The assessment of the health condition and safety of engineering structures is currently a research focus in the field of civil engineering. The traditional deterministic model for damage recognition is limited by the fine reading of field inspections and the accuracy of experts, resulting in a low recognition rate. Structural damage identification methods that consider uncertainty have been developed due to modelling errors, observation noise, system time variability, and other factors that lead to uncertainty. This study focuses on the Parker truss structure, and a two-dimensional planar finite element model is established by setting various key parameters such as prior distribution, stiffness, modulus of elasticity, node distribution, and external loading. The model is updated using the Bayesian updating principle. This principle is then combined with the finite element model. Opensees software is used for programming, and the Monte Carlo random sampling technique is used for structural damage inference. The study results demonstrate that the method can accurately identify the damage level of Parker truss structures with high robustness. The method can be of reference significance and practical value for identifying damage in truss structures.