Planning Behavior Research Articles

Paylater as The Millennial Payment: Theory Planned Behavior

This study aims to identify the motivations of Millennials who use Paylater services as a payment method in transactions and then investigates their perceptions and financial control regarding the risk of Paylater through the theory of planned behavior. This research involves individuals from the Millennial generation who have used Paylater services, using a qualitative approach through interviews. Primary data in the form of interviews in this study uses thematic analysis, by collecting and analyzing data, coding data, developing analytical ideas and concepts, and connecting analysis with the theory used. The results revealed that the ease of access, flexibility, and promo incentives of Paylater motivate Millennials to use it. Social pressure from relatives, the environment, and social media influences this motivation, along with their belief in their control over Paylater. However, Millennials also perceive risks such as spontaneous purchases, financial difficulties, and default, which raises doubts about using this service. These findings highlight the importance of considering psychological aspects, financial literacy, and financial behavior in using Paylater responsibly.

University-related Factors influencing Technological Entrepreneurial Intentions of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Students: A Comparative Study of Private and Public Universities

This study aims to establish university-related factors that influence the formation of technological entrepreneurial intentions (TEIs) among STEM students in Zambia. The article extends the Ajzen Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model by including environmental factors that were tested using a comparative study of public and private students, with quantitative data obtained from a sample of 400 STEM students and analyzed using structural equation Modelling (SEM). This paper contributes to emerging literature on TEIs by incorporating environmental variables into the TPB model to explain the formation of STEM students' TEIs. This study provides insights into the significance of pressure from friends, family and other networks and positive perception of technological entrepreneurial activities on the formation of TEIs in students. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to utilize the extended TPB on STEM Students in Zambia. This research also contributes to the existing literature on technopreneurship by comparing the formation of TEIs of STEM students in private and public universities. The findings suggest that attitudes towards entrepreneurship (ATE), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) have a direct impact on TEIs for private university students and ATE and PBC for public university students. University support (US) influences TEIs through (SN) for both private and public university students. Additionally, the university environment affects TEIs through three antecedents (ATE, SN and PBC) for private university students, while teaching methods (TM) show no association with TEIs.

Investigating learner characteristics and processes in Productive Failure and Vicarious Failure to design adaptive guidance

BackgroundWe investigate learner characteristics and learning processes in two instructional designs with preparatory activities prior to instruction: Productive Failure (PF) and Vicarious Failure (VF). The aim is to develop a first theoretical understanding of PF and VF learners that can inform directions for the design of adaptive support. MethodsBased on an experimental study with 110 secondary school students in mathematics, we examine the effect of students’ learner characteristics in PF (students generating own solution attempts) and VF (students studying these attempts). We assess the learning processes based on think-aloud data from 15 PF-VF-model-observer-pairs, analyzing frequencies and sequences of cognitive processes, using the HeuristicsMiner algorithm. ResultsMathematical ability was related to PF and VF students' learning, prior knowledge and mathematical self-concept to their learning processes. While both groups showed large overlaps in the frequencies and sequences of learning processes, VF students displayed a more analytical and PF students a more solution-oriented approach to the task. Metacognitive planning and evaluation behavior was relevant for VF students’ learning, depending on prior knowledge and ability. For PF students, it depended on mathematical self-concept. ConclusionsPF and VF students’ learning as well as frequencies and sequences of their learning processes relates to cognitive and affective learner characteristics. Metacognitive planning and evaluation behavior may require adaptive guidance specifically for learners with low mathematical self-concept in PF or prior knowledge and ability in VF.

The Influence of Emotional Competencies on the Entrepreneurship Intentions of University Students in Colombia

The main objective of this article is to analyze the effect of a group of predictors on entrepreneurial intention from the perspective of emotional competencies. To achieve this aim, a sample of 996 students belonging to ten public and seven private universities was selected, with each university having been granted high-quality accreditation by the Colombian Ministry of Education. The theoretical approach was based on Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the empirical analysis was based on structural equation models. Eight hypotheses were tested, with entrepreneurial intention as the dependent variable and emotional competencies, subjective norms, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial attitude as independent variables. The information was obtained by applying a questionnaire with a Likert scale to students of subjects related to entrepreneurship. From the findings of the study, it is concluded that in the two ecosystems analyzed (public and private), emotional competencies (EC) have neither a direct influence on entrepreneurial intention (EI) nor an indirect one since no significant influence is observed between emotional competencies and entrepreneurial attitude; however, a direct and positive effect was recorded between the self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude constructs on entrepreneurial intention. In addition, it is observed that subjective norms (SN) do not directly affect EI, but they do influence it indirectly, being mediated by entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy. The contribution of this study is focused on obtaining a better understanding of the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Colombia, which will make it possible to foster strategies for the generation of youth employment and public policies to promote various entrepreneurial initiatives. This could be based on government regulations adopted in the last decade, which are still under development, and the broad participation of university students and research groups of higher education institutions. Furthermore, given the dearth of research examining the impact of emotional competencies on the entrepreneurial intentions of young Colombian university students, this study aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap, thereby contributing to the development of a more robust body of literature that can inform the design and implementation of educational strategies and public policies aimed at fostering entrepreneurship within the university ecosystems of this country.

The role of motivation and knowledge in promoting green consumer behavior in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan

This research explores the factors influencing consumers’ intentions and behaviors toward purchasing green products in two culturally and economically distinct countries, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Drawing on Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study examines the roles of altruistic and egoistic motivations, alongside environmental knowledge, in shaping green consumer behavior. Altruistic motivation, driven by concern for societal well-being and environmental sustainability, is found to have a stronger impact on green purchase intention and behavior in both countries, particularly in Pakistan. Egoistic motivation, which focuses on personal benefits like health and cost savings, also contributes but with a lesser influence. The research employs a cross-sectional survey design, collecting data from 1000 respondents (500 from each country) using a stratified random sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between variables and test the moderating effects of environmental knowledge. The results reveal that environmental knowledge significantly moderates the effect of both altruistic and egoistic motivations on green purchase intention, enhancing the likelihood of eco-friendly consumption. These findings underscore the importance of environmental education in promoting sustainable consumer behavior. The originality of this study lies in its comparative analysis of green consumerism in two distinct contexts and its exploration of motivational factors through the TPB framework. Practical implications suggest that policymakers and marketers can develop strategies that appeal to both altruistic and egoistic drivers while enhancing consumer knowledge of environmental issues. The study contributes to the literature by expanding TPB to include the moderating role of environmental knowledge in understanding green consumption behavior across diverse cultures.

Taxes under stress: bank stress tests and corporate tax planning

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how bank stress tests affect bank tax planning.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses US bank stress test bank size thresholds and a regression discontinuity design to investigate the effect of the Dodd-Frank Act and the instituted bank stress tests on bank tax planning. We use different measures of tax planning, including bank-specific measures and measures of tax avoidance, tax aggressiveness, and effective tax planning from recent literature. Our regression discontinuity and difference-in-differences regression analyses include bank and year fixed-effects and lagged bank characteristics to control for potential endogeneity.FindingsThis study finds that stress tests have the unintended consequences of intensifying tax planning and increasing tax avoidance. Stress-test banks increase tax avoidance by accelerating charge-offs, net interest, and non-interest expenses. However, this increase in tax planning is not optimally maximized, leading to lower effective tax planning compared to non-stress-test banks. Banks with a substantial increase in tax avoidance under the Dodd–Frank Act tend to increase their risk, investing in high-risk-weight assets and lending in riskier loan categories. These findings are consistent with tax minimization conditions under added regulatory attention and policy uncertainty.Originality/valueLiterature on bank tax planning is limited. Most tax avoidance literature excludes financial institutions such as bank holding companies mainly due to differences in business practices and regulatory frameworks. This study is the first to investigate tax planning behavior among US banks. The current study thus extends the research field by examining the effect of bank transparency regulations, such as bank stress tests, on bank tax planning activities. Our findings have a direct bank policy implication. They show that stress testing has the unintended consequences of increasing tax planning activities and consequently increasing risk-taking on banks with high tax avoidance, which goes against the goals of stress testing regulations.

An Explanatory Model of Weight Management Behaviors during Pregnancy: a Cross-Sectional Study

PurposeThis study aims to create and validate a model explaining gestational weight gain and management behaviors using Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior, assessing the model's fit with actual data and examining the influences of various factors. MethodsEmploying a correlational research design, data were collected and analyzed from 396 primigravida who were at least 36 weeks and agreed to participate in the study from April 15, 2022 to August 15, 2022 through an online questionnaire. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the general characteristics of participants, descriptive statistics of variables, reliability of tools, and correlation of variables. AMOS 28.0 was used to verify hypothesis and to assess the fitness of hypothetical models. ResultsModified model fitness was χ2/df = 3.29, GFI = .93, SRMR = .06, RMSEA = .08, CFI = .92, TLI = .88, PNFI = .62. All of hypothesis were statistically significant. The more positive attitude toward weight management behaviors (β = .52, p < .001), the higher perceived behavioral control (β = .21, p = .011) and subjective norms (β = .31, p = .034) were shown to have a significant effect on weight management behavioral intentions. They explained 77% of the variance in weight management behavioral intention. Weight management intentions (β = .63, p < .001) and perceived behavioral control (β = .52, p = .003) significantly influenced weight management behaviors, explaining 79% of the behavior variance. Enhanced weight management behaviors significantly reduced gestational weight gain accounting for 31% of the variance in gestational weight gain (β = -.56, p < .001). ConclusionsEstablishing a nursing intervention strategy that addresses attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control is crucial, as these factors enhance weight management intentions and behaviors, thereby facilitating appropriate gestational weight gain and reducing pregnancy complications.

Short-term summer trips: Climate hazards & substitution

Climate change and related impacts on tourism and outdoor recreation in Austria are increasingly felt in the number of hot days and variable weather conditions. This paper investigates how these effects likely influence visitor behavior in the future. A survey with an integrated discrete choice experiment was applied combining weather information, travel distances, travel means, attraction type, certification and parking fees (N = 5544). The analysis of the results yielded a four-class model which showed different substitution behaviors during unpleasant weather conditions, making clear that decisions are based on complex trade-offs and lead to significant behavioral changes under climate change conditions. For destination management, these innovative insights into planning behavior and greater understanding of the four segments are crucial for future product development.

Psychological factors and retirement planning behavior among Chinese university faculty members: The mediating effects of retirement planning intention

ABSTRACT Informed retirement planning impacts the wellbeing of individuals and broader society. However, the current related literature contains a limited understanding of the challenges faced by Chinese university faculty members concerning retirement planning. This study developed a model that combines social cognitive theory (SCT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the effect of attitude toward retirement planning, social group support, perceived financial knowledge, and future time perspective on retirement planning intention, as well as the mediating influence of retirement planning intention. Data collection was conducted from 514 faculty members of public universities in China through an online questionnaire survey. The findings indicated that perceived financial knowledge demonstrated the strongest positive influence on retirement planning intention, followed by future time perspective and social group support, with retirement planning intention as a mediator. This research offers implications for policymakers, retirement benefits consultants, and financial institution practitioners. It suggests that implementing financial education workshops and personalized planning services could promote retirement planning behavior.

Human-Autonomy Teaming in a Cooperative Gamified Testbed: How Can AI Teammates Support Teamwork Processes?

When Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents are incorporated into teams, they are expected to possess teaming capabilities beyond their advanced technological skills. Human-Autonomy Teams (HATs) are AI agents and humans working interdependently toward shared goals. Teams engage in processes, including goal specification, planning, mission analysis, coordination, monitoring, and backup behaviors. Participation of AI agents in teamwork processes can elevate HAT effectiveness and enhance the involvement of the agents as teammates. This study explored three levels of support for teamwork processes from AI agents: passive, reactive, and proactive. The study was conducted in HiveMind, a cooperative gamified testbed. The proactive agent scored higher on several assessment metrics, including effective communication, interdependence, and teaming. Furthermore, participants reported positive perceptions of the agent’s proactive support and initiative taking. The study’s findings suggest that AI teammates’ level of participation in teamwork processes influences human teammate’s perceptions and teaming experiences with their AI teammate.

Trying to decrease food-wasting behavior with combined theory plan behavior, value belief norm, and norm activation model: A behavioral approach for sustainable development

Trying to decrease food-wasting behavior with combined theory plan behavior, value belief norm, and norm activation model: A behavioral approach for sustainable development

The Impact of Succession Planning on Enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Field Study at Tikrit University

The study aims to determine the extent to which succession planning contributes to enhancing organizational citizenship behavior at Tikrit University. The research hypotheses were the availability of the dimensions of succession planning and the dimensions of organizational citizenship in the university under study, and the existence of significant correlations and influence between each succession planning and organizational citizenship behavior. The research community was identified with the teaching and administrative staff of Tikrit University, consisting of (280) people, and a survey was conducted on a random sample of them, numbering (158) individuals. All distributed questionnaires were retrieved with a recovery rate of 100%, while the questionnaires suitable for analysis were (120), representing (75.9%) of the total questionnaires returned. The data were analyzed and hypotheses were tested using the statistical analysis program SPSS V.26. The study reached a number of results, most notably: There is a high level of application of both succession planning and organizational citizenship behavior at Tikrit University. The results also showed that there is a positive and moderate significant correlation between succession planning and organizational citizenship behavior at the university under study. The results also showed a statistically significant effect of succession planning methods combined in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior at Tikrit University, which explains 29.5% of the changes in the dependent variable. In addition, there was a statistically significant positive effect for all dimensions of succession planning in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior at Tikrit University, where promotion was the most influential on organizational citizenship behavior, followed by job rotation, training, and finally job transfer.

Personality Intolerance of Ambiguity in Planning and Developing Bumdes Behavior

This study aims to examine the influence of psychological factors on the behaviour of planning and developing illage-owned enterprises (BUMDes) with the aim of increasing village original income (PADesa). The factors studied include belief in the usefulness of BUMDes, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, interest, as well as the moderating role of ambiguity ntolerance. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed to respondents, and data analysis was conducted using the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach using the partial least squares (PLS) technique through WarpPLS software. The results showed that all hypotheses proposed were supported, with a negative influence from intolerance of ambiguity. The implication of this study is that cognitive theory, along with the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), can be used to understand and explain the behaviour of planning and developing BUMDes so as to increase village original revenue.

Integrating Perceived University Support and Theory of Planned Behavior in Determining Entrepreneurship Intention among Student

Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study investigates how perceived university support influences entrepreneurship intention through the mediating variables of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Using a quantitative approach with 188 Generation Z student respondents from Jakarta, data was collected via online questionnaires and analyzed with SEM using SmartPLS 4. The results show that perceived university support significantly affects attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control. However, its impact on entrepreneurship intention is only significant when mediated by attitude and perceived behavioral control, while subjective norms show no significant indirect effect.

Green Product Purchase Intention of Young Customers from Developing Country: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

Green Product Purchase Intention of Young Customers from Developing Country: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Explore the Effect of Farmer Differentiation on Their Intention to Revitalize Idle Homesteads: Empirical Evidence from Shaanxi, China

The revitalization of idle homesteads is an essential element in stimulating rural land resources and assets and promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas. However, existing studies have paid less attention to the relationship between the differentiation of farm households and revitalization intention. Therefore, exploring the relationship between farmer differentiation and revitalization intention has become the key to improving the revitalization intention. The differentiation of farmers in the process of urbanization is an important factor affecting the intention of farmers to revitalize idle homesteads. This study defines “farmer differentiation” as a second-order factor and is based on the theoretical analysis framework of “farmer differentiation (FD)–farmer cognition (FC)–revitalization intention (RI)” to systematically reveal the relationship between FD and RI with a multi-dimensional perspective. At the same time, we analyze the mediating role of FC in the relationship between FD and RI. The data collected from 881 Shaanxi, China, farmers are analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the study show that (1) The dimensions of farmer differentiation (FD) are wealth capital differentiation (WCD) and reputation capital differentiation (RCD). (2) The formation of farmers’ intention to revitalize follows the logical relationship of “FC–RI” in the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB), and subjective norms (SN) are the critical factor. (3) The logical relationship of “FD–FC–RI” in the ETPB has been confirmed. In addition to the direct positive effect of the WCD and RCD on farmers’ intention to revitalize idle homesteads, WCD will indirectly affect RI through the four sub-dimensions of behavioral attitudes (BA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and homestead dependence (HD) under the FC conception. Meanwhile, the chain mediating role of the WCD and FC sub-dimensions in the RCD effect on the intention to revitalize cannot be ignored. Therefore, to increase farmers’ intention to revitalize Idle homesteads, policymakers need to focus on increasing WCD and RCD and helping farmers establish proactive FC.

The intentions and factors influencing university students to perform CPR for strangers based on the theory of planned behavior study

ObjectiveThe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to compile a questionnaire to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and the intention of university students to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for strangers, and the factors influencing them. MethodsWe recruited 575 university students who completed an online questionnaire within 30 min to assess knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control related to bystander CPR. Factor analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of the extended questionnaire. Multivariate analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis were used to determine the differences of intra-group and inter-group. ResultsThe Cronbach's α of knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention were 0.770, 0.797, 0.909, 0.619 and 0.899 respectively, indicating that the extended scale reliability of the TPB was adequate. χ2/df = 3.463, GFI = 0.977, CFI = 0.968, IFI = 0.969, RMSEA = 0.066, indicating that the extended scale of the TPB had a good fit. Path analysis showed that the influencing factors of intention were “Families of medical workers”, “Experience in administering CPR first aid training”, “Gender”, “Ability to master CPR skills”, “Knowledge”, “Subjective norm” and “Attitude”, with effect values of 0.019, 0.063, 0.069, 0.122, 0.187, 0.361 and 0.386, respectively. All the factors together accounted for 57.00 % of the variation in intention. ConclusionsKnowledge, attitude and subjective norm regarding to bystander CPR among university students are the determinants of intention, while perceived behavioral control does not play a major role. This study has implications for future CPR training. In order to improve the CPR implementation rate of university students, we should strengthen the relevant knowledge about CPR, maintain positive attitude and refine the related criteria of CPR implementation.

The Impact of Medical Education Quality on Career Adaptability for International Students in China: The Mediating Role of Proactive Career Planning Behavior

Background: The quality of medical education plays a significant role in shaping the career outcomes of international students. As they navigate the challenges of their studies and career paths in a foreign country, understanding the elements that influence their career adaptability is essential. Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of medical education quality on career adaptability among international students in China and to emphasize the mediating role of proactive career planning behavior. It also investigates challenges related to cultural adjustment. Methodology: A quantitative technique is employed in a cross-sectional survey of international medical students in China. Information was collected from 575 valid responses through structured questionnaires. The research utilizes regression analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the relationships between medical education quality, career adaptability, proactive career planning behavior, and cultural adjustment challenges. Result: The evaluation revealed that medical education quality positively influences career adaptability (p &lt; 0.001, β = 0.45). Proactive career planning behavior was found to positively influence career adaptability (p &lt; 0.001, β = 0.38). Medical education quality positively influences proactive career planning behavior (p &lt; 0.001, β = 0.50), and proactive career planning behavior mediated the connection between medical education quality and career adaptability (p = 0.013, β = 0.20). Cultural adjustment challenges moderated the relationship between medical education quality and career adaptability, with a significant interaction effect (p = 0.032, β = -0.15). Conclusion: The research emphasizes the significance of high-quality medical education in promoting career adaptability among international students, highlighting proactive career planning and examining cultural adjustment challenges for optimal career outcomes. These insights can inform educational practices and support services for international medical students, aiming to enhance their career readiness and adaptability in a global context.

Pengaruh pendidikan ekonomi keluarga, literasi keuangan, dan gaya hidup terhadap perencanaan keuangan mahasiswa se-Kabupaten Bangkalan

aim of this research is to find out how much influence family economic education, financial literacy and lifestyle have on students' financial planning in Bangkalan Regency. This type of research is quantitative research with a population of 100 respondents. Meanwhile, the sample in this study consisted of 60 respondents. The sampling technique was carried out using simple random sampling. Data collection by distributing questionnaires. The results of the research study obtained show that; Family economic education, financial literacy and lifestyle have a significant influence on the financial planning of students throughout Bangkalan Regency. Family economic education has a negative and significant effect on the financial planning of students throughout Bangkalan Regency. Financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on the financial planning behavior of students throughout Bangkalan Regency. Lifestyle has a negative and significant influence on the financial planning of students throughout Bangkalan Regency.

Entrepreneurial Intention of Tourism and Hospitality Students: An Examination Through the Lens of Theory of Planned Behavior with Perceived Desirability and Perceived Feasibility

ABSTRACT This study investigates the elements influencing the Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of Tourism and Hospitality (T&H) students using TPB with Perceived Desirability (PD) and Perceived Feasibility (PF). Quantitative research methodology was used. The data was collected from the students of T&H, and a sample of 392 respondents was considered. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed research model empirically. SEM findings revealed that applying the TPB with PD and PF produced a strong model for explaining the EI of T&H students, as it explained 52% of the variance in EI. This investigation aids in a better grasp of the EI of T&H students, which may be useful to policymakers and institutions/universities in allocating resources, developing strategies and providing all necessary resources to improve entrepreneurial skills among students.