Planar Area Research Articles

The effect of substrate pre-treatment on durability of rubber-stainless steel adhesion

In many applications, rubber linings protect metal surfaces from the environment and prolong the service life of the metal components significantly. The loss of adhesion and resulting premature failure at the rubber-metal interface may generate an un-planned shutdown and production losses. This work focuses on the effect of various sand blasting methods on the long-term adhesion between bromobutyl rubber and stainless steel in a hot and humid environment. Softer austenitic stainless steel and harder, chemically more resistant super duplex stainless steel grades were used as substrates. It was found, that the developed interfacial area ratio Sdr, which is the additional surface area contributed by the texture as compared to the planar definition area, had the best correlation with the sand blasting media characteristics, namely to the hardness. The proportionality between other sand blasting medium characteristics and the Sdr value was poor. The initial adhesion between the rubber and the substrates was defined by the cohesive strength of the rubber and unaffected by the substrate characteristics and the sand blasting medium contaminants on the substrates. After a 4–12-week exposure in hot and humid environment, the use of corrosive sand blasting medium (steel grit) resulted in significant adhesion loss whereas the use of inert sand blasting media (feldspar or corundum) maintained the adhesion better. However, the adhesion system at the interface degraded causing performance loss. Neither the better corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel nor increased surface roughness improved the reliability of rubber lining in extreme conditions.

Structure-from-motion reveals coral growth is influenced by colony size and wave energy on the reef slope at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia

A variety of techniques for measuring coral growth, a fundamental biological trait, have been used to improve our understanding of coral demographics. Remaining gaps and biases in this information, in combination with technological advances, led to the present study. We assessed the capacity of structure-from-motion (SfM) technology to build image mosaics (orthophotos) of ~6 × 8 m reef plots from which individual coral colonies could be identified in repeated annual surveys and colony planar area measured. We monitored Acropora, Pocilloporidae (specifically from the genera Stylophora and Seriatopora) and Platygyra colonies over 2 years. We compared growth measurements, as change in radius, from SfM orthophotos to the more traditional method of tagging and photographing individual coral colonies. We conclude that planar coral growth can be measured from SfM orthophotos, with clear advantages over tagging including large sample sizes, and speed and ease of surveying, albeit with some bias in the SfM method (growth estimates were 15% greater (~0.5 cm/year) from standard photos than from the SfM orthophotos). We documented mortality and growth rates in a high wave energy environment on the reef slope at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, where there were no existing coral growth or mortality estimates. The mean change in radial extension of Acropora colonies with no mortality was 2.92 ± 0.06 (SE, n = 572) cm year−1 across the pooled data set of standard and orthophotos, substantially lower than previous estimates on similar species from the region. The growth rate of Pocilloporidae was 3.54 ± 0.52 (SE, n = 12) cm year−1 for colonies with no mortality. Robust planar growth estimates were not obtained for Platygyra due to its morphology, but we report high survivorship of the colonies: 94% with no mortality as compared with 79% for Acropora and only 53% for Pocilloporidae. High sample sizes from the novel SfM methodology allowed us to demonstrate that Acropora growth rate was inversely linked to wave energy and coral size.

The complexity of calculating an accurate carbonate budget

A carbonate budget is a comprehensive measure of reef health and function that focuses on processes that produce and remove carbonate. A key parameter of a carbonate budget is reef topographic complexity, or rugosity, that is traditionally measured by the chain-and-tape (CT) method. However, to overcome spatial limitations of the CT method, modern studies are moving towards remote sensing data to quantify complexity on a reef-wide scale. Here, we compare rugosity values calculated using the traditional CT method with rugosity values derived from remote sensing, and assess implications of methodological approach for carbonate production estimates. Rugosities derived from remote sensing were calculated from high-resolution (0.1 m) LiDAR bathymetry from two turbid reefs in the Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, and included virtual chain and tape (VCT), arc–chord ratio (ACR), and surface area to planar area (SAPA). Rugosity values varied significantly between methods (ranges: CT = 1.04–2.15, VCT = 1.01–1.10, ACR and SAPA = 1.00–1.07). Coral carbonate production rates calculated using the CT method were typical of turbid water reefs (2.9 and 3.8 kg m−2 yr−1) which were 30% greater than rates calculated using remote sensing. This variation questions the reliability and comparability of carbonate budgets using remote assessments of reef rugosity with previous budget studies that used the CT method. Given the limitations of remote sensing when capturing fine-scale reef rugosity, we propose that CT is currently a more appropriate method than remote sensing for quantifying rugosity within carbonate budget studies.

The effect of an exterior electric field on the instability of dielectric plates.

We investigate the theoretical nonlinear response, Hessian stability, and possible wrinkling behaviour of a voltage-activated dielectric plate immersed in a tank filled with silicone oil. Fixed rigid electrodes are placed on the top and bottom of the tank, and an electric field is generated by a potential difference between the electrodes. We solve the associated incremental boundary value problem of superimposed, inhomogeneous small-amplitude wrinkles, signalling the onset of instability. We decouple the resulting bifurcation equation into symmetric and antisymmetric modes. For a neo-Hookean dielectric plate, we show that a potential difference between the electrodes can induce a thinning of the plate and thus an increase of its planar area, similar to the scenarios encountered when there is no silicone oil. However, we also find that, depending on the material and geometric parameters, an increasing applied voltage can also lead to a thickening of the plate, and thus a shrinking of its area. In that scenario, Hessian instability and wrinkling bifurcation may then occur spontaneously once some critical voltages are reached.

Moderate zooxanthellate coral growth rates in the lower photic zone

The ecology of phototrophic corals in the lower photic zone remains poorly understood. Studies to date indicate that growth rates generally decrease as available light attenuates with depth and are very slow at depths > 40 m. Here, we provide detailed evidence for moderate growth for obligate zooxanthellate corals at extreme depths. Using reliable U–Th dating techniques, Leptoseris spp. from 70 to 110 m in Hawaii were determined to grow (linear extension) from 8.0 ± 3.0 to 24.6 ± 2.7 mm yr−1. Given the modest growth rates of other agariciids in well-lit shallow waters, these deep-water growth rates are unexpectedly high, suggest specialized physiology and help alter the traditional paradigm on photo-ecology in mesophotic coral ecosystems. The thin plate-like colonies of Leptoseris spp., which dominate the coral community in the lower photic zone throughout the Indo-Pacific, primarily grow radially and do not appear to appreciably thicken over time. In the lower photic zone, this growth strategy maximizes surface area with minimal calcification, thereby enabling Leptoseris to expand planar area more quickly than thickly calcified species. Photosynthetic and growth efficiencies may also be facilitated by the optical geometry of their skeletons, increased access to inorganic nutrients and cooler temperatures at depth. These robust growth rates have important implications on the recovery potential of MCE habitat in the event of disturbance.

Low and High-Frequency Electro-Hydrodynamic Patterns in Nematic Liquid Crystal Aligned Using Dual Layer Alignment Produced by Nanofiber

The optical properties and electro-hydrodynamics (EHD) patterns of 4-methoxybenzylidene-4-butylaniline (MBBA) which is parallel oriented by nanofibers has been observed. The alignment of the liquid crystals was made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber by used modified electrospinning. Electrospinning method was modified using two commercial copper (Cu) printed circuit board (PCB) as a gap collector. These planar samples area is 20 mm x 25 mm. The optical characteristic of these samples was studied by using an optical polarizing microscope. The optical intensity changes by a rotation of crossed polarizers are observed. When an electric field was applied to these samples, the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pattern was observed. At the low till high frequency, by increasing the voltage, the patterns were formed such as Williams domain (WD), fluctuating Williams domain (FWD), grid patterns (GP) and dynamic scattering Mode (DSM).

Wakes of wall-bounded turbulent flows past patches of circular cylinders

The properties of the wake generated by a porous body fully immersed in a turbulent boundary layer are experimentally assessed. The body consists of an array of cylinders, with diameter , covering a circular patch of diameter . For fixed and , by increasing the number of cylinders, , within the patch, the wake properties are systematically tested under different levels of density ( covered planar area per total surface) and compared to the flow past a solid body of equivalent diameter and height ( ). Some insights on the complex flow developing in the wake are captured: varying in the range 2 %–24 % results in the flow meandering among the cylinders and bleeding from the top, the sides and the trailing edge of the patch. The interplay between trailing edge and top bleeding prevents wake entrainment, locking the wake longitudinal extent to 5–7 patch diameters, regardless of the density level. Due to the finite body vertical extent, a third shear layer develops from the top of the patch. The interaction between the top shear layer and the lateral ones leads to a mutual alteration, namely a nonlinear growth not captured by the classical mixing layer theory. Nevertheless, on the horizontal plane at the patch mid-height, the mean flow recovers, exhibiting a self-similar decay. Surprisingly, the recovery is well described by the classical planar wake theory and the characteristic scales, namely the maximum velocity deficit and the wake half-width, evolve linearly as proposed by Wygnanski et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 168, 1986, pp. 31–71).

Soft and flexible sensor array using carbon black pillars for object recognition via pressure mapping

Soft and flexible arrays of pressure or force sensors are particularly useful for wearable and robotic applications. This article presents a soft and flexible sensor array made from carbon black composite pillars. These pillars allows more sensing elements to be constructed in a given planar area. A prototype sensor consisting of a 3 × 3 array of carbon black composite pillars is used to demonstrate their potential. Each pillar shows a reliable corresponding change in resistance with instantaneous pressure or force applied on it. With a sensor array, the pressure distribution across the contact surface of the sensor can be represented as a pressure map allowing the recognition of the shape of an object applying the pressure on the sensor array. The soft and flexible nature of the sensor array allows it to be easily deployed and enables prediction of the shape of an object through the 3D pressure map.

How do stream processes affect hazard exposure on alluvial fans? Insights from an experimental study

Alluvial fans are among the most privileged settlement areas in many mountain regions. These landforms are particularly dynamic being episodically affected by distributary processes generated by extreme flood events. Addressing risk assessment entails determining hazard exposure and unravelling how it might be related to process loading and to process dynamics once the flow becomes unconfined on the surface of alluvial fans. By following a ‘similarity of process concept’, rather than by attempting to scale a real-world prototype, we performed a set of 72 experimental runs on an alluvial fan model. Thereby, we considered two model layouts, one without a guiding channel and featuring a convex shape and the other one with a guiding channel, a bridge, and inclined but planar overland flow areas as to mirror an anthropic environment. Process magnitude and intensity parameters were systematically varied, and the associated biphasic distributary processes video recorded. For each experiment, the exposure was detected by mapping the exposed area in a GIS, thereby discerning between areas exposed to biphasic flows and the associated depositional phenomena or to the liquid flow phase only. Our results reveal that total event volume, sediment availability and stream power in the feeding channel, as well as depositional effects, avulsion, and channelization on the alluvial fan concur to determine the overall exposure. Stream process loading alone, even when rigorously defined in terms of its characterizing parameters, is not sufficient to exhaustively determine exposure. Hence, further developing reliable biphasic simulation models for hazard assessment on settled alluvial fans is pivotal.

CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 ROILS DISPLAY SUPPLY CHAIN.

CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 ROILS DISPLAY SUPPLY CHAIN.

Volume measurement of atomizing fragments using image slicing

The complete structure of atomizing liquid fragments can be analysed by employing multi-dimensional visualization techniques. These techniques require advanced image processing, where objects from multiple views are matched to extract information. However, in higher Weber number sprays, owing to a population of randomly shaped atomizing fragments, matching objects from different imaging frames is very challenging. This paper presents a novel image processing technique to extract volumetric information without a need for matching. The spray is visualized using high speed long-distance microscopy from two perpendicular angles. The developed in-house script employs the principle of image discretisation, where each image is divided into a number of slices and the individual slice from each camera is matched to compute the liquid volume fraction in each image. The volume of individual objects is calculated based on their planar area and orientation. An error analysis is performed using dozens of three-dimensional virtual models of fragment like shapes with known volume. The paper concludes with an analysis of spray volume measured for a range of real twin-fluid atomized cases. The proposed methodology enables the measurement of volume fragments with reasonable accuracy in atomizing sprays with exit Weber numbers of up to around 100. This is a significant extension from an earlier limit of We ~ 20 [1].

Year-long effects of high pCO2 on the community structure of a tropical fore reef assembled in outdoor flumes

Abstract In this study, fore reef coral communities were exposed to high pCO2 for a year to explore the relationship between net accretion (Gnet) and community structure (planar area growth). Coral reef communities simulating the fore reef at 17-m depth on Mo’orea, French Polynesia, were assembled in three outdoor flumes (each 500 l) that were maintained at ambient (396 µatm), 782 µatm, and 1434 µatm pCO2, supplied with seawater at 300 l h−1, and exposed to light simulating 17-m depth. The communities were constructed using corals from the fore reef, and the responses of massive Porites spp., Acropora spp., and Pocillopora verrucosa were assessed through monthly measurements of Gnet and planar area. High pCO2 depressed Gnet but did not affect colony area by taxon, although the areas of Acropora spp. and P. verrucosa summed to cause multivariate community structure to differ among treatments. These results suggest that skeletal plasticity modulates the effects of reduced Gnet at high pCO2 on planar growth, at least over a year. The low sensitivity of the planar growth of fore reef corals to the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on net calcification supports the counterintuitive conclusion that coral community structure may not be strongly affected by OA.

Considering the rates of growth in two taxa of coral across Pacific islands.

Reef-building coral taxa demonstrate considerable flexibility and diversity in reproduction and growth mechanisms. Corals take advantage of this flexibility to increase or decrease size through clonal expansion and loss of live tissue area (i.e. via reproduction and mortality of constituent polyps). The biological lability of reef-building corals may be expected to map onto varying patterns of demography across environmental contexts which can contribute to geographic variation in population dynamics. Here we explore the patterns of growth of two common coral taxa, corymbose Pocillopora and massive Porites, across seven islands in the central and south Pacific. The islands span a natural gradient of environmental conditions, including a range of pelagic primary production, a metric linked to the relative availability of inorganic nutrients and heterotrophic resources for mixotrophic corals, and sea surface temperature and thermal histories. Over a multi-year sampling interval, most coral colonies experienced positive growth (greater planar area of live tissue in second relative to first time point), though the distributions of growth varied across islands. Island-level median growth did not relate simply to estimated pelagic primary productivity or temperature. However, at locations that experienced an extreme warm-water event during the sampling interval, most Porites colonies experienced net losses of live tissue and nearly all Pocillopora colonies experienced complete mortality. While descriptive statistics of demographics offer valuable insights into trends and variability in colony change through time, simplified models predicting growth patterns based on summarized oceanographic metrics appear inadequate for robust demographic prediction. We propose that the complexity of life history strategies among colonial reef-building corals introduces unique demographic flexibility for colonies to respond to a wide breadth of environmental conditions.

Planar single plane area determination is a viable substitute for total volumetry of CSF and brain in childhood hydrocephalus.

In the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus, 3D volumetry seems to have many advantages over classical planar index measurements for dedicated monitoring of changes in cerebrospinal fluid and brain volume. Nevertheless, this method requires extensive technical effort and access to the complete three-dimensional data set. Against this background, we evaluated the possibility of planar area determination in a single plane and the correlation to volumetry. 138 routinely performed true FISP MRI sequences (1mm isovoxel) were analyzed retrospectively in 68 patients with pediatric hydrocephalus. After preprocessing, the 3D-data sets were skull stripped to estimate the inner skull volume. A 2-class segmentation into different tissue types (brain matter and CSF) was performed, and the volumes of CSF (VCSF) and brain matter (VBrain) were calculated. A plane at the level of the foramina of Monro was manually identified in the ac-pc oriented data. In this plane, the areas of brain (ABrain) and CSF (ACSF) in cm2 were calculated and used for further correlation analysis. Mean VCSF was 340 ± 145cm3 and VBrain 1173 ± 254cm3. In the selected plane, ACSF was 26 ± 14cm2, and ABrain was 107 ± 25cm2. There was a very strong positive correlation between both ACSF and VCSF (r = 0.895) and between ABrain and VBrain (r = 0.846). The prediction equations for VBrain and VCSF were highly significant. Planar area determination of brain and CSF correlates excellently with both VCSF and VBrain. Thus, areas can serve as a surrogate marker for total brain and CSF volumes for a quantitated objective tracking of changes during treatment of childhood hydrocephalus.

A semi-empirical method for estimating complete surface temperature from radiometric surface temperature, a study in Hong Kong city

The complete surface temperature (Tc) in urban areas, defined as the mean temperature of the total active surface area, is an important variable in urban micro-climate research, specifically for assessment of the urban surface energy balance. Since most vertically-oriented building facets are not observed by a nadir-viewing remote imaging radiometer, the radiometric surface temperature (Tr) measured at a specific view angle cannot be used with existing heat transfer equations to estimate radiative and convective fluxes in the urban environment. Thus, it is necessary to derive Tc for city neighborhoods. This study develops a simple method to estimate Tc from Tr with the aid of the Temperatures of Urban Facets in 3D (TUF-3D) numerical model, which calculates 3-D sub-facet scale urban surface temperatures for a variety of surface geometries and properties, weather conditions and solar angles. The effects of geometric and meteorological characteristics – e.g., building planar area index (λp), wall facet area index (F), solar irradiance – on the difference between Tc and Tr were evaluated using the TUF-3D model. Results showed the effects of geometric and meteorological characteristics on the difference between Tc and Tr differ between daytime and nighttime. The study then sought to predict the relationship between Tr and Tc, using λp, F, and solar irradiance for daytime and only using λp and F for nighttime. Based on the simulated data from TUF-3D, the resulting relationships achieve a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.97 and a RMSE of 1.5 K during daytime, with corresponding nighttime values of r2 = 0.98 and RMSE = 0.69 K. The relationships between Tr and Tc are evaluated using high resolution airborne thermal images of daytime urban scenes: r2 = 0.75 and RMSE = 1.09 K on August 6, 2013 at 12:40 pm; and r2 = 0.86 and RMSE = 1.86K on October 24, 2017 at 11:30 am. The new relationships were also applied to estimate Tc from Tr in Hong Kong retrieved from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). In the present climatic context, the difference between Tc and Tr can reach 10 K during daytime in summer, and 6 K during daytime in winter, with seasonal variation attributable to the variations in shortwave irradiance. The nighttime difference between Tc and Tr can also reach 2 K in both summer and spring seasons.

Experimental study on cross-ventilation of a generic building in highly-dense urban areas: Impact of planar area density and wind direction

This study presents the experimental results on cross-ventilation in a generic low-rise building placed in highly-dense urban configurations. Flow visualization studies were conducted by utilization of a smoke generator in order to investigate the nature of the flow pattern inside and around the cross-ventilated building. Moreover, distribution of the wind surface pressure coefficients over windward and leeward façades and internal walls of the target building were measured using a pressure tap system. Furthermore, the airflow rate crossing through the openings was measured using a tracer gas method. Different building configurations, representing highly-dense urban areas, as well as different wind angles were investigated in this study.Surprisingly, the experimental results reveal a noticeable difference between the mechanism of cross-ventilation in moderately-dense and highly-dense buildings arrangements. A clear leeward jet with a highly-transient nature can be observed, which is generated due to a leeward vortex formed by the target and downstream buildings. As another novel finding of this study, the cross-ventilation is understood to be highly transient in highly-dense urban areas with a strong periodic fresh air pulsation through the windward and leeward openings. This behavior is fundamentally far from the steady state models considered for such cross-ventilation scenarios in literature.

SEMI–DWARF PRODUCTIVE BARLEY LINES

Background. Resistance to lodging is a factor that significantly affects the yield of barley under the conditions of irrigated agriculture and intensive type of farming. Barley resistance to lodging depends on many features, among which the length of the plant stem is more important.Materials and methods. In the southern planar area of Dagestan, from 1993 till 2008, a research was conducted on the intraspecific diversity of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belonging to different ecogeographic groups, and growth types (2,021 accessions). The F1, F2 and F3 hybrids from crosses of the long-stemmed cultivar ‘Sonet’ with semi-dwarf forms were also studied. The selected recombinant lines were evaluated for their productivity and resistance to frit fly (Oscinella frit L.).Results and conclusions. Wide variability (55–155 cm) of cultivated barley in plant height was observed. Under irrigation in the southern Dagestan, the optimum height of plants, providing high resistance to lodging, was 100–115 cm. A number of semidwarf cultivars were identified; among them, ‘Camincent’ (k-30374, Estonia), ‘Pyramid’ (k-30564, France), ‘Ramos’ (k-30315, Moscow Province) and ‘Jo 1632’ (k-30459, Finland) were the most interesting for their set of traits. The short stem of these cultivars is controlled by recessive alleles of genes. We selected productive lines that significantly exceeded their parental forms in grain weight per area unit and resistance to frit fly: L 15/4 (F6 Sonet × Camincent) and L 16/12 (F6 Sonet × Pyramid). These lines can be used to breed lodging-resistant large-grain barley cultivars for cultivation on irrigated lands.

Experimental and steady-RANS CFD modelling of cross-ventilation in moderately-dense urban areas

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models based on the steady Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (SRANS) equations are vastly used for calculation of airflow field inside and around cross-ventilated buildings. However, most of the developed CFD guidelines neglect CFD challenges related to cross-ventilation modeling in terms of flow unsteadiness, high level of gradients of airflow parameters, and complex interactions between the indoor and outdoor flows.Hence, a systematic parametric study was performed in this study for a generic cross-ventilated building model with a planar area ratio of 0.25 against different wind angles while effects of different CFD parameters, including advection and diffusion terms’ discretization methods, mesh generation techniques, and turbulence models on prediction accuracy and convergence behavior of CFD solver were comprehensively studied.Results show that a particularly generated unstructured tetrahedral mesh configuration with significantly lower cell numbers can provide comparable results with structured hexahedral mesh configurations. Furthermore, the second-order discretization scheme for the advection terms encounters convergence issues against the normal wind angle, but generally presents more accurate results against oblique wind angles. Moreover, two-equation turbulence models show a very low accuracy in the case of the normal wind angle, but acceptable results can be found for oblique wind angles.

The demography of hurricane effects on two coral populations differing in dynamics

AbstractOn most tropical coral reefs, decades of disturbances have ratcheted down coral cover to create low abundance communities. In such a state, the reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands, were hit by two Category 5 hurricanes in September 2017, yet the effects on two sites dominated by Orbicella annularis were minor in terms of coral cover. To explore the implications of this outcome, the fates of O. annularis colonies were determined from photoquadrats and used to prepare size‐based matrix models for the year preceding the storms and the four months bracketing the storms. The populations displayed contrasting dynamics from 1988 to July 2017, with coral cover declining from 43% to 5% at Yawzi Point but remaining at ~30% at Tektite. Over this period, colony sizes declined, with ≥82% having planar areas ≤50 cm2 (i.e., the smallest size class) by July 2017, and while densities declined from 47 to 8 colonies/m2 at Yawzi Point, they increased from 36 to 51 colonies/m2 at Tektite. Hurricanes Irma and Maria depressed coral cover by 1–4%, transitioned colonies into the smallest size class (>87% by November), killed 27% and 5% of the colonies in the smallest size class at Yawzi Point and Tektite, respectively, and depressed the 5‐yr intrinsic rate of population growth (λ) to 0.53–0.87. Twenty‐year projections suggested these demographic effects will not have ecologically meaningful impacts on population size, at least compared to projections initiated assuming Hurricanes Irma and Maria had not occurred. With low cover of O. annularis distributed among many small colonies, future disturbances may play more important roles in winnowing the few remaining host genotypes rather than further depressing coral cover.

Improving Signal and Photobleaching Characteristics of Temporal Focusing Microscopy with the Increase in Pulse Repetition Rate

Wide-field temporal focused (WF-TeFo) two-photon microscopy allows for the simultaneous imaging of a large planar area, with a potential order of magnitude enhancement in the speed of volumetric imaging. To date, low repetition rate laser sources with over half a millijoule per pulse have been required in order to provide the high peak power densities for effective two-photon excitation over the large area. However, this configuration suffers from reduced signal intensity due to the low repetition rate, saturation effects due to increased excitation fluences, as well as faster photobleaching of the fluorescence probe. In contrast, with the recent advent of high repetition rate, high pulse energy laser systems could potentially provide the advantages of high repetition rate systems that are seen in traditional two-photon microscopes, while minimizing the negatives of high fluences in WF-TeFo setups to date. Here, we use a 100 microjoule/high repetition rate (50–100 kHz) laser system to investigate the performance of a WF-TeFo two-photon microscope. While using micro-beads as a sample, we demonstrate a proportionate increase in signal intensity with repetition rate, at no added cost in photobleaching. By decreasing pulse intensity, via a corresponding increase in repetition rate to maintain fluorescence signal intensity, we find that the photobleaching rate is reduced by ~98.4%. We then image live C. elegans at a high repetition rate for 25 min. as a proof-of-principle. Lastly, we identify the steady state temperature increase as the limiting process in further increasing the repetition rate, and we estimate that repetition rate in the range between 0.5 and 5 MHz is ideal for live imaging with a simple theoretical model. With new generation low-cost fiber laser systems offering high pulse energy/high repetition rates in what is essentially a turn-key solution, we anticipate increased adoption of this microscopy technique by the neuroscience community.