Plain Weave Structure Research Articles

Weave structures of polyester fabric affect the tensile strength and microplastic fiber emission during the laundry process

This study utilized grab and strip testing methods to examine the relationship between three weave structures—plain, twill, and satin—and their tensile strengths in both warp and weft directions. In addition, microplastic fiber (MPF) emissions from these three weave structures were quantified at different states of the laundry process using filtration and microscopy. The grab and strip tests revealed that twill- and satin-woven fabrics exhibited higher tensile strengths in the warp direction compared to the weft orientation. In contrast, the plain weave structure showed similar tensile strengths in both warp and weft directions. During laundry in the washing machine, MPF emissions in the first drainage were the highest regardless of the weave structure. Moreover, the satin weave pattern released the most MPFs among the three common weave structures at 5054 particles/L. This weave pattern also had the weakest tensile strength of 3.1 N/cm2 in the weft direction of the three weave structures evaluated. The results demonstrated a strong inverse correlation between higher tensile strengths in the weaker direction (warp or weft) and MPF emissions. Among the weave structures investigated, the twill pattern had the lowest MPF emission, followed by plain weave, with the satin-woven fabric emitting the highest levels.

Efficiency of in-wall weave patterns on the mechanical properties of integrally woven carbon/carbon honeycomb structures

Combining honeycomb structures with carbon/carbon (C/C) composites provides significant benefits, such as enhanced load-bearing strength, reduced weight, minimal thermal expansion, and no moisture absorption. These characteristics make such structures particularly suited for space applications. Carbon fiber reinforced composites, with their versatile design capabilities, emerge as an ideal material for satellite bearing platforms. In this study, three continuous carbon fiber woven structures are designed, and an integrally woven ortho-hexagonal C/C honeycomb structure was fabricated through performing Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) process on honeycomb preform. A multiscale damage model is used to analyze and compare the properties related to out-of-plane compression, shear in the L-direction, and shear in the W-direction across these three C/C honeycomb structures. Results indicate that the plain-woven C/C honeycomb structure demonstrates the most favorable mechanical properties, with the highest compressive modulus and shear strength under various loading conditions. Damage initially occurred in single-layer honeycomb walls with void defects, with ultimate failure appearing predominantly in the middle regions of all walls. These findings establish the plain-woven structure as the preferred choice for satellite bearing platforms due to its outstanding mechanical characteristics, providing stability and strength crucial for space applications.

Investigations on the influence of thickness and preform structure on the mechanical performance of novel textile composites with woven Kevlar® fabric reinforcement and poly methylmethacrylate (Elium®) matrix

Abstract Elium (novel methyl methacrylate (MMA)) resin is a liquid thermoplastic resin curable at room temperature and a possible replacement for epoxies. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of novel Kevlar fabric reinforced Elium composites with different thicknesses. The plain-woven structure Kevlar/Elium laminates were manufactured with 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm thicknesses through vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding, where 8 and 12 layers of woven fabrics were used, respectively. The effect of laminate thickness was measured in terms of mechanical (tensile, flexural, shear, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)) and physical (density and fibre volume fraction (FVF)) characteristics. The density of the laminates was found in the range of 1.18–1.31 g cm−3. FVF was 50.69 and 52.27% for 1.5 and 2.5 mm thick laminates, respectively. The composite with 1.5 mm thickness exhibited the highest tensile strength (667.9 MPa) and flexural strength of 330.7 MPa. Conversely, the highest interlaminar shear strength measured for 2.5 mm thick laminate is 16.5 MPa. The DMA analysis recorded the highest storage and loss modulus for 2.5 mm thickness laminates. The fractography analysis confirmed the quantified experimental observation of excessive interface debonding and delamination. Elium composites may be suitable for high-end structural applications, including marine and aircraft structures.

Investigations on toughening and self‐healing performance of plain woven composites with mendable polymer stitches

AbstractThis paper investigates toughening and self‐healing properties of plain woven composite structure with poly[ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid] (EMAA) stitches. Firstly, the cantilever beam specimens with different stitched spacing were performed to determine inter‐laminar fracture toughness. Subsequently, the finite element models of EMAA stitched cantilever beam was established to predict the toughening effects based on nonlinear spring and cohesive zone model (CZM). The force‐displacement responds of experimental and simulation results show excellent correlation. Finally, the toughening and healing mechanism of the stitched plain woven structure were explored. Compared with the original specimen, the EMAA stitched structure shows an excellent toughening ability. After heating, the damaged structure was healed through pressure deliver mechanism to restore the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite.Highlights Thermoplastic EMAA filaments with self‐healing properties were sewn into the woven composite. The EMAA stitched woven composite structure exhibits excellent interlaminar toughening and healing properties. Finite element model combined non‐linear spring and CZM was established to predict the toughening effects. The toughening and self‐healing mechanisms of EMAA stitched plain woven structure were revealed in detail.

Computational Evaluation of Weaving Process on Mechanical Stiffness of Plain Weave Fabric

Inherent structural stress in a plain weave is induced during the formation process of fabrics, and its evaluation is useful for estimating the mechanical stiffness of weaves. In this study, the effect of inherent stress distributed in a weave fabric was investigated to estimate its mechanical stiffness. Here, a numerical simulation method that imitates the fabrication process of fabrics is proposed to evaluate stiffness. A diagram illustrating the weaving process is defined in this evaluation method. For computational analysis, a unit cell model used in homogenization was developed based on the structural periodicity of the plain weave structure using the finite element method. The weaving state was accomplished by simulating the weaving behavior in this model. The weaving state included the geometric shape and stress/strain data. Subsequently, a model was built to estimate the mechanical stiffness based on the weaving state data. Finally, a uniaxial tensile simulation was conducted using the numerical model. Using this evaluation method, the effect of inherent stress on the mechanical stiffness of weaves was quantified, which indicated that the tensile stiffness improved in a small strain range. The effect gradually decreased as the tension progressed.

Effect of void defects on mechanical behavior and failure features of C/C honeycomb structure

The combination of honeycomb structure and carbon/carbon (C/C) composites offers unique high load-bearing and light-weight advantages in satellite-bearing platforms. However, the defects generated by the imperfect preparation process are inevitable. This paper employs the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) technique to fabricate novel C/C honeycomb structures and considers the presence of internal void defects. Based on micro-computerized tomography (μ-CT) images, the void distribution and porosity as well as the micro-structure characteristics are acquired. Meso-scale representative volume element (RVE) models is established to predict the performance of honeycomb wall material. A secondary development of ABAQUS is performed to establish a model of honeycomb structure containing void defects. Multi-scale models are developed for investigating the mechanical performance of the C/C honeycomb structure. Experimental methods and finite element simulations are utilized to examine the effects of porosity and different weave structures on the compression and shear properties, as well as damage modes of C/C honeycomb structures in detail. The results demonstrate that the presence of low porosity ρ = 1 % severely diminishes the load-bearing capacity of the honeycomb and affects its damage pattern. Twill-2 weave C/C honeycomb inherits the advanced performance of the composites and exhibits superior comprehensive properties compared to plain weave and twill-1 weave honeycomb structures.

Investigation of slashing mechanisms and behavior of high-performance fabrics

The slashing mechanism is influenced by various properties that impact fabric slicing, contingent upon both fabric design and yarn-slicing characteristics. This study explores the slash resistance of soft armor, underscoring the essential need for enhancements in fabric design and fiber properties. Yarn-slicing qualities and the fabric’s pattern play pivotal roles in the fabric-cutting mechanism. The fabric stabbing resistance force demonstrates strong positive correlations with multiple factors, encompassing values such as friction force between warp and weft, yarn cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, and fabric flexural stiffness. The investigation explores the relationship between slash resistance in high-performance fabrics, revealing a robust correlation with factors such as yarn cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, friction force between warp and weft, and fabric flexural rigidity. Fabrics constructed from Kevlar 129 or 29 showcase the highest slashing resistance force. Experimental results unveil that the Kevlar 129 plain weave exhibits the utmost resistance, recording a force of 100.37 N and a fabric-slashing energy of 3.65 J. In contrast, the Kevlar 29 plain weave structure withstands a slash resistance force of 67 N, while the Kevlar 29-carbon plain weave displays a slash resistance of 62.97 N. The correlation coefficients between various variables linked to fabric-slashing resistance force unveil a strong, positive, and highly interrelated association for the majority of factors investigated. These factors encompass yarn-cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, and fabric flexural rigidity. Additionally, there exists a positive correlation with the friction force between warp and weft.

Effect of Chemical Pre-treatment on Screen Printed Fabric Performance Properties

Printing is the process of transferring a specific pattern or design onto the surface of textile fabric. In the printing process, screen printing is one of the fundamental printing methods on textiles and is widely used worldwide. However, screen-printed fabrics have specific properties like fastness, water absorbency, and whiteness index that increase the end-use properties of the printed fabrics. There are several factors that affect the technical characteristics of printed fabrics. This research focuses on an experimental approach to ascertain and confirm the pre-treatment process as one of the most important factors in pigment dye screen-printed fabrics. The main raw material used in this research was 100% cotton fabric with a plain weave structure. The experimental method used in this research involved the pre-treatment (singeing, scouring, and bleaching) process with different recipes and four samples. Screen-printed fabric after printing was tested for its technical properties using standard test methods. The results of a one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) were analysed using MINITAB and Microsoft (MS) Excel software. The results indicate superior fabric technical properties like color fastness to rubbing and washing, coupled with improved water absorbency and excellent whiteness index values of samples printed after bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). In this research, we conclude that printed fabric after bleaching with H2O2 has the best color fastness, and bleaching with NaOCl is the next one. However, printed fabric has a low fastness property after scouring and singeing.

Effect of angle interlocking/plain weave compound fabric system on mechanical properties of aramid epoxy resin composites

Preform is one of the important factors affecting the mechanical properties of textile composites. To further reflect the influence of the preform structure on the mechanical properties of composite materials, the angle interlocking and plain weave structures are configured in a certain proportion to form a composite fabric with both structures. The results show that the compound fabric preform has a positive effect on the improvement of the mechanical properties of AERC. An increase in the proportion of angle interlocking organization configuration in the compound fabric system is beneficial to the increase in tensile strength of AERC. In this experiment, when the ratio of angle interlocking structure and plain weave structure in the compound fabric system is 3:1, the tensile strength of AERC increases significantly, which is 80.98% higher than that of AERC with angle interlocking preformed structure. When the preform is made of compound fabric, the bending properties of AERC are greatly improved, and the bending strength is also increased 1.20 times compared to the AERC with angle interlock structure as the preform. When the ratio of angle interlock weave and plain weave in the compound fabric system is 1:3, the bending strength of AERC increases 1.81 times the maximum. The proportion of two fabric structures in the compound fabric system has a significant impact on the impact properties of AERC. The increase in the proportion of plain weave in the compound fabric system is not conducive to the increase in impact strength of AERC, and the large proportion of corner interlock configuration is conducive to the increase in bending strength of AERC. When the ratio of angle interlocking structure to plain weave structure is 2:1, the AERC has the maximum impact strength of 33.14 KJ/m2, which is increased by 26.28%.

Functional performance of thin Ag, SS, and Ti films on retro-reflective fabrics

Retro-reflective materials are gradually increasing in popularity and use due to their safety properties, and aesthetic advantages. This study details an experimental procedure of the functional performance of silver (Ag), stainless steel (SS), and titanium (Ti) coatings of 150 nm in thickness on retro-reflective fabrics (with plain, twill and diamond weave structures) via magnetron sputtering. The deposited thin films were characterised using CIE L* a* b* values, SEM, contact angle, air permeability, thermal conductivity, anti-static, IR and UV protection. The results reveal that Ag coated fabric can transfer away body heat, hence ensuring a feeling of coolness. The Ag coated fabric samples have an overall good infrared (IR) protective property followed by SS, with Ti having a poor IR protective performance. All of the coated fabrics show excellent ultraviolet protection with 50+ UPF ratings. Furthermore, the coated fabrics have good anti-static properties which prevent the build-up of static charge that can cause discomfort to the wearer, especially in dry weather conditions. The deposition of Ag, SS or Ti nanoparticles on the surface of the fabric increases the hydrophobicity of the material or results in a fabric with low wettability as evident from the measured contact angles.

Curvature evaluation of metal wires in plain weave structure via the elasto-plastic finite element analysis

Macroscopic deformation characteristics of plain weave structure, the most basic woven fabric, are significantly influenced by its mesoscale shape and internal stress state, depending on weaving process factors. This study analyses numerically the effects of the design variables, i.e. the wire pitch on the heddle/shuttle and the plasticity of the metal wires of plain weave, on the deflection state of the warp and weft wires. A model with continuity of the weave structure simulates the simple weaving process using the finite element method in anticipation of its application to homogenisation methods. Furthermore, the continuous curvature between contact points is analysed mathematically to evaluate the finished shape in plain woven structures. Considering internal stress by the weaving process and elastoplasticity of metal wires, the deflection curve is closer to straight lines than the ideal deflection curve in elasticity, owing to local yielding and tension caused by the plasticity effect and setting, respectively.

A mesoscopic model of mechanical erosion for the characterization of ablation behavior of C/C woven composites

Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites suffer from the thermochemical ablation and mechanical erosion in the thermal protection system. A mathematical model describing the reaction/diffusion problem for the thermochemical ablation of C/C composites is established and numerically solved on the basis of the finite volume method and piecewise linear interface calculation. Then, a mesoscopic model including a failure criterion for the simulation of mechanical erosion of C/C woven composites is proposed. In the mesoscopic model of mechanical erosion, the mechanical erosion mechanism of C/C woven composites on the microscale is analyzed, and the mechanical erosion criterion of C/C woven composites from 2D plain woven structure is extended to 2.5D woven structure. The ablation performances of woven structures under thermochemical ablation with and without mechanical erosion criterion are compared, and the effects of weaving structure features on the ablation performances of 2.5D woven structure under simulated mechanical erosion are investigated. It shows that the mesoscopic model of mechanical erosion can well characterize the ablation behavior of C/C woven composites with different weaving forms. Some suggestions are provided for the design of C/C woven composites in the thermal protection system.

Mechanical failure characterization of oxygen plasma modified UHMWPE/vinyl ester composites using acoustic emission

This study reveals the mechanical and interfacial bonding properties of glow discharge oxygen plasma modified ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/vinyl ester composites modified by oxygen plasma. The composites’ flexural, tensile, and impact-resistant properties were estimated, and the failure mechanism was analyzed by acoustic emission (AE) testing. The flexural stress, tensile stress, and impact-resistance force of the modified three plain weave structures composites are 193.37–734%, 11–15%, and 16–17% higher than those without modification. It depends on flexibility, interfacial bonding strength, reinforcement structure, and stiffness. In addition to the flexural properties, the tensile and impact properties increase with fiber volume fraction. In the AE test, the flexural and tensile cumulative energies without modification are 9230.42 mV*mS and 1.735 V*S higher than modified materials. The characteristic frequency range of each failure mechanism is determined by cluster analysis. Low, medium, and high frequency correspond to matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, and fiber breakage. Oxygen plasma contributes to the wettability of the reinforcement and the interfacial bonding strength, resisting cracking growth.

A promising Ni-Fe double hydroxide fiber electrode for application of flexible woven-supercapacitor and wastewater decolorization

Textile-based supercapacitors are ideal energy supply equipment for intelligent wearable products. Apart from the further enhanced energy storage property, the poor bending resistance and air permeability also compromise their electrochemical performance in practical use. Based on traditional textile technology, the supercapacitors woven by fibrous electrodes promise to combine both electrochemical and wearable performances. Herein, the carbon fiber-based Ni-Fe double hydroxide electrode (NiFe@NiFeDH/CF) with uniform morphology has been obtained through a facile route of palladium-free electroless plating coupled electrooxidation. By controlling Fe 2+ content in the plating baths, the interwoven nanosheets with small intervals and large crystal spacing could be designed, which provided low diffusion resistance for electrolyte ions and adequate active sites for energy storage. Subsequently, the all-solid-state asymmetric textile supercapacitors (wSC-NF//CY) were fabricated by weaving techniques with NiFe@NiFeDH/CF as positive electrode and carbon yarns as the negative electrode. Benefit from the better electrochemical property of NiFe@NiFeDH/CF, the wSC-NF//CY owned unexpected excellent energy storage performance that at the power density of 9.0 W cm −2 the energy density could reach 26.8 mW h cm −2 . Additionally, with the help of fabric structure, the wSC-NF//CY could be integrated into different materials to accommodate curved human bodies or other non-flat surfaces. Moreover, the NiFe@NiFeDH/CF could also be used to decolorize sewage with an electro-Fenton reaction under a small voltage. Thus, this work constituted a breakthrough on multifunctional energy storage materials and their eco-friendly and sustainable usage. • The fiber electrode was prepared by electroless plating coupled electrooxidation. • Fabric based supercapacitor with plain weave structure was obtained by weaving. • The supercapacitor owned unexpectedly excellent electrochemical performance. • The fiber electrode could also treat colored wastewater under a small voltage.

Effect of weave structure and yarn fineness on the coolness and thermal-wet comfort properties of woven fabric

It is difficult to meet the needs of multi-functional comfortable fabric through the single functional fibers on the market. The aim of this work was to develop a kind of summer comfortable woven fabric with coolness through the combination of different functional fibers. Blended yarn of bamboo and polyester with grooves was chosen as the warp yarn, which was responsible for moisture absorption and transportation. Nylon filament with a cross-section and fine-denier polyester filament was chosen to twist reversely as a composite weft yarn to provide the coolness function and moisture conduction for fabric. As a comparative weft yarn, polyethylene was chosen as another type of weft yarn. Twelve samples were prepared containing three structures. The effects of fabric structure, weft yarn composition and fineness on the coolness and thermal-wet comfort were evaluated and investigated, including thermal-physiological comfort properties, moisture management properties, the wicking effect and the drying performance. The result showed that the weave structure, weft yarn composition and fineness had a significant influence on the coolness and thermal-wet comfort properties. Fabric woven with plain weave structure contributed to heat dissipation and dynamic coolness. The float yarn in the 2/1 twill and mesh structure was beneficial to promote water transportation vertically. The results also suggested that polyethylene yarn was preferred for coolness fabric, but the liquid moisture management and drying performance of polyethylene fabric should be further improved.

Experimental Investigation on the Transpiration Cooling Characteristics of Sintered Wire Mesh in Plain Weave

We experimentally investigate the transpiration cooling characteristics of a porous material, sintered wire mesh. Three samples with different porosities in a plain weave structure are tested with various blowing ratios in an open-loop wind tunnel with a heated mainstream flow. The temperature on the surface of the porous material is measured by an infrared camera to obtain the cooling efficiency. The measurements reveal nonuniform distributions of the surface temperature and the cooling efficiency in both the flow direction and the transverse direction. The averaged cooling efficiency on the surface first decreases and then increases with the blowing ratio, but increases and then decreases with the porosity of the material. The internal cooling by forced convection and its combination with the external film cooling from the transpiration cooling are considered to be attributed to those two cooling characteristics, respectively. Finally, we propose a modified blowing ratio to collapse the minima of the blowing ratio for all tested samples, providing an universal transition for the decreasing and increasing branches for all tested samples in the relation between averaged cooling efficiency and blowing ratio.

Evaluation of the geometrical parameters of collector mesh on the fog collection efficiency

Fog collectors have gained increasing attention as an efficient solution to overcome the water scarcity concerns in arid and semiarid environments. Besides the rapid advances made in various collector designs, the role of geometrical characteristics of the fog collector meshes is not fully understood. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to address this issue and investigate the effects of textile features on the efficiency of conventional meshes which has not been discussed in previous works. The collection efficiencies of various conventional structures (plain-woven, plain-knitted, and 3-D spacer) with different characteristics (fiber diameter, fiber spacing, fiber arrangement, shading coefficient, and test direction) were investigated using a custom-made fog collecting device. The weight of collected water over time and the onset time were measured to assess the performance of different samples. Moreover, a simple simulation of a plain-woven structure was developed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to perform further analysis. The results revealed that in the woven structure, the collection efficiency was improved by changing the shading coefficient to an optimum value and simultaneous decreasing fiber diameter. In the spacer fabrics, the position and arrangement of the spacer fibers posed considerable effects on the collection efficiency. 3-D spacer meshes showed highest value of collection efficiencies and onset time in comparison to the other examined meshes. The results of simulation of woven structures were also validated by comparing computed and measured collection efficiencies.

Effect mechanism of plain-woven structure of carbon fiber on CFRP cutting

Carbon fiber–reinforced plastic (CFRP) is increasingly employed as structural components for aircrafts in aerospace. The plain-woven CFRP is more commonly used than the UD-CFRP. The machining-induced damages are easy to occur. The influence of the plain-woven structure on the cutting mechanism and the defects occurrence mechanism are seldom studied in detail. In this paper, the three-dimensional FEM model of plain-woven CFRP is established. The occurrence and propagation of the delamination are investigated. The results indicate that the stress concentrations are easy to occur at the junction of warp and fill bundles near the cutting position. The plain-woven structure can block the transfer of stress and the crack propagation. When θ = 90°, the damages of the fill fibers and the crack of the interface are easy to occur. When θ = 45°, the step-like fracture is formed in both of the warp and the fill bundles, especially in the fill bundles. Under the same cutting conditions, the exit delamination of the plain-woven CFRP is obviously less than that of the UD-CFRP. The delamination greatly increases with the increase of the feed speed. The delamination decreases with the increase of the cutting speed. The delamination is closely related to the instantaneous cutting position of the cutter.

Graded Microstructured Flexible Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity and an Ultrabroad Pressure Range for Epidermal Pulse Monitoring.

Precisely detecting epidermal pulse waves with pressure sensors is crucial for pulse-based personalized health-monitoring technologies. However, developing a pressure sensor that simultaneously demonstrates high sensitivity and an ultrabroad pressure range and a convenient fabrication process for large-scale production is a considerable challenge. Herein, by utilizing a commercial conductive fabric (CF) and a silica gel film, we develop a high-performance pressure sensor (HPPS) for the monitoring of human physiological signals. Based on convenient turnover formwork technology, the silica gel film was fabricated by replicating the microstructure of the sandpaper surface. This microstructure and the plain weave structure on the CF surface together provide a sharp increase in the contact-separation area and structural compressibility, which are beneficial for the enhancement of output performance. Made of these two materials, the graded microstructured HPPS holds high sensitivity (4.5 mV/Pa), an ultrabroad pressure range (0-30 kPa), a wide working frequency bandwidth (up to 35 Hz), decent stability (>50,000 cycles), and a simple fabrication process that is suitable for large-scale production. Given these noticeable features, the developed HPPS not only succeeds in precisely detecting subtle pulse waves on various positions of different people but can also objectively capture changes in cardiovascular parameters caused by exercise training at different intensities in real time. These findings exhibit the enormous potential application of HPPS in tracking an individual's health status and comprehensively evaluating exercise intensity.

Influence of Plain, Twill, and Satin Weave Structures on the Optimum Colorfastness Properties of Reactive Dyes

The objective of this work is to study the influence of the plain, twill and satin weave structures on the colorfastness properties of reactive dyes. From the results, it can be concluded that plain weave fabric showed the optimum colorfastness properties due to its compact interlacement structure compared to twill and satin weave fabrics. Three types of plain, twill, and satin weave fabrics of different weave structures and weights (g/m2) were used in this research. The dyes, auxiliaries, and chemicals were applied, and the colorfastness tests were carried out in accordance with the test methods provided by ASTM and AATCC standards. Color strength (K/S) values were obtained using a reflectance spectrophotometer. A projection microscope was used to take cross sectional diagrams of the yarns for assessment. FTIR instrument transmitted infrared radiation to the dyed samples of up to a few microns to measure the spectroscopy within the visible spectral province with the maximum infrared ray (IR) peak values. The peak values of the FTIR device assured the presence of colorant or chromophore existing in the dyestuffs which were liable to expose the best colorfastness properties. This research is experimentally-based, and the findings are useful to personnel involved in cellulose fabric dyeing with reactive dyes and to the control of color properties. This research opens potential ways for scholars to advance study in this field.