential. The data analysis used is AHP (scoring and weighting) to determine the value and influence of each thematic, image digitization and field observations to determine the existing green open space in the Mamuju Urban Area, and overlay using the ArcGIS 10.8 application to combine maps that be a research indicator. The results obtained from this study are that the Mamuju Urban Area continues to grow from time to time, the distribution of existing green open space continues to decrease along with land use changes that continue to occur, and from the analysis of potential emissions, the largest green open space planning directive is private green open space planning with an area of 354, 14 Ha.

Model Perencanaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Taman di Universitas Pahlawan

Improving the quality of green space and efforts to improve the function of the area in the academic environment must be considered as an integral part of building arrangement activities. This is because the aspects of the building and the environment are inseparable components of settlements, supporting each other in a balanced, harmonious, and harmonious manner. As a campus that applies the concept of “Green Campus”, of course, it wants the quality of its environment to be well maintained even though it has the development of facilities and infrastructure, Universitas Pahlawan must of course also fulfill these provisions. Therefore, it is very necessary to model in planning the Park Green Open Space Planning Model at the Hero University with various considerations that are adapted to regional conditions, land area and benefits that can be enjoyed optimally by the academic community. Environmental Park planning model is carried out by reviewing based on spatial (spatial) and social aspects. The importance of the Environmental Park planning model is due to not applying an appropriate planning model so that direct utilization is not maximally felt by the academic community. This study examines more deeply the relationship between the spatial and social aspects of the environmental park

Assessment of Open Spaces Ensuring Socio-Environmental Quality in Bogura Town, Bangladesh

The present article is the outcome of a study carried out to assess the existing condition, spatio-temporal changes and socio-environmental quality of four parks and six playgrounds in Bogura town of Bangladesh from January to June 2018. A questionnaire survey involving 150 respondents was carried out addressing environment, management, pattern, amenity, welfare and people’s reliability of the parks and playgrounds. The total area of parks and playgrounds has decreased by 8.09% and 14.19%, respectively, in last a decade. Qualitative assessment indicates that Kalitola Park is in very bad condition, while Shibbati Children’s Park and Shaheed Khokon Park are in good condition, and Pouro Edward Park is in moderate condition. The Ulka and Brindabonpara Playgrounds are in good condition, whereas MS Club and Altafunnessa Playgrounds are in moderate condition, and Dhorompur and Medical Playgrounds are in bad condition. The study has also shown that environment, pattern, beauty, welfare and people’s reliability indicators set the parks and playgrounds between moderate and good condition; however, managerial and institutional indicators and amenity indicator need improvement. It is recommended that a proper planning, management and accessibility of open spaces of Bogura town should be ensured.

The Influence of Surface Ground Material on the Outdoor Thermal Value

The provision of open space in the building for educational purposes such as university is mandatory to ensure the balance between the buildings and the environment. Besides, the availability of open space in construction projects, particularly architecture, is also listed as one of the requirements that must be included when applying for a building permit. What is more, besides its functional factor, open space planning is expected to enhance campus aesthetics. The strategy in choosing the proper material for covering open areas in the tropical climate country is still challenging. It holds a significant contribution to reducing the effect of urban heat island phenomena. This article discusses the impact of changing surface ground materials on the site radiation of an open space called “lapangan lilin,” located in Atma Jaya University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research incorporated computer simulation methods, ENVI-met, to compare several types of materials and their effects on the environment. The result shows that of the four types of materials that being compared (paving, soil, asphalt, and grass), the soil material gives the best outdoor thermal value impact compared to other materials.

Open space and sense of community of older adults: a study in a residential area in Hong Kong

PurposeThis study examines the relationship between quality and quantity of open space in residential areas and the sense of community of Chinese older adults in Hong Kong.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted with 257 adults aged 55 and over in Kwun Tong, Hong Kong. The quality of open space was assessed from four dimensions: social and recreational facilities, entrance, location and environment. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to evaluate the quantity of open space in terms of size and amount.FindingsThe result shows that the environment has a strong influence on the sense of community, while the quantity of open space does not. The results provide urban planners with evidence for open space planning in the future. Urban planners should consider building more people-oriented environment; such as green areas instead of merely increasing the size, amount and facilities of open space. The Hong Kong Government also needs to review the current standardised planning guideline in order to maximise the social connection of older adults.Originality/valueThis cross-sectional study tried to understand the relationship between the quality and quantity of open spaces and sense of community in Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. It is one of the few studies to simultaneously examine both the quality and quantity of open spaces when studying its relationship with sense of community.