Plan Dimensions Research Articles

Comparative Analysis between the Architecture of Bimaristans in Egyptian and Syrian during Mamluk’s Era

Bimaristans are a building type which emerged in the Islamic world equivalent to nowadays hospitals. Most of the Islamic architecture studies focus on mosques, then mausoleums. This makes the research field open for more studies on building types like baths, wekalat, etc. Bimaristans remain within the scope of structures that need more studies through comparatives and analytical analyses. This paper introduces comparative analysis between bimaristans in Cairo and Aleppo, with particular focus on those constructed during the Mamluk’s era. This comparison highlights the points of similarity between the concepts that influenced the designers by that time with respect to their different locations, surrounding context and historical background. Such factors caused to make distinguished differences that gave each location its unique identity. This research depends on inductive-deductive methodology; inductive by reading and explaining the architectural drawings of both case-studies, and deductive from the theories and researches that justifies the reasons lied behind the end architectural product. Consequently, analyses the comparative results. The study provides architects and scholars with a clear image about the unique private identity of each zone, although they stand on the same believes using analytical analyses of bimaristans. Hence, contemporary architects in the Arab world can recognize the spiritual concepts behind the architectural and planning dimensions of bimaristans’ discrete design, that they may use or re-use to regenerate new forms that reflect their local identity and satisfy local cultural needs. Also, the study clarifies the role of local artists in articulating such concepts using carved geometrical reliefs, in addition to the documentation role of decorating relieved texts on those structures.

Foresight in natural resource management: A case study in Australia

Accelerated impacts of climate change pose significant challenges for natural resource management (NRM), challenging traditional decision-making approaches. Foresight provides a range of suitable methods for informing NRM due to high uncertainty and complexity. Foresight processes are inherently political endeavours because they are used to allocate resources and engage in normative questions of what constitutes a desirable future. Existing empirical examples suggest that broader political and institutional settings may constrain foresight in NRM. However, to date, research has not explored the broader contexts that shape foresight processes. The paper draws on qualitative and quantitative data from an exploratory survey with 32 regional NRM organisations (NRMOs) across Australia. It develops an exploratory framework that situates foresight interventions within nested scales, to consider how broader socio-cultural, political and institutional contexts shape and constrain how NRMOs apply foresight and how its outcomes are taken up in decision-making. We have found that NRMOs are using a broad range of foresight methods with five categories of outcomes, including relationship building, knowledge generation and integration; capacity building; strategy development; and normative outcomes. We argue that increased attention to normative outcomes may support NRM to explicitly engage with the political dimensions of long-term planning. Despite this, the broader socio-cultural and environmental contexts create a challenging disjunct wherein foresight interventions face multiple constraints and tensions.

Impact of Institutional Climate on Students’ Learning Capabilities in Universities of Punjab

The main objective of the research to find out existing institutional functioning and situation of higher education institutes was to find out and compare the perceptions of teachers and students about institutional climate and its efficiency. The study was descriptive in nature with quantitative approach. Survey method was considered appropriate for collecting the desired data for quantitative study. The tool was prepared to cover the dimensions of planning and management, institutional climate, cost effectiveness, institutional integrity in higher education institutions. While the required data obtained vi questionnaires. The study population include all the students of the higher educational institutions of the Punjab. Stratified sampling was used. The collected data was analyzed quantitively. In quantitative analysis researcher used descriptive statistics, while t-test and correlation were used. results of the study revealed that many factors had great influence for institutional climate like planning and management, integrity of the members of the institute’s environment and cost effectiveness. The study may provide criteria to track the environment and effectiveness of higher education institutions either public or private. Additionally, studies can be conducted on larger scale to maintains/model / standards for the effectiveness of the higher education institutions.

Description of the design and construction of a physical model of a dam for educational purposes

The objective of this document is to present the construction process of a physical model that resembles a dam, the use of which allows the reproduction of different hydrological and hydraulic phenomena, for example: flow, pump calculation, pipeline design, flow in open channels, among others. The built physical model has plan dimensions of 2.85 m wide by 11.50 m long, built with 15x20x40 concrete blocks and f'c=100 kg/cm2, 150 kg/cm2 and 200 kg/cm2 resistance concrete, contains PVC pipes of 3” that contribute to the discharge of the flow; It will be part of the Hydraulics Laboratory facilities and impacts the academic development of the Civil Engineering and Administration, Energy Engineering and Mechanical Engineering programs of the Engineering Faculty of the Universidad Autónoma de Campeche.

THE ROLE OF GREEN PUBLIC SPACES IN THE FORMATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The article analyzes the role of open green public spaces in the formation of a sustainable urban environment. In the urban planning dimension, public spaces are pedestrian streets, squares, boulevards, embankments, parks and squares, which were formed under the influence of historical, cultural, social and economic factors. In the social dimension, the listed objects are a territory publicly available for use by all residents to meet the needs of recreation, communication, sports, etc.
 The article also considers the typology of open landscaped spaces. The problem of the formation of public spaces for the cities of Ukraine is particularly relevant in view of the changes of the last decades in the field of economy, sociology, urban planning concepts of sustainable development, which stimulated the transformation of cities. Consideration of public space as a structural element of the city is important in the issue of sustainable development of Ukrainian cities and requires appropriate methodological support for analysis, evaluation, modeling and management of scientific and project activities. Resolving the contradiction between the knowledge of regularities and basic theories of the interaction of sciences in the development of the city and the real state of affairs will ensure the validity of the theoretical provisions in further studies of the spatial development of the city and practical urban planning solutions.

Career Self-Efficacy Profile of Students in SMKN 1 Bukittinggi

This research is motivated by the existence of problems in several students at SMKN 1 Bukittinggi related to career self-efficacy, including the dimensions of self-appraisal, occupational information, goal selection, planning, and problem-solving. The problems found are that some students still cannot do a self-assessment of the majors they choose and the abilities they have specifically in the career field, some students cannot collect job information provided by the school by the career field they are interested in, some students do not have clear goals related to the career they will achieve, some students do not have career planning to achieve and some students cannot solve problems when they are in an obstacle in the career field problems they face. The formulation of the problem in this study is how much the career self-efficacy profile of students at SMKN 1 Bukittinggi is. The purpose of this study is to obtain a clear picture of the career self-efficacy profile of class XI students at SMKN 1 Bukittinggi. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research. The population in this study was 714 participants, all grade XI of SMKN 1 Bukittinggi. While the sample in this study amounted to 88 participants using the Simple Random Sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire instrument. The instrument used is the CDMSE (Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy) instrument developed by Jiang and Park. This instrument consists of 25 items and has been tested for validity and reliability on 30 students at SMKN 1 Bukittinggi and the results obtained are all valid items. Data analysis techniques and raw data processing using Microsoft Excel with the percentage formula. The results of this study concluded that overall the career self-efficacy profile of students at SMKN 1 Bukittinggi was in the high category, namely 74.9%. Among them, in the self-appraisal indicator, a percentage of 80.4% was obtained and was in the high category, occupational information obtained a percentage of 70.09% and was in the high category, goal selection obtained a percentage of 79.2% and was in the high category, planning obtained a percentage of 74.5% and was in the high category, and in the problem-solving indicator obtained a percentage of 70.3% and was in the high category. This shows that typical students at SMKN 1 Bukittinggi have confidence in their ability to complete career responsibilities that must be passed by the age range of career development faced.

A framework for assessing the sustainable transition potential of municipal climate change mitigation plans

Local climate change mitigation plans can be essential in enabling sustainability transitions at the municipality level. However, existing frameworks for assessing the quality of climate plans inadequately address their potential to foster sustainability transitions. We develop an assessment framework consisting of indicators and associated questions by integrating elements of the transition management framework with essential quality dimensions of climate plans and planning processes identified through a literature review. We illustrate and validate the assessment framework by applying it to the climate plans of three medium-sized cities in Switzerland. Our findings demonstrate that the local climate change mitigation plans performed well regarding the tactical and operational indicators but were less optimal concerning strategic and reflexive indicators. Nevertheless, the transition management framework provided a useful framework contributing to a comprehensive and systemic assessment highlighting the importance of stakeholder involvement, inter-sectoral coordination, and monitoring and evaluation as a means for social learning.

Long-term field monitoring of slabs-on-ground reinforced with GFRP bars

The current design of GFRP bar-reinforced slabs-on-ground, according to ACI 440.1R-15 is based on an empirical equation derived from the design of steel-reinforced concrete slabs-on-ground, developed based on the subgrade drag equation proposed in Portland Cement Association code (1990). ACI 440.1R-15 explicitly stipulates that field performance data from the application of FRP bar-reinforced slabs-on-ground is required to validate the equation. This paper reports the experimental outcomes of a comprehensive study on the long-term field monitoring of eight large-scale slab-on-ground specimens. Slabs of plan dimensions 6000 × 1100 mm2, resting on a lean concrete subbase over a compacted soil subgrade and exposed to harsh ambient environment, were monitored for 525 days to study rebar and concrete strain development and concrete cracking. The exposed ambient environment was characterized by averages of 41.7 ℃ with RH 12.8% in summer and 9.5 ℃ with RH 87.7% in winter. The major parameters of the study are reinforcement types (ribbed GFRP, sand-coated GFRP, and ribbed steel), reinforcement spacings (200 mm and 300 mm), slab thicknesses (100 mm and 200 mm), and the presence of a contraction joint. It was observed that all GFRP bar-reinforced slabs developed a transverse mid-panel shrinkage crack within the first 18 days of casting. The maximum average crack widths over the long-term were within the ACI 440.1R-15 and AASHTO LRFD code limit of 0.7 mm, and the maximum strains in rebars in the vicinity of the cracks did not exceed 12.4% of the ultimate strains of the bars. Decreasing the slab thickness from 200 mm to 100 mm did not affect the development of cracking or strain evolution. The presence of a saw-cut contraction was effective in localizing the cracking location.

Implementation resistance and the human dimensions of connectivity planning

Abstract Conserving species' ability to traverse the landscape is vital for maintaining biodiversity in the face of global change. Connectivity conservation requires identifying important pathways for species' movements and aligning societal support for conservation of those pathways. Contemporary connectivity analyses emphasize the impacts of topography, vegetation and human footprint on species' movements; but largely ignore the role that attitudes, economics and institutions play in practitioners' ability to conserve those movements. We introduce implementation resistance as an analogue of biophysical resistance that combines social, economic and institutional factors that promote or impede connectivity conservation. We demonstrate the utility of integrating implementation resistance as a means of choosing between competing connectivity conservation strategies using wolves in Colorado (USA) as a case study. Our analysis of five potential corridor locations based on biophysical costs revealed substantial differences in the social costs associated with implementing each corridor despite relatively minimal differences in the biophysical costs. Our comparison of hypothetical interventions to reduce implementation resistance illustrates that interventions that reduce conflicts between land use and wolves may substantially reduce overall resistance, those reductions are not as well aligned with connectivity priorities as those resulting from changes in land management agency policy. Our results highlight the need to design conservation interventions that fit both the social and ecological landscape and provide a framework for developing robust, interdisciplinary methods that facilitate implementable connectivity conservation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Validation of a framework for evaluating knowledge mobilization strategies: A Delphi method approach.

Background: A growing number of knowledge-oriented organizations, such as granting agencies, governments, public organizations, universities, and health authorities, are investing considerable resources to increase the use of research knowledge to improve professional practice, decision making, and public policy. The proliferation of research on knowledge mobilization (KMb) over the past two decades has deepened our understanding of the dynamics of this process and of the factors that can impede its deployment, such as knowledge users’ capabilities (their beliefs, capacity to absorb knowledge, etc.), contextual conditions (resources, leadership, facilitating factors, etc.), and the availability of effective mobilization strategies (frequency, implementation, fit with context). However, yet, few good-quality studies have evaluated the impacts of KMb, such that we still know too little about the effectiveness of the different strategies and the contextual conditions in which they may be effective. This is problematic, in that their development cannot be fully grounded in empirical evidence. In fact, their evaluation is complicated by the virtual absence of evaluation tools and validated indicators that would allow organizations to assess the impacts of their KMb strategies. Moreover, the difficulty that these organizations experience in relation to evaluation (due to lack of expertise and resources) is a concern that has been raised many times. Aims: This study will address this expressed need to improve organizations’ capacity to conduct KMb evaluation studies. Using a collaborative co-construction approach with key actors in KMb, our aim is to design and validate an integrative and operational framework for the evaluation of KMb strategies in the social domain. Design/approach: a first step in this project, we conducted a scoping review of frameworks and theories commonly used to evaluate KMb strategies. 71 articles were selected from this scoping review. Our analyses of these articles, we identified four potentially relevant dimensions for planning and evaluation: the context, implementation process, effects, and impacts of these strategies. Using the Delphi approach, a consultation has been undertaken to enrich and validate the dimensions of this framework developed after a scoping review. Results: This paper presents the results of the Delphi consultation with an international panel of experts working in the field of knowledge mobilization. This evaluation exercise should lead to a validation of the framework components and potential indicators to be considered when evaluating knowledge mobilization strategies.

Semantic processing during continuous speech production: an analysis from eye movements and EEG.

Speech production involves neurological planning and articulatory execution. How speakers prepare for articulation is a significant aspect of speech production research. Previous studies have focused on isolated words or short phrases to explore speech planning mechanisms linked to articulatory behaviors, including investigating the eye-voice span (EVS) during text reading. However, these experimental paradigms lack real-world speech process replication. Additionally, our understanding of the neurological dimension of speech planning remains limited. This study examines speech planning mechanisms during continuous speech production by analyzing behavioral (eye movement and speech) and neurophysiological (EEG) data within a continuous speech production task. The study specifically investigates the influence of semantic consistency on speech planning and the occurrence of "look ahead" behavior. The outcomes reveal the pivotal role of semantic coherence in facilitating fluent speech production. Speakers access lexical representations and phonological information before initiating speech, emphasizing the significance of semantic processing in speech planning. Behaviorally, the EVS decreases progressively during continuous reading of regular sentences, with a slight increase for non-regular sentences. Moreover, eye movement pattern analysis identifies two distinct speech production modes, highlighting the importance of semantic comprehension and prediction in higher-level lexical processing. Neurologically, the dual pathway model of speech production is supported, indicating a dorsal information flow and frontal lobe involvement. The brain network linked to semantic understanding exhibits a negative correlation with semantic coherence, with significant activation during semantic incoherence and suppression in regular sentences. The study's findings enhance comprehension of speech planning mechanisms and offer insights into the role of semantic coherence in continuous speech production. Furthermore, the research methodology establishes a valuable framework for future investigations in this domain.

Measuring the impact of strategic planning on organizational performance using the PLS approach

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the impact of strategic planning on organizational performance of the companies by presenting a theoretical model that highlights this relationship. We conducted a survey of 46 industrial companies from different sectors to assess this impact. The results of structural equation modeling using the PLS approach show that a few dimensions of strategic planning positively affect only a certain number of financial and non-financial indicators of organizational performance.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Flow Field around Slab-Type High-Rise Residential Buildings

High-rise residential buildings often adopt rectangular cross-sections with large depth-to-width ratios. Moreover, the cross-sections have many grooves and chamfers for better ventilation and lighting. However, related research is lacking. This study performed wind tunnel tests and large eddy simulations (LES) on two typical buildings to analyze the surface wind pressures and flow fields around the buildings. The base moment spectra, along with the wind pressure coefficients, demonstrate that numerical simulation is capable of accurately representing the magnitudes and variations in wind loads along the height of the building. Furthermore, numerical simulation effectively captures the dominant energy distribution characteristics of fluctuating wind loads in the frequency domain. The shear layer separations, vortex shedding and reattachment phenomenon were observed. It was found that in the middle and lower parts of the buildings, the shear layer separation changed dramatically. Buildings with depth-to-width ratios close to 2 are minimally affected by changes in wind direction. However, for buildings with larger depth-to-width ratios, especially when the short side faces the wind, the reattachment of the shear layer and the shedding of wake vortices become crucial factors in generating fluctuating cross-wind loads. This emphasizes the significant impact of wind direction and plan dimensions on flow characteristics and aerodynamic behavior. When the building contained corners and grooves, the low-wind-speed area induced by the shear layer separation shrank and the reattachment point shifted closer to the windward facade.

Designing the Pathology Model of Public Welfare Governance in Iran

Introduction: Policymakers' inability to identify and analyze public issues to formulate necessary policies, the weaknesses of agents and executives in implementing the procedures, and the lack of optimal use of existing resources are among the most prominent disadvantages of public welfare governance in various societies. The purpose of this research is to provide a model to understand the inefficiency of public welfare governance in Iran. Method: The present research is a mixed-method type (quantitative-qualitative) of research. In order to identify the concepts, dimensions and indicators of the model, theme analysis (qualitative) was used, and structural equation modeling (quantitative) was employed to fit the conceptual model of the research. 26 experts, professors and experts in the field of policy and public welfare have been selected for the socio-statistics of the qualitative part. The statistical population of the quantitative part consists of 240 experts, managers and senior managers in the field of policy and social welfare. 148 people participated considering Cochran's formula. Findings: In the qualitative part; 50 initial indicators were identified and after coding, 45 indicators were confirmed by theme analysis. Six dimensions (management and decision-making; public finance of the government; planning; internal environment; external environment and sectoral governance), and four components of causal, contextual, strategy, and consequence factors were confirmed. In the quantitative part, the dimensions of management and decision-making and public finance of the government were found to have an effect on the dimensions of the internal and external environment as well as on the dimension of planning, and the dimension of planning also affects the governance of a sector. The dimension of management and decision-making was ranked first with an average of 6.54, and the dimension of governance was ranked last with an average of 5.14. Discussion: A comprehensive model for identifying public issues enables the country to determine and implement priorities and strategies. The design requirements for the pattern of public welfare pathology in Iran will be six dimensions and 45 indicators extracted in this model.

Managing Complex Knowledge in Sustainable Planning: A Semantic-Based Model for Multiagent Water-Related Concepts

The concepts of green infrastructures, nature-based solutions and ecosystem services are today considered an integral part of the broader theme of the urban bioregion, with an intrinsic character of complexity. It is certainly difficult to structure bioregional processes in a balanced and sustainable way, able to keep local energy production and consumption cycles closed. It is a complex issue of knowledge bases, and problems are increased by the participatory dimension of environmental planning. In fact, when rational planning models have failed in the face of prominent individual needs and environmental complexity, a path has emerged towards the inclusion of multiple citizens’ and stakeholders’ knowledge. The cognitive structure of the plans has thus changed from systems of exclusively expert, formal knowledge to systems of diffused, multi-agent knowledge. This has involved richness but also significant problems in understanding and managing knowledge bases. In this complexity, there are some common peculiarities when it comes to socio-environmental systems. A common feature of the reference domains of ecosystem services, nature-based solutions and green infrastructures is the water resource. A management model of hydrological data, which are structurally relevant and cross-sectoral in environmental planning actions, could represent a flagship initiative. The used approach could be conveyed to more complex and extensive areas of the environmental domain in a perspective of sustainable planning. The present paper is part of a research work oriented toward handling complex environmental subjects, such as green infrastructures, nature-based solutions or ecosystem services, with a knowledge modelling approach. This approach is based on semantic extensions, elaborated form the concept of semantic web, to allow shared interpretations of knowledge coming from different languages and scientific domains. It is also based on using applied ontologies, elaborated from the concept of ontology-based classification, to support a structured organization of knowledge contents. The main research objective is therefore to investigate about a knowledge management system with semantic extensions, populated with hydrological knowledge contents, as well as to propose a preliminary functional architecture. A simple ontology of data is extracted, aiming at clarifying and improving inter-domain communication, so as to enhance a common semantic understanding in a complex environmental system.

Shielding effect of ring dislocation dipole on penny-shaped crack

Mechanical behavior of strongly crystalline materials can be significantly influenced by the internal dislocation structure and their iteration with micro crack-like defects. Thus, study on the crack-dislocation interaction problems can help to understand the failure mechanism of crystalline materials. Previous theoretical analysis have been mostly limited to plane problems, where the cracks are idealized as straight slit with infinite or zero out plane dimension and the dislocations slip along an inclined straight path starting from the crack tip. In this paper, we explore a new interaction mechanism under axisymmetric deformation state. An unconventional case of a penny-shaped crack interacts with a ring dislocation dipole is considered. Both the ring dislocation dipole and crack are modelled as axisymmetric edge dislocation loops. Solutions for the dislocation loops are obtained using the GKS based method. The mixed boundary value problem is converted into Abel integral equations, which can be solved analytically. Exact closed form solutions for the stress intensity factors (SIFs) in terms of elementary functions are obtained. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the shielding effect of the ring dislocation dipole on the crack tip SIFs. Conditions for the dislocation to shield the crack are discussed. The present solutions can also be used as weight functions to study the axisymmetric interaction between penny shaped crack and other types of eigenstrain sources.

Ullens Center for Contemporary Art Design Alterations

Taking the past life of 718 Factory as an example, this paper explores the spatial transformation of old industrial heritage in Beijing and its current development; and how the cultural heritage of the industrial era can be combined with contemporary art that represents the "future style" in the contemporary context. The paper is a time-line analysis of architectural positioning, spatial planning, material utilization and other dimensions, which provides a reference for the transformation of urban industrial relics.

The effect of vertical aspect ratio of RC Structures on the Performance Levels using Pushover Analysis

The effect of earthquakes in the present date had special attention in the evaluating process of the damage degree or collapse in the structures. It needs clear indications for evaluating the adequacy for existing buildings. To reduce the severe damage and stability loss, more preparations are required for safe buildings. During the earthquake, the building behaviors critically depend on building size, shape and the geometry. The pushover method is classified as nonlinear type and it is becoming a common tool used to evaluate the seismic performance for new and existing structures. The study shows the effect of building height to plan length ratio (height/length) on the base shear force, displacement, performance point and plastic hinge formation. Four buildings were compared with same seismic conditions Ca and Cv equal to 0.4, the plans of vertical aspect ratio of 0.5,1, 1.5 and 2 with plan dimension 18 m × 18 m having same area of 324 m2. The results show a proportional value of displacement against height, while the base shear force has nearly close values for different height with small increments. The behaviors of hinges mean that the building height increments make the building be more flexible and had more energy absorption.

Evaluation of Environmental Management and Conservation of Natural Resources in Tourism Enterprises in Ayacucho, Peru: Workers’ Perceptions

Nowadays, it is important to promote environmental management in organisations so that natural resources are subject to a conservation process that allows them to be maintained over time. In addition, this is a good way to increase the environmental awareness of the different actors in society. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of workers concerning the relationship between environmental management and the conservation of natural resources in tourism companies in Ayacucho, located in the Andean region of Peru. The research is of a basic type, with a quantitative approach and a non-experimental, correlational-exploratory design. The survey technique was used and the data-collection instrument was a questionnaire addressed to 600 workers on environmental management, with the dimensions of planning, implementation and operation and verification; and on conservation of natural resources, with the dimensions of biodiversity monitoring and consolidation of the protected area. The results show that 39% of workers disagree with the planning of their company, 47% neither agree nor disagree with the operations of their company and the implementation of its projects and 47% disagree with their company’s methods of assessing the success of its operations. These results show that an environmental management model should be proposed to improve the conservation of natural resources and to contribute to the revaluation of resources and the promotion of biodiversity protection in order to create environmental awareness in society.

Comparison of efficiency for steel and combined frames

Recently, in the practice of design, customers of design works and investors of various projects have a dilemma regarding the choice of building material for load-bearing building structures. At the same time, the choice is usually limited to two types of materials – steel and reinforced concrete. Each of these materials has its advantages and disadvantages, which results in their different efficiency of application for various types of building structures. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the estimation side, because in modern complex and dynamic conditions, it turns out to be dominant in many cases. 
 The article presents the results of research of the completed master's thesis on the comparative analysis of the effectiveness of steel and combined frames (steel-reinforced concrete) on the example of the filter station building. The building has dimensions in plan of 54 × 36 m with a total height of about 22 m. Its supporting frame is a statically nondefined flat frame consisting of columns and crossbars in the form of trusses. In the longitudinal direction of the building, the frames are united into a spatial system by means of covering structures. The building is craneless and has three floors, each about 6.5 m high. 
 In the course of research, the considered variants of the transverse frame were analyzed using the finite element method on the basis of the LIRA-CAD multifunctional design complex. As a result, appropriate cross-sections for loads according to the climatic conditions of Ukraine were obtained. A comparison of variants showed that the first design variant is 9 % cheaper. Taking into account the additional technological advantages in its manufacture, the steel frame can be considered more effective for the given construction conditions and be recommended for practical implementation. Separately, it should be noted that such a frame also has an average of 5 times less total mass, which should be considered its additional advantage.