Elevation Plane Research Articles

Full 360° beam steering millimetre‐wave leaky‐wave antennas coupled with bespoke 3D‐printed dielectric lenses for 5G base stations

AbstractA fast beam‐steering capability has been demonstrated using an array of high‐gain corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (CSIW) slot antennas coupled with a bespoke dielectric lens. The proposed system prototype has been simulated, fabricated, and measured. The proposed system is shown to have a full 360° beam‐steer in azimuth plane with an angular sensitivity of 9°, half power beamwidth (HPBW) of 18° and a gain of < 20.5 dBi at n257 frequency band of 26 to 29 GHz. Further, the antenna is shown to have a fixed frequency beam steer of ±15° along with a frequency‐controlled beam‐scanning of ±45° in the elevation plane. The antenna setup is shown to be suitable for applications for 5G base‐stations.

Virtual antenna array for reduced energy per bit transmission at Sub-5 GHz mobile wireless communication systems

This paper presents an innovative technique to synthesize a virtual antenna array (VAA) that consumes less energy than conventional antenna arrays that are used in mobile communications systems. We have shown that for a specific spectral efficiency a wireless system using the proposed virtual antenna array consumes significantly less energy per bit (∼3 dB) than a wireless system using a conventional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array. This means the adoption of the proposed VAA technology in smartphones, iPad, Tablets and even base-stations should significantly reduce the carbon footprint of wireless systems. The proposed VAA is realized by employing a pair of linear antenna arrays that are placed in an orthogonal configuration relative to each other. This orthogonal arrangement ensures the radiation is circularly polarized. The size of the standard radiating elements constituting the VAA were miniaturized using the topology optimization method. The design of the VAA incorporates substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and metasurface technologies. The function of SIW in the design was twofold, namely, to reduce energy loss in the substrate on which the VAA is implemented, and secondly to mitigate unwanted electromagnetic interactions between the neighboring radiating elements and thereby enhancing isolation which otherwise would degrade the radiation characteristics of the array. Metasurface technology served to effectively increase the effective aperture of the array with no impact on the footprint of the array. The consequence of SIW and metasurface technologies was improvement in the gain and radiation efficiency of the array. The proposed four orthogonal 4-element VAA covers the entire sub-5 GHz frequency range, and it radiates bidirectional in the azimuth plane and omni-directional in the elevation plane. Moreover, it is relatively easy to design and fabricate. The proposed VAA has dimensions of 0.96λ0 × 0.96λ0 × 0.0016λ0 at mid-band frequency of 3 GHz. VAA has a measured gain of 25 dBi and radiates with 90% efficiency. The average isolation between the linear arrays constituting the virtual array is better than 27 dB.

A Planar Orbicular Rectenna Array System With 3-D Uniform Coverage for Wireless Powering of IoT Nodes

Microwave power transfer (MPT) is a revolutionary technique for charging batteries of wireless sensor nodes in smart applications. However, sensor nodes can be positioned at any arbitrary orientation and location with respect to the microwave transmitter (Tx). Therefore, harvested DC power depends on the node’s position and orientation. Thus, to reduce this reliance, a novel, fully integrated planar multisector rectenna (Rx) array is designed to achieve a nearly uniform 3-D spherical DC coverage. To realize orientation insensitive azimuth and elevation plane coverage, the proposed Rx features eight radially arranged endfire Rx (EFR-antenna) elements, and a bore-sight Rx (BSR-antenna) element with multiarms for inherent DC combining is used at the center with orthogonally polarized ports. Furthermore, direct conjugate matching of antenna and rectifier circuit with integrated operation is applied to realize a fully integrated design. This reduces insertion losses and achieves the desired 3-D coverage along with miniaturization, shaping it suitable for deployment at space-constrained IoT sensor nodes for orientation oblivion wireless powering.

A novel pattern agile microstrip antenna for modern wireless communication systems

ABSTRACT This article presents a circular microstrip patch antenna loaded with three complementary split rings (CSRRs) on the ground plane for pattern agility features. The antenna resonated at 5.3 GHz and accommodated the frequency spectrum from 5.1–5.7 GHz for different CSRR combinations. The reconfigurable pattern feature has been produced with three p-i-n diode combinations integrated with the CSRR slot on the ground patch. The CSRR combinations are utilized to change the radiation phase concerning the primary radiating circular patch. The proposed antenna radiation beam can steer from ±15°, 180°, and 0° of the broadside pattern in the elevation plane with a satisfactory gain of 3 dBi. The phase variation for various CSRR combinations concerning the primary antenna is presented. The presented antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate and tested in an anechoic environment; the tested results verify the pattern agility of the antenna. The demonstrated antenna is suitable for modern wireless communications like LTE and Cognitive radios. The compact size, simple biasing, and low cost are added advantages of the antenna.

Ultrathin Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap: An Adipocutaneous Flap with the Most Superficial Elevation Plane.

Although many efforts have been made to create thinner anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps, their thickness varies among patients, and the flap may be still too thick to match shallow defects. The authors successfully harvested an ALT flap through the most superficial elevation plane, the superficial fat layer, which was useful to match the shallow defects. All patients who underwent ALT free flap reconstruction for upper and lower distal extremity defects were divided retrospectively into groups by ALT flap elevation plane: thin, above the deep fascia; superthin, at the superficial fascia; and ultrathin, through the superficial fat. Preoperative computed tomographic angiography and duplex ultrasonography planning were used for all patients. Anatomical characteristics of donor subcutaneous tissue and surgical details, including flap thickness, flap size, and incidence of flap necrosis were compared among the groups and between sexes. The average deep and superficial fascial depths were 16.7 and 10.8 mm, 12.5 and 8.2 mm, and 9.1 and 5.6 mm ( P < 0.05), and the average flap thickness was 5.8 mm, 7.9 mm, and 7.8 mm ( P = 0.29) in the ultrathin, superthin, and thin ALT groups, respectively. No significant intergroup differences existed in flap size or complications. The deep and superficial fascia were located significantly deeper in female patients (9.4 and 6.0 mm in male patients and 14.9 and 9.6 mm in female patients, respectively). With precise preoperative planning, the most superficially elevated, ultrathin ALT flap can achieve optimal reconstructions of thin body areas. Female patients with thicker thighs and patients with a high body mass index would benefit from this flap. Therapeutic, IV.

Versatile clinical movement analysis using statistical parametric mapping in MovementRx

Clinical gait analysis is an important biomechanics field that is often influenced by subjectivity in time-varying analysis leading to type I and II errors. Statistical Parametric Mapping can operate on all time-varying joint dynamics simultaneously, thereby overcoming subjectivity errors. We present MovementRx, the first gait analysis modelling application that correctly models the deviations of joints kinematics and kinetics both in 3 and 1 degrees of freedom; presented with easy-to-understand color maps for clinicians with limited statistical training. MovementRx is a python-based versatile GUI-enabled movement analysis decision support system, that provides a holistic view of all lower limb joints fundamental to the kinematic/kinetic chain related to functional gait. The user can cascade the view from single 3D multivariate result down to specific single joint individual 1D scalar movement component in a simple, coherent, objective, and visually intuitive manner. We highlight MovementRx benefit by presenting a case-study of a right knee osteoarthritis (OA) patient with otherwise undetected postintervention contralateral OA predisposition. MovementRx detected elevated frontal plane moments of the patient’s unaffected knee. The patient also revealed a surprising adverse compensation to the contralateral limb.

A Wide-Angle Scanning Planar Array Based on Four-Mode Pattern-Reconfigurable Elements

This paper presents a design of a wide-angle scanning planar array based on a reconfigurable antenna with four radiation patterns for 5G applications. The pattern-reconfigurable antennas (PRAs), capable of switching into four radiation patterns with the help of PIN diodes, constitute the basic elements of the planar array. By exciting each port individually and combining the scans of the PRAs operating at four symmetrical modes in four quadrant subspaces, the main beam of the proposed scanning planar array can scan subspaces I, II, III, and IV by directing the main lobe from -65° to 65° with side lobes less than -7 dB, while supporting a 3 dB scanning coverage of up to 83.5° for each quadrant in the elevation plane. Due to its compactness, simpler biasing network, and more significant beam-scanning coverage, the scanning array by using four-mode PRAs has better performance, via simulation and measurement result agreement.

Millimeter-wave coding radial-periodic metasurface for manipulating beam-pointing angle of conical-beam radiation

In this article, a millimeter wave coding radial-periodic metasurface conical-beam (CB) antenna for manipulating beam-pointing angle (BPA) is presented. The proposed structure is excited by a high-gain CB planar antenna. The novelty of the proposed design lies in its BPA manipulating mechanism, obtained by radial-periodic metasurfaces (MS) located on the top of the source CB antenna. Full-wave analysis and experimental validation verified the proposed design performance, achieving simulated 10.2% 10-dB impedance bandwidth (BW) covering 27.19–30.12 GHz, whereas the measured BW is 11.7%, covering 26.86–30.2 GHz; as well as 6–18° BPA coverage in the elevation plane with a measured peak gain of 7.7–9.86 dBi in the 27–28 GHz range. The proposed structure exhibits good CB radiation performance with wide BW, flexible BPA control capability, and stable gain variation. Consequently, the proposed structure can be a potential candidate for applications that need wide beam coverage.

A 16 × 16 45° Slant-Polarized Gapwaveguide Phased Array With 65-dBm EIRP at 28 GHz

A high equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) active phased array antenna is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems at 28 GHz. The numerical design, measurements of a fabricated prototype, and performance analysis are presented. The antenna design is based on the gapwaveguide technology and consists of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16 \times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> single 45° slant-polarized elements. The proposed design uses a low complexity printed circuit board (PCB) structure with only six layers, i.e., a half of the existing wideband solutions. The array antenna incorporates up/downconverter integrated circuits (UDCs) and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1 \times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transceiver beamformer integrated circuits (BFICs). Moreover, a compact and highly efficient transition at the end of each channel of the BFICs has been designed to interconnect the antenna elements with the PCB. The antenna’s front-end loss, which includes the feed line, mismatch, and ohmic losses, is only 1.3 dB. The array covers the scanning range of ±60° in the azimuth plane and ±10° in the elevation plane. The <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11} &lt; -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB frequency bandwidth is from 26.5 to 29.5 GHz. The maximum EIRP of the antenna is 65.5 dBm at saturation point. The presented design offers a compact, robust, and low-loss performance solution meeting the high transmission power requirements of 5G applications.

A Planar Integrated Rectenna Array With 3-D-Spherical DC Coverage for Orientation-Tolerant Wireless-Power-Transfer-Enabled IoT Sensor Nodes

Multiple IoT sensor nodes with radio frequency (RF) power harvesting are deployed in random positions and orientations with respect to the power transmitter (Tx) generally installed on ceiling and side walls. The IoT sensor nodes with wireless power transfer (WPT) systems employing conventional rectenna designs with complex structures can provide only 2-D coverage, thus, free-positioning and orientation-insensitive WPT is unrealizable. Therefore, a novel, compact, planar-integrated rectenna-array providing 3-D-spherical coverage is proposed for the WPT system in two-layer PCB technology. The proposed design scheme harvests maximum RF power in both, azimuth and elevation planes, by encapsulating endfire and inherent tilted-beam bore-sight rectenna elements within a single sector. The radial integration of six such sectors coordinately achieves 3-D-spherical dc coverage, and the bore-sight 3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch antenna array (PA) functions as a dc low pass filter (dc-LPF) offering miniaturization and insertion loss reduction. The endfire and bore-sight rectenna components harvest 240 and 255 mV at 1280 and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1176~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> output loads with RF-dc conversion efficiency of 69.1% and 65.28% at 5.8 GHz, respectively. Further, the rectenna elements are integrated using a simple and easily realizable low-loss parallel dc combining circuit, making it suitable for IoT sensor nodes.

Wide-Band Wide-Beam Circularly-Polarized Slot-Coupled Antenna for Wide-Angle Beam Scanning Arrays.

The design of a wide-band wide-beam circularly-polarized slot-coupled (WWCS) radiating element for wide-angle scanning arrays (WASAs) is addressed. The WWCS radiator exploits a simple geometry composed of a primary (driven) and a secondary (passive) element to generate wide-beam patterns with rotational symmetry and high polarization purity. The synthesis was carried out by means of a customized version of the System-by-Design (SbD) method to derive a WWCS radiator with circular polarization (CP) and wide-band impedance matching. The results of the numerical assessment, along with a tolerance analysis, confirm that the synthesized WWCS radiating element is a competitive solution for the implementation of large WASAs. More specifically, a representative design working at f0=2.45 [GHz] is shown having fractional bandwidth FBW≃15%, half-power beam-width HPBWf0≃180 [deg] in all elevation planes, and high polarization purity with broadside axial ratio ARf0=3.2 [dB] and cross-polar discrimination XPDf0=15 [dB]. Finally, the experimental assessment, carried out on a PCB-manufactured prototype, verifies the wide-band and wide-beam features of the designed WWCS radiator.

Continuous Beam Steering Realized by Tunable Ground in a Patch Antenna

A continuously steerable patch antenna employing liquid metal is presented. The proposed antenna employs a novel tunable ground plane together with parasitic steering to steer the direction of the main beam. The tunable ground plane consists of a permanent region, made from copper, and two tunable regions formed from liquid metal. The liquid metal channels were fabricated using 3D printing technology. By continuously injecting liquid metal into channels, the proposed patch antenna can provide continuous beam steering from −30° to +30° in the elevation plane, while achieving low side lobe level performance combined with low scan loss performance. Such an approach has never been tried before and it is only possible due to the unique properties of liquid metal. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that tunable ground plane has been used for a patch antenna to achieve continuous beam steering. The proposed antenna operates at 5.3 GHz. The antenna is fabricated and measured. Measurement results agree well with the simulation results and validate the effectiveness of the proposed beam steering technique. The proposed antenna has a measured gain of 8.1 dBi at 5.3 GHz and wide bandwidth performance. The tunable ground technique proposed in this work will find numerous applications within future wireless communications systems.

Mechanistic insights into glenohumeral kinematics derived from positional relationship between the contact path and humeral tuberosity

Although three-dimensional (3D) glenohumeral (GH) motion has generally been expressed only by rotational elements, its mechanistic details, including GH rotations, remain unknown owing to a lack of geometric investigations. This study aims to investigate the positional relationship between the contact path and humeral tuberosities at the GH joint during arm elevation and to consider the mechanism of GH kinematics. Shoulder kinematics were captured using two-dimensional and 3D single-plane image registration techniques in 15 young healthy subjects during flexion, scaption, and abduction. The glenoid movement relative to the humeral head was calculated to describe the contact path on the humeral head. From the start to 45° of flexion, scaption, and abduction, the glenoid center moved from the anteromedial to the anterior, central, and posterior portions of the humeral head, respectively, as the GH joint rotated externally. From 45° to the maximal elevation for all elevation planes, the glenoid center moved upward to the humeral head and came close to the bicipital groove (BG) at maximal elevation, while the glenoid maintained a constant inclination at 20°–40° relative to the humerus. To investigate this mechanism, the position of humeral tuberosities relative to the glenoid was calculated, and the BG was found to face the supraglenoid tubercle, the attachment site of the long head of biceps (LHB). GH external rotation mainly occurred depending on the elevation planes in the early phase of elevation, and it might be kept constant by the LHB and rotator cuff in the mid- to end range of elevation.

Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Variable Inclination Continuous Transverse Stub Antenna

This article presents a dual-band shared-aperture variable inclination continuous transverse stub (VICTS) antenna with large beam coverage for both frequency bands. A novel hybrid radiating structure is introduced to enable approximately consistent initial beam direction at the boresight for both bands and therefore large beam coverage, by exciting different sets of the radiation elements at each of the two bands. The hybrid structure is formed of interlaced conventional CTS elements and those backed by double-ridge waveguide slots. The latter suppresses the lower band while allowing the high band to radiate. This configuration allows maximum aperture reuse. A parallel-plate waveguide (PPW) diplexer combines the generated plane waves from the two bands to enable one-side excitation. Combined with the nonuniform slow wave structure (SWS), optimized amplitude distribution is achieved across the two frequency bands, thereby improving the antenna efficiency. A prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured for 12.25–12.75 GHz (Ku-band) and 19.6–21.2 GHz (K-band). The measured reflection coefficients are kept less than −11.5 dB during the beam steering. At the center frequencies of 12.5 and 20.4 GHz, the measured beam coverage of over ±49° and ±59° in elevation plane is demonstrated from a relative rotation angle of 40°. During the beam steering, the measured peak gain varies in the range of 26.1–21.1 dBi/30.4–25.2 dBi at these two frequencies.

3D Printed Directive Beam-Steering Antenna Based on Gradient Index Flat Lens With an Integrated Polarizer for Dual Circular Polarization at W-Band

In this communication, the design of a circularly polarized (CP) perforated gradient index (GRIN) flat lens antenna with directive beam-steering properties is presented for millimeter-wave applications at W-band (75–95 GHz). The dielectric lens, fed by an open-ended square waveguide (SWG) located in the lens focal plane, enhances the radiation in a particular direction, generating a high-directivity beam with planar wavefront. The integration of a dielectric polarizer with the lens allows the conversion from a linearly polarized (LP) incident wave to a CP-emitted wave over the whole bandwidth. Horizontally and vertically polarized waves, achieved by the excitation of the fundamental SWG TE01 and TE10 modes are transformed into left-hand CP and right-hand CP waves, respectively. A ±30° scan range in both azimuth and elevation planes is demonstrated for the whole frequency range, attained by displacing the feed along the focal plane of the lens. Lens and polarizer are manufactured as a single piece by stereolithography (SLA) 3-D printing technology with Form 3 Formlabs 3-D-printer. Measured results show maximum measured directivity values that range from 23.5 to 23.8 dB, a remarkable circular polarization purity as a wide axial ratio bandwidth of 20.58% (< 3 dB), from 77.5 to 95 GHz, is achieved for the principal beam steers and an aperture efficiency for broadside beam direction between 90.32% and 57.34% in the frequency band of interest.

Improved Beam Steering Method Using OAM Waves

Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is an intrinsic feature of electromagnetic waves which has recently found many applications in several areas in radio and optics. In this paper, we use OAM wave characteristics to present a simple method for beam steering over both elevation and azimuth planes. The design overcomes some limitations of traditional steering methods, such as limited dynamic range of steering, the design complexity, bulky size of the steering structure, the limited bandwidth of operation, and low gain. Based on OAM wave characteristics, the proposed steering method avoids design complexities by adopting a simple method for generating the OAM-carrying waves. The waves are generated by an array of Planar Circular Dipole (PCD) elements. These elements are designed to cover a wide bandwidth range between 3 and 30 GHz. The transmitting array shows an enhanced gain value from 8.5 dBi to almost 11.5 dBi at the broadside angle. Besides the enhanced PCD-based OAM generation, the novelty of the design lies in a new method of beam steering. Beam steering is then performed by controlling the electrical feeding of the PCD elements; the beam azimuthal location is managed by turning off some of the PCD elements, while the elevation is determined by changing the gradient phase of excitation for the turned-on PCD elements. Detailed analysis of the steering method is carried out by finding the mathematical model of the system and the generated waves. The performance has been verified through numerical simulators.

A Non-Stationary 3D-GBSM V2V Channel Model for Wideband Massive MIMO Systems

This letter presents a non-stationary 3D-GBSM vehicle to vehicle (V2V) channel model in tunnel environment based on massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays. Instead of plane wavefront assumptions used in traditional MIMO systems, the proposed channel model considers spherical wavefront assumption for V2V communications. Firstly, the channel impulse response (CIR) and closed-form expression for probability density function (PDF) of angle-of-departure (AoD) and angle-of-arrival (AoA) in elevation and azimuth planes are derived. Afterwards, the expressions for the spatial cross-correlation function (S-CCF) and doppler power spectrum density (DPSD) due to the non-stationarity of transmitting (NT) and receiving (MR) antenna arrays are derived by considering different time separation, antenna arrays spacing, moving velocity, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -factor for line of sight (LoS) and non-line of sight (NLoS) propagation paths. The statistical characteristics of the proposed V2V wideband massive MIMO model are validated by measurement, analytical, and simulation results, verifying the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed model in high-speed train (HST) environment.

A Low-Profile 2D Passive Phased-Array Antenna-in-Package for Emerging Millimeter-Wave Applications

This article covers the implementation, calibration, and measurement aspects of a low-profile 4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 passive phased-array antenna-in-package (AiP) employing the beamformer discussed in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[9]</xref> . The antenna array comprises slot-coupled patch antennas with left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) radiation. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-like tunable phase shifter (PS) functioning based on controlling the phase constant of a slow wave microstrip line is employed for the phase tuning. Measurement results show the antenna‘s main beam can be steered over an angular range of ±30° in both elevation and azimuth planes. The operating frequency bandwidth of the system ranges from 28 to 30 GHz. The peak directivity and the radiation efficiency of the antenna system are 18.48 dBic and 58% at Boresight at 29 GHz, respectively. The efficiency drops 16% when the steering angle reaches the maximum.

2-Dimensional (2D) Beam Steering-Antenna Using Active PRS for 5G Applications.

This paper presents a compact coaxial-fed square microstrip patch antenna integrated with a beam-steering Partially Reflective Surface (PRS). The proposed design has a two-dimensional (2-D) Fabry-Perot Cavity (FPC) antenna acting as a radiator and the PRS as a beam-steering superstrate operating at 5.5 GHz. The PRS consists of 6 × 6 reconfigurable unit cells etched on Rogers 5880 with a thickness of 1.57 mm. By controlling the switching of PIN diodes in different sections of PRS, beam steering can be achieved up to ±47° in the azimuth plane with a gain of 9.1 dB and 10.2 dB and ± 15° steering in an elevation plane with a measured gain of 9.3 dB and 8.9 dB, respectively. The antenna prototype is 2.56 λ × 2.56 λ at 5.5 GHz, and the measured gain values are around 10 dBi for all the states. The beam is able to radiate at boresight or tilted to 42° in two azimuthal directions and 45° in elevation direction by adjusting the PIN diodes ON/OFF states. The 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 5.4-5.52 GHz is achieved.

Integrated Microwave and mm-Wave MIMO Antenna Module With 360° Pattern Diversity for 5G Internet of Things

The complete coverage of the operating frequency bands from microwave bands to millimeter (mm-wave) is required for the realization of the fifth-generation (5G) Internet of Thing (IoT) systems. Here, we present a multiband antenna operating at the microwave (2.5/3.5/5.5/7.5 GHz) and mm-wave bands (23–31 GHz), and its 12-port MIMO configuration with pattern diversity affording 360° coverage for 5G IoT applications. The multiband characteristics are obtained by adding well-designed quarter-wavelength stubs. The antenna operates at the important frequency bands from 2.37–2.65, 3.25–3.85, 5.0–6.1, and 7.15–8.5 GHz (|S11| <–10 dB), while it resonates from 23–31 GHz at the mm-wave band with the desired radiation characteristics. Moreover, the antenna has more than 95% radiation efficiency and a stable gain (> 2.5 dBi at microwave band and 6.5 dBi at mm-wave bands) characteristics. In addition, the single-element antenna is translated to design a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\,\,\mathbf {\times }\,\,2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> MIMO antenna. This MIMO unit is further utilized in the formation of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\,\,\mathbf {\times }\,\,4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the proposed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\,\,\mathbf {\times }\,\,4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (12-port) MIMO configurations to achieve spectral and pattern diversity. Considering the unique three-dimensional arrangement of the antenna elements, the 12-port MIMO system is the only one of its kind that offers the codesign of microwave and mm-wave antenna, good isolation, and pattern diversity, providing complete 360° space coverage in elevation and azimuth planes. The proposed antenna module is suitable for 5G IoT, especially in an indoor scenario for smart houses, offices, and vehicle-to-everything communications.