Planning Unit Research Articles

Projected Savings for Generic Oncology Drugs Purchased via Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company Versus in Medicare.

Self-administered oncology drugs contribute disproportionately to Medicare Part D spending; prices often remain high even after generic entry. Outlets for low-cost drugs such as Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company (MCCPDC) offer opportunities for decreased Medicare, Part D, and beneficiary spending. We estimate potential savings if Part D plans obtained prices such as those offered under the MCCPDC for seven generic oncology drugs. Using the 2020 Medicare Part D Spending dashboard, Q3-2022 Part D formulary prices, and Q3-2022 MCCPDC prices for seven self-administered generic oncology drugs, we estimated Medicare savings by replacing Q3-2022 Part D unit costs with costs under the MCCPDC plan. We estimate potential savings of $661.8 million (M) US dollars (USD; 78.8%) for the seven oncology drugs studied. Total savings ranged from $228.1M USD (56.1%) to $2,154.5M USD (92.4%) compared with 25th and 75th percentiles of Part D plan unit prices. The median savings replacing Part D plan prices were abiraterone $338.0M USD, anastrozole $1.2M USD, imatinib 100 mg $15.6M USD, imatinib 400 mg $212.0M USD, letrozole $1.9M USD, methotrexate $26.7M USD, raloxifene $63.8M USD, and tamoxifen $2.6M USD. All 30-day prescription drug prices offered by MCCPDC generated cost savings except for three drugs offered at the 25th percentile Part D formulary pricing: anastrozole, letrozole, and tamoxifen. Replacing current Part D median formulary prices with MCCPDC pricing could yield significant savings for seven generic oncology drugs. Individual beneficiaries could save nearly $25,200 USD per year for abiraterone or between $17,500 USD and $20,500 USD for imatinib. Notably, Part D cash-pay prices for abiraterone and imatinib under the catastrophic phase of coverage were still more expensive than baseline MCCPDC prices.

Use of Geotechnologies in Mapping Grants in the Piancó/PB Hydrological Planning Unit in Years 2021 - 2024

The grant is one of the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy-PNRH that emphasizes the regularization of the assignment regarding the use of water resources in the country. In this way, the main objective of this work is to analyze, under the temporal aspect, the granting of the right to use water resources in the Piancó Hydrological Planning Unit, located in the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu River Watershed, issued by the Paraíba, by through the Executive Agency for Water Management of Paraíba (AESA). In the methodological steps, the qualitative analysis was approached as the main method in an exploratory approach, as it sought, through the analysis of data and information, to explain the patterns of grants granted in the planning unit of Piancó/PB. In the period studied from 2021 to 2024, 256 grants were identified, with the predominance of the use of irrigation with 70% of the grants issued, as for the type of abstraction, there is a preference for underground abstraction with a percentage of 56%. As for uses, irrigation is well dispersed throughout the basin area, highlighting the importance of grants for rural supply. Therefore, there is a lack of standardization of grants, as well as the concentration of water use for irrigation activities.

Healthcare services gap analysis: a supply capture and demand forecast modelling, Dubai 2018–2030

BackgroundHealth systems aim to provide a range of services to meet the growing demand of Dubai's heathcare system aims to provide a range of services to meet the growing demand of its population health needs and to ensure that standards of easy access, quality, equity and responsiveness are maintained. Dubai Health Authority (DHA) uses health services planning tools to assess the health needs of its population and sets priorities and effective regulatory strategies to achieve equilibrium of supply and demand of healthcare services and ensure adequate healthcare services are available, in terms of both quality and quantity. This study aims to measure the gap between demand and supply in health care services in Dubai at the baseline and to forecast the gap size and type (according to medical specialty, key medical planning units and geographical area) till 2030. The specific consequential aim includes identification of appropriate strategic directions for regulation, licensing, policies, insurance.MethodologyThe supply of healthcare services, professionals and medical equipment is captured through a census of all healthcare facilities licensed for practice in the Emirate of Dubai. The demand is estimated using a need based approach, where demand for episodes of medical care are estimated by age and gender and aligned to the internationally defined diagnosis related groups (IR-DGRs). The estimated episodes are then forecasted into the future, until 2030, using three scenarios of population growth (high, medium and low) for the emirate of Dubai. The captured supply and forecasted demand has been categorized into eight key health-planning units (KPUs) to allow for understanding of the population healthcare service needs by main service categories. Using a software for health services planning, a gap analysis between supply and demand is conducted till year 2030.ResultsThe results revealed a current and expected undersupply and oversupply for some healthcare services by medical specialty and geographical area of the Emirate. By 2030, the largest gaps exists in acute beds, which would require 1,590 additional beds, for acute-same day beds, an additional 1575 beds, for outpatient consultation rooms, an additional 2,160 consultation rooms, for emergency department, an additional 107 emergency bays, and for long-term care and rehabilitation beds, an additional 675 beds. The top specialty needs for these categories include cardiology, orthopedics, rheumatology, psychiatry, pediatric medicine & surgery, gastroenterology, hematology & oncology, renal medicine, primary care, respiratory medicine, endocrinology, rehabilitation and long-term care.ConclusionsThere is an existing and growing requirement to support the healthcare services capacity needs for the top service lines and geographical areas with the largest gaps. Future licensing is required to ensure that new facilities are geographically distributed in a balanced way, and requests for licensing that create or augment oversupply should be avoided.

Multi-Step Wind Power Forecasting with Stacked Temporal Convolutional Network (S-TCN)

Nowadays, wind power generation has become vital thanks to its advantages in cost, ecological friendliness, enormousness, and sustainability. However, the erratic and intermittent nature of this energy poses significant operational and management difficulties for power systems. Currently, the methods of wind power forecasting (WPF) are various and numerous. An accurate forecasting method of WPF can help system dispatchers plan unit commitment and reduce the risk of the unreliability of electricity supply. In order to improve the accuracy of short-term prediction for wind power and address the multi-step ahead forecasting, this research presents a Stacked Temporal Convolutional Network (S-TCN) model. By using dilated causal convolutions and residual connections, the suggested solution addresses the issue of long-term dependencies and performance degradation of deep convolutional models in sequence prediction. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the S-TCN model’s training procedure is extremely stable and has a powerful capacity for generalization. Besides, the performance of the proposed model shows a higher forecasting accuracy compared to other existing neural networks like the Vanilla Long Short-Term Memory model or the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory model.

Simulation of urban functional zone air temperature based on urban weather generator (UWG): a case study of Beijing, China

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization has led to many urban thermal environment problems. Most studies focus on analysing the urban thermal environment from the perspective of land-use type, and often at a large scale. Thus, research of urban spatial thermal environment at a block scale with different urban functional zone (UFZ) becomes the focus of this paper. UFZ refers to urban planning units with similar socio-economic functions, which often have similar energy consumption and outdoor thermal environment. In this paper, the urban weather generator (UWG) model is used to quantitatively analyse the spatial thermal environment of Beijing. To accurately simulate the urban thermal environment, the underlying surface used in the simulation is replaced by the finely classified underlying surface of the urban functional area. In this paper, we first use POI + OSM data to divide the functional areas of Beijing. The recognition accuracy of functional area is 85.6%. Then, the UWG model is used to simulate the temperature and humidity differences in different functional areas, and finally the corresponding urban and rural weather stations were used to validate its accuracy. The results show that the model calibration method can effectively improve the simulation accuracy of UWG thermal environment, the R2 is increased by about 0.12, and the RMSE is reduced by about 0.84. The canopy temperature of different urban functional areas from high to low is: industrial area>commercial area>residential area>public area>road and traffic area>green space and square area. This model is more suitable for areas with relatively homogenous urban morphology and sparse urban vegetation. The thermal environment simulation results of the same urban functional area are basically the same, with slight differences in the temperature peaks, and the average temperature in the city centre is higher than that in the suburbs.

Access, successful completion and learning achievement of female undergraduate students studying mathematics at the University of Education, Winneba

The study aims to describe gender inequalities in female participation in mathematics education in the University of Education, Winneba (UEW). The study investigated, particularly, the trends in access and successful completion (of female undergraduate students studying mathematics in UEW from 2009 to 2018. The study was based on quantitative secondary data extracted from the university’s admission and graduation records. The study therefore employed the methodology of secondary data analysis (SDA) which was adopted to replace the original questionnaire survey research which had to be abandoned as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown of the institution for nearly one year. A template was developed to capture the data from the UEW Planning Unit and others were obtained online from statistical publications to authenticate the Planning Unit data. The main findings of the study were that the trend in access for qualified undergraduate students provided by the Mathematics Education Department has been consistently high (i.e., nearly all qualified female applicants were admitted). But the proportion of female applicants ranged from 6.2% to 14.2% with a mean of 8.9% of the total applicants. The proportion of undergraduate female students actually graduating was consistently high with the females usually obtaining the middle grades (i.e., no Pass or First-class grade). It is recommended that the Department, and for that matter the University, embarks on an admission drive at the senior high school level to sensitize female students to select mathematics education for their tertiary education.

Protected area planning to conserve biodiversity in an uncertain future.

Protected areas are a key instrument for conservation. Despite this, they are vulnerable to risks associated with weak governance, land-use intensification, and climate change. We used a novel hierarchical optimization approach to identify priority areas for expanding the global protected area system that explicitly accounted for such risks while maximizing protection of all known terrestrial vertebrate species. To incorporate risk categories, we built on the minimum set problem, where the objective is to reach species distribution protection targets while accounting for 1 constraint, such as land cost or area. We expanded this approach to include multiple objectives accounting for risk in the problem formulation by treating each risk layer as a separate objective in the problem formulation. Reducing exposure to these risks required expanding the area of the global protected area system by 1.6% while still meeting conservation targets. Incorporating risks from weak governance drove the greatest changes in spatial priorities for protection, and incorporating risks from climate change required the largest increase (2.52%) in global protected area. Conserving wide-ranging species required countries with relatively strong governance to protect more land when they bordered nations with comparatively weak governance. Our results underscore the need for cross-jurisdictional coordination and demonstrate how risk can be efficiently incorporated into conservation planning. Planeación de las áreas protegidas para conservar la biodiversidad en un futuro incierto.

Assessment of Saudi MEDs framework competence in performing clinical and practical skills by final-year medical students

Clinical examinations and practical clinical skills are essential to guide diagnosis and treatment. Competency-based medical education (CBME) is high on today’s medical education agenda, and competence has become the unit of medical education planning in many countries. With the rise of medical education in Saudi Arabia, The Saudi MEDs initiative began as a means of achieving national consensus and developing necessary learning outcomes for medical schools. The aim of this study is to evaluate the final-year medical students’ core clinical competencies and identify the gaps between clinical skills in the Saudi MEDs framework and students’ actual achievement. Online data collection from all fifth-year medical students, to assess their clinical and procedural skills by using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scores and using a self-administered questionnaire that has been developed based on the Saudi MEDs framework. Eight clinical competencies were chosen out of the 17 after consulting the experts in this field. OSCE scores were checked for correlation with their self-assessment scores. The total OSCE scores of 323 students were evaluated which showed 93% of students have passed all eight competencies. Also, 304 students responded to the self-administered questionnaire in the current Saudi MEDs competencies 323 (response rate=94.11). The students were confident in the majority of the eight clinical competencies of the Saudi MEDs framework. Saudi MEDs framework has ensured that Saudi medical or health care education adapted to changing demands, critical competencies are not overlooked, teaching and learning, and evaluation are appropriate at medical schools by implementing the competency framework.

Autonomous Unwrapping of General Pallets: A Novel Robot for Logistics Exploiting Contact-Based Planning

In recent years, robotics has been largely applied to improve the efficiency of logistic processes. Pallets cover a crucial role in the logistic flow, since they represent the main way to store and ship items. When put onto pallets, the items are wrapped with plastic films to protect them and prevent them from falling. Despite being the first and necessary operation for handling the stacked goods, unwrapping—the task of removing the plastic films wrapped around the goods—has not yet been satisfactorily automated. We propose the first robotic solution for autonomous unwrapping of generally shaped pallets, including both homogeneous and heterogeneous pallets. Force and torque measurements are exploited to retrieve information on the collisions between the end-effector and the wrapped items or the plastic film. Based on the contact information, we design a novel reactive planning strategy that makes the unwrapping task effective and robust on pallets with uncertain position or shape. We present the results of an extensive experimental campaign to validate the proposed method. Note to Practitioners—This work is motivated by the fact that unwrapping machines are not yet common on the market. The few commercial examples are usually bulky machines that lack the flexibility to adapt to different and irregularly shaped pallets. Thus, the crucial operation of removing the plastic film around palletized goods is still mainly performed by hand. Blade handling, ladders, and electrostatic shocks are sources of potential injury. We propose a flexible, autonomous unwrapping robot suitable for both cuboid and irregularly shaped pallets. The robot is composed of a robotic arm, a custom cutting end-effector, a vision module, and a suitable planning and control unit. The reduced dimensions allow it to be mounted on a mobile base. The robot has been successfully tested on different pallet configurations. However, extensive testing in real-world scenarios should be carried out to assess both reliability and time efficiency in more realistic working conditions. Moreover, real pallets can reach considerable heights. Thus, a prismatic joint should be integrated to address such cases. Finally, unwrapping in the presence of typical plastic straps and different types of film, e.g., the shrink one, is to be evaluated.

Integrating Rangeland Fire Planning and Management: The Scales, Actors, and Processes

Research continually adds to our understanding of the ecological factors and biophysical processes driving frequent, large-scale fires on Great Basin rangelands in the western United States. Yet even with advances in forecasting rangeland fire probabilities and likely ecological outcomes of fire, it remains difficult for individuals, communities, or organizations to coordinate their actions across jurisdictions and at an ecologically relevant scale to address collective wildfire risk. In this forum, we discuss current institutional arrangements that perpetuate scale mismatches in this system; that is, institutional objectives, authorities, and capacities that limit coordinated actions to mitigate collective wildfire risk. We make a case for fireshed-scale coordination via rangeland Fireshed Councils, proposed rangeland and fire planning and management units that have both biophysical and social relevance to individuals and organizations engaged in fire risk mitigation. A rangeland Fireshed Council offers a venue for diverse group members to mix and match their respective rules and tools to navigate institutional barriers and capacity challenges in new ways. Operating in a collective arrangement at this scale aims to ensure that an individual's or entity's activities transcend traditional modes of planning (i.e., parcel-scale), complement concurrent management activities, and translate to fire-resilient landscapes and human communities. Rangeland Fireshed Councils will require resources and support from high governance levels for sustainability and legitimacy and relative autonomy to determine how best to support local needs.

Analysis of the Spatial Distribution and Associated Factors of the Transmission Locations of COVID-19 in the First Four Waves in Hong Kong

Understanding the space–time pattern of the transmission locations of COVID-19, as well as the relationship between the pattern, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors, is important for pandemic prevention. Most existing research mainly analyzes the locations resided in or visited by COVID-19 cases, while few studies have been undertaken on the space–time pattern of the locations at which the transmissions took place and its associated influencing factors. To fill this gap, this study focuses on the space–time distribution patterns of COVID-19 transmission locations and the association between such patterns and urban factors. With Hong Kong as the study area, transmission chains of the four waves of COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong during the time period of January 2020 to June 2021 were reconstructed from the collected case information, and then the locations of COVID-19 transmission were inferred from the transmission chains. Statistically significant clusters of COVID-19 transmission locations at the level of tertiary planning units (TPUs) were detected and compared among different waves of COVID-19 outbreak. The high-risk areas and the associated influencing factors of different waves were also investigated. The results indicate that COVID-19 transmission began with the Hong Kong Island, further moved northward towards the New Territories, and finally shifted to the south Hong Kong Island, and the transmission population shows a difference between residential locations and non-residential locations. The research results can provide health authorities and policy-makers with useful information for pandemic prevention, as well as serve as a guide to the public in the avoidance of activities and places with a high risk of contagion.

Architecture and planning of indoor winter sports complexes

Purpose: The aim of this work is to identify the possibility of mass winter sports, architecture of winter sports complexes. It should be noted that not only the quantity, but also the quality of these complexes is important.Methodology: Description of the architecture and planning of indoor winter sports complexes. The introduction of such complexes in Russia are considered. Based on statistical data, the most popular winter sports are identified, for which the appearance of complexes is more significant. The general plan and main functional units of complexes are identified.Practical implications: The quality development and improvement of sports, allowing athletes to train in any season. This will give rise to the architecture of these structures.Originality/value: The impossibility of holding classes in winter sports all year round, development of the architecture of winter sports complexes, determination of promising options for the development of such complexes.

Spatial optimization of multiple area land acquisition

Land acquisition was first posed as an integer programming problem by Wright et al. (1983). They defined this problem as the selection of spatial planning units that altogether formed a contiguous area of land of desired size while optimizing one or more objectives. One of the key difficulties in solving the land acquisition as an integer program is ensuring spatial contiguity among the land units that are selected. Also recognized is that some application contexts are also concerned with compactness. Over time, a number of model formulations and solution heuristics have been proposed for the case of delineating one contiguous area, as well as extension to identify multiple independent areas. Unfortunately, existing model formulations are either too computationally complex to solve reasonably sized problems or they rely on one or more simplifying assumptions that limit their utility. We introduce a new model formulation for the multiple land acquisition problem that can be solved by exact methods using commercial mixed-integer programming software, and does so without simplifying assumptions. The key element of this new model formulation is that the contiguity constraints are self-contained and complete and can accommodate any interpretation of land unit neighbor (or adjacency) relationships. Overall, this new model can be applied to problems involving tens of thousands of spatial planning units. Application experience for this general model is detailed, addressing delineated area selection for concentrated fuels removal/reduction efforts in order to reduce wildfire risk for the U.S. Forest Service.

Exploring the Spatial Heterogeneity and Influence Factors of Daily Travel Carbon Emissions in Metropolitan Areas: From the Perspective of the 15-min City

Most of the residents’ daily travel is concentrated within their 15-min walking distance. In China, derived from the 15-min city concept, the 15-min walkable area is often referred to as the 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and it has become a basic planning unit. Understanding the factors that influence the built environment of the 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood on the residents’ daily travel carbon emissions is critical to reduce urban carbon emissions. There may be spatial heterogeneity in daily travel carbon emissions as a dependent variable due to the spatial heterogeneity of built environment factors. Therefore, this study used data from the Wuhan City Resident Travel Survey to describe the spatial pattern of daily travel carbon emissions among Wuhan residents. The study examined the spatial heterogeneity of daily travel carbon emissions and explored the spatial differentiation of the built environment’s impact on daily travel carbon emissions within the 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood of the residents using spatial autocorrelation analysis and multi-scale geo-weighted regression (MGWR). The results indicate that Wuhan residents’ daily travel carbon emissions show an increasing circle structure from the center outward. In general, built environment elements in the 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood are closely related to the daily travel carbon emissions, and the direction and degree of impact of the built environment varies spatially. This study provides empirical evidence for controlling transportation carbon emissions.

A local-scale participatory zoning approach to conflict resolution in protected areas

Protected areas (PAs) commonly involve multiple objectives, rendering zoning increasingly important. However, the generalised zoning of PAs leads to local conflicts, often caused by the scale mismatch between the generalised zoning and the social-ecological systems. Generalised zoning approaches offer only single-scale management practices, hence zoning tends to cover large areas where local social-ecological systems are neglected. This study aims to develop and test a local-scale participatory zoning approach for PAs to resolve local conflicts. The proposed approach is developed using a landscape services framework, starting with a progressive stakeholder analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the local social-ecological system, involving the identification of stakeholders and landscape service typology, differentiating between and categorising stakeholders and investigating relationships between stakeholders. Lastly, facilitate stakeholder collaboration to develop a consensus zoning scheme based on these understandings. This was tested in Baoku Valley (China) to reveal the strengths and limitations of the approach and provide a case for application in other PAs. Eighteen stakeholders and twenty-five landscape services were identified. The stakeholders were divided into three groups according to their preferences for landscape services and the spatial relationships between the three stakeholder groups were identified. A consensus zoning scheme consisting of five zones was then developed by the stakeholders in a workshop. The results suggest that the local-scale participatory zoning approach can help resolve local conflicts in PAs by dividing conflict areas into more precise planning units and providing more fine-scaled management strategies matched to local social-ecological systems.

Identifying and planning military potential and national power: the case of the Israeli civilian-military planning units

ABSTRACT Research on the military potential/national power has focused on features such as numbers of soldiers, the military budget, population size, industrial production, technology, and others as underlying national power. The geopolitical situation of the State of Israel made the IDF General Staff the arbiter of any planning decision related to the development of the state economy, and responsible for planning and directing national security. Because the asymmetry between the military potential of the Arab countries and that of Israel was a reality on the ground that Israel’s national security concept had to take into consideration, and because modern warfare is between nations, their material forces and their mental capacities, the Israel Defence Forces [IDF] recommended setting up civil–military Planning Units based on military guidelines to identify, calculate and plan specific areas of national potential such as administration and regime, morale and education, static defence, the economy in wartime, and manpower.

Dinâmica e manutenção do serviço ecossistêmico de manutenção da purificação da água na Região Hidrográfica do Rio Guandu, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to develop a methodology for analyzing the dynamics and maintenance of the water purification ecosystem service in the water bodies of the Guandu River Hydrographic Region, responsible for water supplying the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region, characterized by the presence of water transfers and low levels of effluent treatment. The dynamics of this service occurs through an ecosystem flow, influenced by the volume of water that moves from one region to another. The methodology consisted of reviewing studies of ecosystem flows, building a database, classifying impacts on water purification in hydrological planning units from a similarity dendrogram, analyzing indicators related to water demands and availability of these units, and developing an ecosystem flow diagram of water purification. The effects of transfers on the maintenance and flow of water purification were also analyzed from the comparison between the real scenario (which considers the presence of the existing hydraulic infrastructure) and the natural scenario (which disregards it). The results showed that the worst situation of maintenance of water purification is in the western part of the region, and the demands for it requires more than double the volume of withdrawn water to supply the local population and industry.

A Geographical Method for Assessing Social Distancing as a Preliminary Tool for Implementation Planning. A Case Study: Chapinero, Bogota

Given the pandemic situation generated by Covid-19, it’s necessary to rethink the lifestyle of society and its quality of life around public and urban spaces, researching in 2019 mobility Bogotá survey’s; on average, they record trips is 14,069 of foot trips, between 10 and 20 minutes according to the travel patterns in the distinctive transport analysis areas at the zonal planning unit Chapinero Centro in the city of Bogotá. In spite of having great social and economic dynamics, this UPZ has very small platforms that make it difficult to comply with social distancing, necessary to mitigate the Coronavirus pandemic. For this reason, this article carried out a geographical analysis of this area, using the data provided by the vulnerability map of the Coronavirus website in Colombia of the Departamento Nacional de Planeación, the Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud and the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. This geographical analysis allowed calculating the variables of the population indicator per block, the maximum population per platform and the criterion of compliance with social distance. These variables allowed designing the vulnerability and social distancing maps. It was evident that 37% of the platforms do not comply the 2-meter distance between people, so it was Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, rethinking lifestyle and quality of life through the appropriate use of public space is necessary. This study aims to verify the measures of social distancing in Chapinero Centro, which, according to the mobility survey 2019 of Bogota, has an average of 4,633 trips on foot between 10 and 20 minutes according to the travel patterns in the areas of transportation analysis studied. Despite having great social and economic dynamics, this area has small sidewalks that hinder compliance with social distancing, which is necessary to mitigate the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, geographic analysis of this area was performed using data provided by the vulnerability map of the Coronavirus web in Colombia by the National Planning Department, the Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and the National Administrative Department of Statistics. This geographic analysis made it possible to calculate the variables of population indicator per block, maximum population per sidewalk, and the criterion of compliance with social distancing. When developing the vulnerability and social distancing maps, it became evident that 37% of the sidewalks do not comply with the 2 meters of social distancing between people, so we propose extending them to 3.5 meters and reducing this same value in the vehicular space to design an effective social distancing map. We concluded that the widening of the sidewalks allows flexible use of the streets oriented to a healthy distance, which could be complemented with an accessibility study and a study of vehicular traffic to measure the impact of this intervention.

Genç Kızılçam Biyokütle Denklemleri; Kozağacı Orman İşletme Şefliği Örneği

Ormanların karbon depolama kapasitelerine ilişkin hesaplamalar tüm dünyada giderek daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Karbon bildirimlerinde uluslararası kurumlar, orman ekosistemlerinde depolanan karbon miktarlarının envantere dayalı olarak, tam ve kesin olarak belirlenmesini arzu etmektedir. Tüm ülkenin ormanlık alanlarındaki karbon stokunun belirlenmesi için, her ağaç türünün farklı habitatlarda biriktirdiği biyokütle miktarının ve bağladıkları karbon miktarının yöresel olarak belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada genç kızılçamlar yöresel olarak dikkate alınarak, Mersin Kozağacı Orman İşletme Şefliği içerisindeki saf kızılçam meşcerelerine ait toprak üstü ve toprak altı biyokütle denklemleri geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca kızılçam için odun yoğunluk oranı ve ibre kuru ağırlık oranı belirlenmiştir.

МЕТОДИЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАВЧАННЯ МАЙБУТНІХ ПЕДАГОГІВ ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО ОСВІТНЬОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА У ПРОЦЕСІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ

The article examines the relevant needs of methodological support for the training of future educators to design an information educational environment in the process of course planning (topics, modules, units, and educational sessions). The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics and main directions of methodological support for the professional training of future educators in the process of studying the course “Pedagogical Design” whose main task is to teach the design of a holistic information educational environment. The development of methodological support for the training of future educators to design an information educational environment required completing the following tasks: studying the state of readiness for designing an information educational environment by future educators, as well as practicing educators; analysis of the requirements for the information educational environment and the current state of the problem in practice; identifying the leading methodological aspects of work in a digital educational environment that is modern, accessible and personal-centred. In order to find out the contradictions and gaps in the methodological support of the educational environment, related to the specifics of distance learning with Moodle tools, a SWOT-analysis was used, in which both students of master’s degree level and teachers were involved. Using the methods of theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific and pedagogical research, modern approaches to the formation of an information educational environment have been developed, in particular from the point of view of educational design, and there has been found out such an approach to design which is called “Backward Design” or “Understanding by Design”. On the basis of the framing approach of “Backward Design”, reference points are proposed for the development of methodical training support for the design of a holistic educational environment by future educators (determination of learning goals based on a person-centered approach; design of measurement of the goal as a planned result; planning of interactive experience of educational activities). The specificity of the methodological support for the design of a modern information educational environment is manifested in the fact that the traditional methods of preparing educational materials by the teacher are ineffective because they are based on the content of the textbook or curriculum, but not on the context which is built on the activity of those who study. This is especially relevant in the conditions of distance education. From the point of view of “Understanding by Design”, the educator develops a learning system that is effective and appropriate for the participants. It is assumed that the creation of educational content (learning content) within the limits of the whole subject or its separate part from the point of view of the taxonomy of understanding will allow personalizing the educational process to ensure deep knowledge upon completion. The development of the content of training courses built on the principles of Backward Design can give the educator new opportunities to enhance perceptivity to learning.