Plain Woven Cotton Fabric Research Articles

Effect of natural agents on the mechanical and flame retardant properties of cotton fabrics – finishing technique

The current study carefully examines the antibacterial finished cotton fabric materials in terms of enhanced flame-retardant capability by eco-friendly herbal extracts to cotton fabrics while concurrently analysing their tensile strength qualities. Because active compounds have been incorporated into the fabric’s structure, the treated fabrics’ tensile strength has changed less over time than untreated fabrics. The plain weave cotton fabric with a specification of 140 g/m2 and a 15% finished concentration had a tensile strength of 238.92 kg/cm2, while cotton fabrics with specifications of 240 g/m2, terry weave with a 15% finished concentration, had a tensile strength of 294.43 kg/cm2. The finishing process has betterment in comparison to the untreated cotton fabrics had tensile strengths of of 140 g/m2 plain and 240 g/m2 terry weaves fabric which has 238.38 kg/cm2 and 288.47 kg/cm2, indicating that the ashwagandha-finished cotton fabrics performed better. The burning period increases from 35 sec for untreated 140 g/m2 plain cotton fabric, according to the flame reaction studies. According to tests on flame reaction, fabrics treated with a combination of banana peels and casein have a burning time rise from 35 s for untreated 140 g/m2 plain cotton fabric to 100 s, and up to 60 s for Ashwaganda and Ginger completed fabrics. The findings of the Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) test revealed that the completed fabrics made from a mixture of banana peels and casein had significantly higher LOI values of 23 than the other treated samples, which had an average LOI of 19 and 20, compared to the untreated cotton fabrics’ LOI of 18.

Ti3C2Tx MXene/reduced graphene oxide/cellulose nanocrystal-coated cotton fabric electrodes for supercapacitor applications

Textile-based electrodes are the most important components of wearable and portable supercapacitors. Ti3C2Tx MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have a great potential for the fabrication of high-performance textile supercapacitor electrodes. In this work, rGO was synthesized with the presence of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and Ti3C2Tx/rGO/CNC dispersions with different rGO/CNC contents were prepared. The plain-woven cotton fabrics were coated by homogenous Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx/rGO/CNC dispersions (5% wt., 15% wt., 30% wt. and 50% wt. rGO/CNC content) and characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. The electrochemical characterization techniques showed that Ti3C2Tx/rGO/CNC loaded fabric electrodes up to 15 wt.% rGO/CNC content exhibited a high specific capacitance of 501.1 F g−1 at a current density of 0.3 A g−1 with low internal electrode resistance, and a good electrochemical stability. The results also showed that MXene/rGO/CNC based high-performance textile supercapacitor electrodes can be prepared by simple drop-casting method.Graphical

Artificial neural network and multiple linear regression modeling for predicting thermal transmittance of plain-woven cotton fabric

The present research compares a machine learning model with a statistical model, with specific emphasis on artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression models. The aim of this study is to forecast the thermal transmittance of a plain-woven cotton fabric using input data such as thread density measured in ends per inch, picks per inch, and fabric thickness. The artificial neural network is built using a network with feed-forward backpropagation, and the MATLAB software’s training function trainlm is used to modify its weight and basic values based on Levenberg–Marquardt optimization techniques. The sigmoid transfer function is used to set the layer output and measure network performance in terms of the root mean squared error, mean absolute error percentage, and coefficient of determination which were determined. For the artificial neural network prediction model, the root mean squared error and mean absolute error percentage were 1.05 and 3.132%, respectively, while the coefficient of determination was 0.9307. In contrast, the multiple linear regression prediction model had root mean squared error and mean absolute error percentage values of 2.98 and 8.97%, respectively, along with a coefficient of determination of 0.4727. The results reveal that the artificial neural network model outperforms the multiple linear regression model, showing superior accuracy and robustness in capturing the intricate interactions between important fabric parameters (ends per inch, picks per inch, and thickness) and thermal transmittance values. This research emphasizes the efficiency of artificial neural network modeling as a superior tool for forecasting thermal transmittance in textile applications rather than employing the time-consuming trial-and-error process for delivering significant insights for material engineering and energy-efficient design.

Experimental characterization and numerical modeling of creep in woven textiles

In this study, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is used to characterize creep in textiles. The creep of a plain-woven cotton fabric was studied over a relatively long period of time (32 days), which is not feasible with traditional apparatus. The results were compared with two models based on a Maxwell element in parallel with an elastic element. Good agreement was shown when the viscous law was chosen to follow the Norton-Hoff-like power law. Fitting the experimental results with a numerical scheme for this power law allowed to determine the material’s viscous parameters. In parallel, time-independent parameters were found using static testing apparatus. The obtained results will allow a better comprehension of creep in textiles when subjected to long-term stress, such like ancient textiles in museums, and hence to predict their behavior using modeling tools.

A Highly Breathable and Machine-Washable ePTFE-Aided Down-Proof Cotton Fabric

Feather and down textiles are widely used in our daily life, especially in winter. However, they are easily drilled out from the fabric body and are difficult to machine-wash, which thereby blocks their widespread application. In order to solve these issues, a highly anti-drilling, breathable and machine-washable ePTFE-aided down-proof cotton fabric was prepared in this work, which was done by modifying a plain-weave cotton fabric with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) nanofiber membrane via point glue method. The fabrication procedure is simple, scalable and environmentally friendly, which is a prerequisite for large-scale production. The effects of tumble and washing cycles on pore size distribution and the corresponding anti-drilling behavior of the prepared down-proof fabric were systematically investigated. Furthermore, the machine washability, air permeability, thermal insulation and tensile properties of the fabric were studied. The results demonstrated that less than five drilled files escaped from the fabric surface, irrespective of tumble and/or laundering cycles, and it also has the advantages of being lightweight (<83 g/m2), having high breathability, a good thermal insulation rate (≈80%) and can be washed with surfactant by a laundry machine without explosion. Benefiting from the above characteristics, the as-prepared ePTFE-aided down-proof cotton fabric presents its potential application in the field of home textiles.

Effect of yarn twist on tensile strength, abrasion and pilling resistance of plain-woven cotton fabric

The effect of twist on tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling resistance of plain-woven fabric has been studied. The plain-woven fabric has been produced from open-end spun cotton yarn. The weft yarn has been produced at 4 different twist levels (900, 905, 910, and 915 TPM) and the effect of twist levels is also studied. To examine the effect of twist, four different samples of plain-woven fabric are produced from these yarns. From the ANOVA results, it is found that with an increment in twist level of the yarn, there is a significant increment in tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling resistance of the fabric.

Study of the water vapor permeability of multiple layer fabrics containing the milkweed fibers as the middle layer

Given its importance in satisfying consumers, apparel comfort is a challenge for the textile industry. If water vapor cannot escape through the garment, there will be a build-up of moisture on the skin and within the clothing, resulting in discomfort. Milkweed is a natural fiber providing excellent water vapor permeability property due to its exceptional characteristics, such as hollowness, un-crimped nature, smooth surface, and hydrophobicity. In this work, the three-layer fabrics which were comprised of plain-woven cotton fabric, needle-punched nonwoven of milkweed fibers, and warp knitted lace fabric respectively, were prepared. The results revealed that the three-layer fabric had better water vapor permeability in comparison to the single-layer cotton fabric. Indeed, the capillary absorption effect of hollow milkweed fibers gave rise to an increase in the water vapor permeability of multiple layer fabric samples. Moreover, the air permeability of multiple layer fabrics was decreased in comparison with the single-layer cotton one. A hollow channel along the milkweed fiber increased the specific surface area of the three-layer fabric samples leading to the air entrapment inside these fabrics. This could be beneficial in acoustic and thermal insulation products.

Performance Evaluation of Water and Oil Repellent Finishes on Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics

Performance Evaluation of Water and Oil Repellent Finishes on Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics

Development of hemp-blended cotton fabrics and analysis on handle behavior, low-stress mechanical and aesthetic properties

Cotton is the most popular natural fiber used in apparel industry world over. Although cotton is cultivated in approximately 2.4% of the world’s arable land, it accounts for 24% of the world’s insecticide market. Industrial hemp is considered as the most sustainable raw material as substitute of cotton in textile industry. However, there are several challenges associated with hemp processing as the fiber is coarse, stiff and it has comparatively poor spinnability particularly when 100% hemp is processed in ring spinning system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the aesthetic and low-stress mechanical properties, and handle value of the plain woven hemp-blended cotton fabrics. The 16Ne and 30Ne linear density compact and ring yarns were produced and were used to manufacture plain woven suiting and shirting fabrics, respectively. Crease recovery angle, pilling, tear and tensile strength, and handle value of the fabrics were determined.

Effect of Loom Tension on Mechanical Properties of Plain Woven Cotton Fabric

ABSTRACT Mechanical properties of textile fabric are one of the most important parameters of fabric in the selection of appropriate fabric for clothing industries. The main aim of this paper is to study the effect of the tension applied during weaving on tear, tensile, and bursting strength of plain woven cotton fabric. Five plain woven cotton fabrics were produced on an air-jet loom at different tension levels (0.9KN, 1.3KN, 1.6KN, 2KN, and 2.3KN). The results obtained from ANOVA and bar chart showed that as the tension of the warp yarn and the fabric increase during weaving, the tear strength, tensile strength, and bursting strength of the plain cotton woven fabric decreased significantly. The effect is more noticeable in the warp direction of the fabric for tear and tensile strength as the tension was applied in the warp direction.

Effect of finishing chemicals on tearing strength of plain-woven cotton fabric

Purpose This paper aims to assess the relationships amongst the tearing strength of fabrics after each chemical processing stage and after finishing of plain-woven cotton fabric. An effort has been made to study the effect of different finishing chemicals (tear improver) and their different concentrations on the high-density fabric tear strength and its sub-component with respect to the co-efficient of friction value of yarns for all the fabric samples. It also aims to establish a statistical model for prediction of tear strength with identified parameters as yarn–yarn friction co-efficient, yarn pullout force and single yarn strength. Design/methodology/approach In case of woven fabrics, it cannot be assumed that only yarn friction plays the role in deciding fabric-tearing strength. Whether the static or kinetic frictions need to be considered or the linear or capstan frictions have to be analyzed, to incorporate the results of friction analysis in the tearing behavior, need to be assessed. In the present work through a fabrication of yarn–yarn friction measurement, under a synchronized slow speed as that of actual fabric tearing (50 mm/min), has been carried out. After each wet processing stage, surface characteristics of yarns have been changed. Surface of yarns becomes smoother after finishing and rough after dyeing, which affects the co-efficient of friction of yarns, accordingly. Findings After each wet processing stage, the surface characteristics of yarns are changed. Surface structure of yarns becomes smooth after finishing and rough after dyeing, which affects the co-efficient of friction of yarns. For all the fabrics, the weft-way tearing strength is always higher than warp-way tearing strength. It is also observed that yarn pullout force is not the only responsible factor for tearing strength of such fabric. It is because of the combined action of yarn–yarn friction, yarn pullout force and single yarn strength for a given structure. Research limitations/implications A more extensive investigation with respect to concentration as well as further variety of chemicals requires to be identified for the optimum concentration level for each chemical. A mathematical model based on the three parameters as yarn–yarn co-efficient of friction, yarn pullout force and yarn strength for all woven fabric structure to achieve optimum strength level has been established which could be further extended for each fabric structures. Practical implications The problem has been identified from the day-to-day exercise of the commercial textile industry. The whole of the sample preparations have been done in the industry by using commercial machines under standard industrial conditions. The findings have been discussed and suitably introduced in the industry. Originality/value The whole of this paper has been unique in idea origination, sample preparation and execution of tests. The findings are very important for the researchers as well as for textile industry.

Effect of weft yarn twist level on thermal comfort of 100 per cent cotton woven fabrics

PurposeFabrics’ thermal properties greatly influence human comfort during wear. For this reason, fabrics with optimum thermal properties need to be developed. This paper aims to investigate the effect of weft yarn twist levels on thermal and surface properties of 100 per cent cotton woven fabrics.Design/methodology/approachFive types of plain woven cotton fabrics were manufactured using weft yarns with 900, 905, 910, 915 and 920 twists/meter (Tpm). The other parameters of the samples as count, thread density and fabric structures were kept constant. Fabric thermal properties were evaluated by measuring its thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, actual insulation, water permeability, air permeability and wicking ability. The fabric compression and surface properties were also evaluated because they contribute to the overall clothing comfort.FindingsThe results showed that actual insulation and thermal resistance property decreased with an increase in twists/meter of the weft yarn. However, thermal conductivity does not significantly change while fabric compression reduced with an increase in twist as the surface roughness increased.Originality/valueComfort is a fundamental requirement in human daily existence, and it is greatly influenced by clothing, which comes in close contact with the human skin. Fabrics’ thermal properties greatly influence human comfort during wear. For this reason, fabrics with optimum thermal properties need to be developed.

Pore size effect on one-way water-transport cotton fabrics

Fabrics with spontaneous one-way water transport property have received much attention in scientific and industrial communities in the recentyears. However, limited knowledge is available about how to control and adjust directional water transport capacity on fabrics. In this study, we have prepared one-way water transport fabrics using three plain-woven cotton fabrics, which have different pore sizes, as substrates. An electrospray technique was employed to deposit hydrophobic coating on one side of the fabrics. One-way water transport property was attained when the coating thickness was in the range of 9.0–23.9 μm. The fabric pore size was found to be a critical factor deciding the maximum one-way water transport capacity that can be achieved on the fabric. With the same coating thickness, the fabric with smaller pores showed larger one-way transport capacity. These novel results may be useful for designing high performance one-way water transport fabrics for various applications.

Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Different Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics

Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Different Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics

The influence of the type and concentration of oxidants on the dielectric constant of the polypyrrole-coated plain woven cotton fabric

The influences of the type and concentration of the oxidant on the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, the loss tangent, and the surface resistance of the polypyrrole-coated plain woven cotton fabric were investigated. Subsequently, exterior morphologies were analyzed. The results showed that the type and concentration of the oxidant had a major influence on the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, the loss tangent, and the surface resistance of the polypyrrole-coated plain woven cotton fabric. The composites showed good performance in terms of the dielectric properties, and conductivity. The ability of coupling is relatively good in the group whose molar ratio of the dosage of oxidant and pyrrole is 2:3. The dosage of oxidant has a major influence on the resistance of the polypyrrole-coated plain woven cotton fabric. When the initial molar ratio of the iron (III) chloride and pyrrole is 3:2, the value of the surface resistance is at its smallest, and the electrical conductivity is at its best.

Effect of Washing Conditions on Cleaning Action of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Hard Water

Abstract The effects of water hardness on textile detergency in aqueous linear dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) solutions were examined under various washing conditions. Plain-woven and towel cotton fabrics and plain-woven polyester fabric were soiled with a mixture of carbon black/oleic acid. The soiled fabrics were shake-washed in the LAS solution together with the original unsoiled fabrics. Surface reflectance measurements revealed that the soil removal and redeposition decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing water hardness. The identity of the mineral species (calcium or magnesium ions) in the hard water had no notable effect on the detergency. The addition of significant amounts of extra LAS did not fully compensate the reduction in detergency in hard water. Addition of softening agents and an alkali builder to the hard water limited the reduction in detergency, but the detergency was still lower than that in the absence of hardness salts. Moreover, a high wash temperature and repeated rinse procedure did not prevent the reduction in detergency in hard water. Finally, a washing test was carried out in hard water under the conditions considered to be effective for improving the detergent quality in hard water, based on the experimental results. The LAS detergency toward the cotton fabrics under these conditions was still poorer than that in the absence of hardness salts. We concluded that using soft wash water is the best choice for maximizing the cleaning power of detergents.

Macro-structured carbon clusters for developing waterproof, breathable conductive cotton fabric

Unique macro-structured carbon clusters are used to develop cost effective conductive cotton fabric. Nanoscale carbon particles are stabilized into macro-structured carbon black/polymer composite with the help of an aqueous solution of natural rubber latex, polyvinyl alcohol and other auxiliary additives. The ‘knife-over-roll’ technique is used to apply structured carbon black composite on the plain woven cotton fabric. The lowest resistivity level achieved by this process is less than 60 ± 5.4 Ohm/cm2, which is very much promising for developing cost-effective, waterproof, and breathable conductive fabric. Waterproofness up to 95 cm water head column and breathability up to 4400 g/m2/24 h is achieved simultaneously. The major ingredients of the blend composition are optimized to achieve the lowest level of the surface resistivity for modern smart textile applications. The surface topography is characterized by FESEM & AFM, and the tomography of the composite is realized by the micro-CT scan. The two-dimensional topography reveals that single as well as aggregates of 2–9 carbon black particles are bounded by the blended matrix to form the macro-structured carbon composite. The lowest impedance of 0.5 Ohm is observed to remain stable up to the frequency of 105 Hz of AC supply voltage.

Smart Conductive Cotton Fabric by Macro-Structured Carbon Clusters for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Exclusive macro-structured carbon clusters are used to develop conductive cotton fabric for electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Rubber grade carbon particles are stabilized into the clustered composite form using natural rubber latex, polyvinyl alcohol, and others additives. The knife-over-roll coating technique is used to apply conductive composite on the surface of the plain woven cotton fabric. The surface morphology of the coated fabric is characterized by FESEM, AFM & HRTEM. The tomography of the composite is investigated by the micro-CT scanning. The two-dimensional topography reveals that an individual and the aggregates of 2-9 carbon black particles are stabilized by the blended matrix to form the macro-structured carbon clusters. The electrical properties of the composites and their effectiveness as the electromagnetic interference (EMI22Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a disturbance caused by an external source that affects the performance of an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, conduction or electrostatic coupling. Electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI shielding) is the custom of surrounding electronic devices with a material sheet to protect against outgoing as well as incoming emissions of electromagnetic radiation. ‘Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMISE)’ is the measurement of the difference of the electromagnetic signal’s intensity before and after shielding.) shielding are studied in details. It is found that the fabric can shield EMI predominantly by absorption mechanism instead of reflection. The EMI shielding effectiveness of the coated fabric is estimated using S-parameters of a Vector Network Analyzer. The EMI shielding effectiveness of the fabric is observed to be proportionally increased with increasing carbon black loading in the composite as well as the thickness of the coated fabric in action.

Electro‐conductive cotton fabric prepared by electron beam induced graft polymerization and electroless deposition technology

ABSTRACTCotton fabric has been made electro‐conductive by electroless deposition of silver from its salt solution. Preparation process involved radical graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate monomer on plain woven cotton fabric using 10 kGy dose of electron beam irradiation, and then hydrazination of the epoxy ring of the monomer to introduce reducing agents into the fibre chemical structure. These reducing agents are sites for metal particle deposition. The chemical modifications were characterized by infrared spectroscopic studies. From X‐ray diffraction pattern analysis, the average size of these deposited silver metallic particles is 41 nm. These are observed as heterogeneous deposition on the fibre surface in scanning electron images. From thermogravimetric analysis, around 7.5% of the metal plated fabric weight is silver. The deposited silver nanoparticles make a conductive pathway through contact network, and this network brings a drop in average value of surface resistivity of the cotton fabric from 109 Ω/sq to 3.63 Ω/sq for the metallised fabric. Such prepared electro‐conductive fabric showed very good wash durability of electrical conductivity up to 15 washing cycles when carried out as per ISO‐105‐C10:2006 (E) test no. A (1) standard, indicating firm adherence of silver nanoparticles to the fabric surface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44576.

Carbonized Cotton Fabric for High‐Performance Wearable Strain Sensors

Recent years have witnessed the booming development of flexible strain sensors. To date, it is still a great challenge to fabricate strain sensors with both large workable strain range and high sensitivity. Cotton is an abundant supplied natural material composed of cellulose fibers and has been widely used for textiles and clothing. In this work, the fabrication of highly sensitive wearable strain sensors based on commercial plain weave cotton fabric, which is the most popular fabric for clothes, is demonstrated through a low‐cost and scalable process. The strain sensors based on carbonized cotton fabric exhibit fascinating performance, including large workable strain range (>140%), superior sensitivity (gauge factor of 25 in strain of 0%–80% and that of 64 in strain of 80%–140%), inconspicuous drift, and long‐term stability, simultaneously offering advantages of low cost and simplicity in device fabrication and versatility in applications. Notably, the strain sensor can detect a subtle strain of as low as 0.02%. Based on its superior performance, its applications in monitoring both vigorous and subtle human motions are demonstrated, showing its tremendous potential for applications in wearable electronics and intelligent robots.