Plain Woven Cotton Fabric Research Articles

Influence of Coating on the Poisson's Ratio of Woven Fabrics

Coated fabrics have complex composite structure whose mechanical properties are considerably improved in relation with the initial basic material. They are obtained by applying a certain number of coatings to raw fabrics. In this paper the practical application of uniaxial testing of coated fabrics for determining its breaking properties and Poisson’s ratio is presented. Due to the anisotropy of woven and coated fabrics, Poisson's ratio changes over the fabric sample stretching. Experimental testing were carried out on two samples of plain weave cotton fabrics. The fabrics were tested before coating, and after one, two and three coatings. Samples are stretched with tensile force in the weft and warp direction, and based on different measured values of fabric stretching, warp and weft Poisson's ratio is calculated. The values of tensile force and relative extension of coated fabrics were measured, and breaking force values, elongation at break, contractions at break.

A Study on Herbal Finish to Prevent Bed Sore Using Mangifera indica and Triphala Dried Fruit

“Bed sores” owe their name to the observation that patients who were bedridden and not properly repositioned would often develop ulcerations or sores on their skin, typically over bony prominences. These bed sores, which result from prolonged pressure, are also called “decubitus ulcers,” “pressure sores,” “skin breakdown,” and “pressure ulcers.” They are associated with adverse health outcomes and high treatment costs. This study focuses on developing herbal finish to prevent bed sores. For this purpose, functional finishing was utilized to produce a bedsore preventing fabric. Plain weave cotton fabric was dyed by using herbal extracts, dried, and then cured. Two samples in different ratios (1 : 2 and 2 : 1) of two herbal extracts (Mangifera indica and Triphala dried fruits) were prepared with and without binder (chitosan). Air permeability, wicking ability, Drop Test for absorbency, and antibacterial properties were examined for those samples. Based on the results, fabric dyed with Mangifera indica and Triphala dried fruits in the ratio of 2 : 1 with chitosan is determined as the most promising combination for the final product.

Process optimization of Aerva lanata extract treated textile material for microbial resistance in healthcare textiles

The focus of the present research work is on evaluation of the antimicrobial finished textile material from the extract of Aerva lanata plant and optimization of process parameters to get the maximum antimicrobial efficiency. The microencapsulated extracts of Aerva lanata plant (leaves and stalk) using citric acid as a cross linking agent were applied on plain-woven cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure method. The Aerva lanata extract treated fabric samples were tested for antibacterial activity against bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli under Agar diffusion test and AATCC 100–2004. It is observed that the treated cotton fabric shows a clear microbial resistance of about 19–25 mm zone of inhibition in the agar diffusion test against the above-mentioned bacterial strains. The treated samples showed 80 % of reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and 70 % reduction against Escherichia coli as per AATCC (100–2004). Process parameters like concentration of extract, citric acid and curing temperature were optimized using Box-Behnken design for better performance of antimicrobial treated material. The optimum values of 21.14 % extract concentration, 2.39 % crosslinking agent and 101.2 °C curing temperature were determined.

Predicting thermal resistance of cotton fabrics by artificial neural network model

This paper presents the prediction of thermal resistance of handloom cotton fabrics by artificial neural network models using four primary fabric construction parameters, i.e. ends per inch (EPI), picks per inch (PPI), warp count and weft count as the inputs. ANN model with seven nodes in the single hidden layer exhibited the overall best performance with coefficient of determination of 0.90 and 0.86 and mean absolute error of only 5.13% and 4.23% during training and testing respectively. The importance of fabric construction parameters on the thermal resistance of fabrics was also analyzed by the developed ANN model. Weft count, EPI and warp count were found to be the first three most important fabric constructional parameters in descending order of importance in predicting thermal resistance of plain woven cotton fabrics.

Amine salts-activated systems for one-step bleaching of cotton fabrics

In this paper triethanolamine salt-catalyzed sodium chlorite bleaching system was used to bleach plain weave cotton fabric in one step. Different triethanolamine salts, including those derived from organic acids and mineral acids were tried for activating sodium chlorite decomposition during the bleaching reaction. All bleaching trials were carried out keeping fixed sodium chlorite concentration. The concentration of triethanolamine hydrochloride, as an example for the triethanolamine salts was varied to show the effect of the activator concentration on the final fabric degree of whiteness. The optimum triethanolamine hydrochloride concentration, required for activating sodium chlorite decomposition was found to be 10mmol/l and based on that, this concentration was applied for other organic and inorganic triethanolamine salts to show the effect of nature of the activator on the final degree of whiteness. The results showed that salts prepared using mineral acids have activation potential better than those prepared using organic acids.

The removal of food fat based soils during the washing of fabrics

The removal of a deposition mass of 8.55±0.43mgcm−2 of lard from plain-weave cotton fabrics under controlled flow conditions has been investigated using water and a solution containing a non-ionic surfactant. Three distinct flow regimes of cross-flow, through-flow and a 2:1 combination of cross- and through-flow respectively have been studied at three cleaning agent temperatures of 10°C, 25°C and 40°C. The lard removal efficiency has been quantified using weighing and image analysis methods to determine the mass per unit area of lard in the treated region. The hydrodynamic resistance changes of the fouled samples have been monitored during the washing process.A time-dependent colour analysis has been shown to be an effective quantitative method of both showing the kinetics of mass removal and investigating mass re-distribution during cleaning.Computational fluid dynamic simulations have been used to investigate the shear rate distribution on the yarn surface during the flow conditions selected.Results demonstrate that effective removal of lard from fabrics at low temperatures requires a combination of chemical, physical and hydraulic factors as hydrodynamic flow alone is insufficient to ensure complete removal. Trends in hydraulic resistance changes due to fabric swelling during cleaning are also reported.

Predicting Air Permeability of Handloom Fabrics: A Comparative Analysis of Regression and Artificial Neural Network Models

This paper presents a comparative analysis of two modeling methodologies for the prediction of air permeability of plain woven handloom cotton fabrics. Four basic fabric constructional parameters namely ends per inch, picks per inch, warp count and weft count have been used as inputs for artificial neural network (ANN) and regression models. Out of the four regression models tried, interaction model showed very good prediction performance with a meager mean absolute error of 2.017 %. However, ANN models demonstrated superiority over the regression models both in terms of correlation coefficient and mean absolute error. The ANN model with 10 nodes in the single hidden layer showed very good correlation coefficient of 0.982 and 0.929 and mean absolute error of only 0.923 and 2.043 % for training and testing data respectively.

Assessing the Suitability of Woven Fabric and Composite Textile Techniques for Mural Production

This art studio experimental study explored the suitability of woven cotton fabric as alternative material for creating pictorial designs for murals based on the batik, tie-and-dye, screen printing, appliqué and embroidery techniques in textiles. While painted and sculpted murals abound in Ghana, the study found textile murals a seemingly unknown art form. The experiments proved that plain woven mercerized cotton and damask fabrics are good materials for creating pictorial designs for textile murals. With the exception of the tie-dye technique which generates undefined pictorial designs, the batik, screen printing, appliqué and embroidery techniques yield significantly well-defined designs for producing textile murals. Displaying the textile murals in dry, airy places prevents fungal attack and easy deterioration which ensures a long shelf life for the murals.Keywords: Cotton; fabric; textiles technique; pictorial design; mural.

A study of the antimicrobial property of encapsulated copper oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabric

Among the diverse fields of application of technical textiles, which are poised for tremendous growth in fast-developing economies such as India and China, non-implantable healthcare and hygiene products are assuming significant importance because of the specificity of their end uses. Today, the healthcare industry is increasingly concerned with the exposure and transference of various microorganisms that are commonly present in the atmosphere. Studies have been carried out in the present work to fine-tune the properties of copper oxide nanoparticles for special applications. Using copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent, the copper oxide nanoparticles were prepared by a wet chemical method. The copper oxide nanoparticles were microencapsulated by an ionic gelation method and applied to plain weave cotton fabric by exhaustion as the first step, and in the second step by the pad—dry—cure method. The antibacterial property of the coated fabric was determined quantitatively and qualitatively using AATCC 100 and 147 test methods, respectively. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and physical and chemical characterization were employed to study the phase and morphology of the nanoparticles. The results indicate that the coated fabric has high antibacterial efficiency. The nanoparticles synthesized in this work have an average size of 50 nm, and the physical and chemical properties of the treated fabric are markedly different from those of the untreated fabric. Insights into copper oxide encapsulated coated fabric prove their efficacy against microbes and hence can be used in the manufacture of medical apparel.

The effect of humidity, fabric surface geometry and dye type on the colour of cotton fabrics dyed with a select range of anionic dyes

Twill and plain woven bleached cotton fabrics were dyed with a trichromatic set of dyes, C.I. Direct Red 243, C.I. Direct Yellow 106, C.I. Direct Blue 85 individually, with different combinations of these dyes and also with C.I. Reactive Red 24. Dyed fabrics were subsequently conditioned at 0, 25, 45, 65 and 85% relative humidity levels to study the effect of various atmospheric humidity levels, expressed by moisture content, on the colour of substrates. A mass balance was performed and dye uptake by the fabric was normalized based on the mass and size of the substrate to minimise error when determining the effect of moisture and fabric surface geometry on colour. Variations in colour between conditioned samples were assessed using two methods: the Δ E ∗ cmc colour difference equation and the summative Kubelka–Munk function. For the same amount of dye present on fabrics, due to increased effective surface area, twill structures exhibited higher increases in their depth of colour than plain woven substrates for any of the relative humidity levels examined. The findings reveal that the moisture absorbed by the fabric from the environment, and fabric geometry, significantly affect fabrics apparent colour and the effect is more pronounced at higher humidity levels.

Antimicrobial activity of cotton and silk fabric with herbal extract by micro encapsulation

Objective To explore the antimicrobial activity of microcapsules encapsulated with mixture of herbs like neem, tulsi and turmeric, and its application on cellulosic fabric in the form of microcapsules. Methods The microcapsules were prepared from the mixture of herbs by plain diffusion method, a natural encapsulation technique with yeast and applied on cotton and silk fabric by pad-dry-cure method. The microcapsules were fixed on cotton and silk fabric using the binder UF Silpure FBR-5(PA)B at 120 °C. The antimicrobial activities of the finished fabric were assessed by using three types of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas. Results The results of antimicrobial activity from the tests including parallel streak method and disc diffusion method showed that activity of the mixture of herbs was very effective among the three types of bacteria selected, and the antimicrobial activity of prepared microcapsule against Pseudomonas was very good. Conclusions The herbal microcapsule treated fabric could be applied in the field of medicine. The scanning electron microscope photographs ensure the fixing of the microcapsules firmly in the yarn structure of plain woven cotton and silk fabric.

Effects of Various Home Laundering Practices on the Dimensional Stability, Wrinkling, and Other Properties of Plain Woven Cotton Fabrics

For a systematic study of the effect of laundering on plain woven cotton fabrics, specimens of poplin and sheeting fabrics (with and without a DMDHEU wrinkle resistant finish) are laundered under regimes designed to evaluate the effect of five common home laundering variables: use of detergent, rinse cycle softener, or tumble sheet softener. different drying methods, and different tumble drying times. The experimental method ology and the effect of using detergent were reported in Part I of this series. To reduce the cost and time involved in this and future investigations, the reproducibility of results from repeated but otherwise identical wash loads was evaluated and reported in Part I. Length and width shrinkage, skewness, wrinkling, mass of whole specimen, area density, and warp and weft yarn diameters were determined in Part I using standard test methods. Suitable statistical techniques and analysis are used throughout the study. The effects of fabric structure and an anti-wrinkle finish on the dependent variables are also studied.

Effects of Various Home Laundering Practices on the Dimensional Stability Wrinkling, and Other Properties of Plain Woven Cotton Fabrics

As part of an ongoing research program on the effects of laundering on plain woven cotton fabrics, specimens of poplin and sheeting fabrics with and without a DMDHEU wrinkle resistant finish are laundered under regimes designed to evaluate the effect of five common home laundering variables: use of detergent, rinse cycle softener, or tumble sheet softener, different drying methods, and different tumble drying times. To reduce the cost and time involved in this and future investigations, the reproducibility of results from repeated but otherwise identical wash loads is also evaluated. Length and width shrinkage, skewness, wrinkling, mass of whole specimen, area density, and warp and weft yarn diameters are determined using the appropriate standard test methods. The effects of fabric structure and application of an anti-wrinkle finish on the dependent variables are also studied.

Effect of Tumble-drying on Selected Properties of Knitted and Woven Cotton Fabrics: Part I: Experimental Overview and the Relationship between Temperature Setting, Time in the Dryer and Moisture Content

Specimens of a plain-woven cotton fabric and a plain single-jersey weft-knitted fabric were washed and then tumble-dried for predetermined periods of time under three different temperature settings. Length and width shrinkage, wrinkling, mass of whole specimen, and warp and weft yarn diameters were determined by using the appropriate standard test methods. Tbe interdependence of moisture content, temperature setting and time in tbe tumble dryer is reported in Part I of tis series of papers. Their effects on the dimensional stability and appearance of both knitted and woven cotton fabrics are reported in Part II of tis series. It is demonstrated that temperature setting in the tumble dryer had no effect on shrinkage. The increased exposure to agitation that occurred in tumble-drying under a low temperature setting had no effect on shrinkage. Low temperature setting and prolonged exposure to agitation were, however, slightly beneficial to tbe appearance of tbe plain-woven cotton fabric used.

Effect of Tumble-drying on Selected Properties of Knitted and Woven Cotton Fabrics: Part II: Effect of Moisture Content, Temperature Setting, and Time in Dryer on Cotton Fabrics

Specimens of a plain-woven cotton fabric and a plain single-jersey weft-knitted cotton fabric were washed and then tumble-dried for predetermined periods of time under three different temperature settings. Length and width shrinkage, wrinkling, mass of the whole specimen, and warp and weft yarn diameters were determined by using the appropriate standard test methods. The interdependence of moisture content, temperature setting, and time in the tumble dryer was reported in Part I of this series. In Part II, their effects on the dimensional stability and appearance of both knitted and woven cotton fabrics are reported. It is demonstrated that temperature setting in tbe tumble dryer bad no effect on shrinkage. The increased exposure to agitation that occurred in tumble-drying under a low temperature setting had no effect on shrinkage. Low temperature setting and prolonged exposure to agitation were, however, slightly beneficial to the appearance of the plain-woven cotton fabric used.

Spectral Analysis of the Yarn-pullout Force from Plain-weave Fabric

Thread interaction at the warp and weft crossing points of a tensioned fabric is an important aspect of the mechanical properties of the fabric. In this paper, a new approach to measuring changes in thread interaction at the crossing points due to fabric structure and yarn irregularity is discussed. This has been achieved by analyzing thread-pullout behavior from a plain-woven cotton fabric by using an autospectral-density function. It is demonstrated that the nature of the stick-slip motion of the dynamic frictional force of a pulled-out thread is periodic and depends on the fabric construction (warp and weft spacing). The thread-pullout test was also used (on the warp threads only) to investigate the effect of weft-yarn irregularity on the thread-pullout characteristics. It was observed that there is high correlation between warp-pullout force (static and dynamic), the intensity of thread interaction at the crossing points, the strength of fabric in the warp direction, and the weft-yarn irregularity. This new method is important for a quantitative study of the intensity-generating mechanism of thread interactions within the fabric.

Fourier Transform Analysis of Plain Weave Fabric Appearance

Protruding yarns influence a fabric's properties and its end use. This paper discusses a new approach to measuring fabric appearance objectively using image processing techniques by Fourier transform analysis. Characteristics of the fabric surface such as directionality, density of yarns protruding from the fabric body, and periodicity of weft and warp yams (yarn spacing) for plain-weave cotton fabric are discussed. The protruding yarn density obtained in this study correlates with those from previous work by spectral analysis of dynamic friction in the fabric surface. This new approach is regarded as a useful method for estimating protruding yam density on fabric surfaces. Through the angular Fourier power spectrum, changes in protruding yarns due to wear are evaluated for yarns spun by different systems such as air-jet, core-spun, open- end, carded, and combed.

Spectral Analysis of the Stick-Slip Motion of Dynamic Friction in the Fabric Surface

We have studied the influence of fabric structure on the stick-slip motion of dynamic frictional force. Autospectral density function analysis demonstrates that the nature of stick-slip motion is periodic and depends on fabric construction. Warp, weft density, and yam irregularity affect stick-slip data and can be objectively measured using an automated apparatus for plain woven cotton fabric. One observation is that the stick- slip motion also depends on lateral shifting, where the yams protruding from the body of the fabric are repeatedly stretched and released during sliding of a sled under normal load on the fabric surface. We have investigated the effects of fabric structure on stick- slip motion as a function of weft density using perspex-over-fabric friction.

Effect of a Softening Agent on Yarn Pull-out Force of a Plain Weave Fabric

This paper describes a study of the effect of a cationic softening agent on the processes involved in pulling out a single warp yarn from a plain weave cotton fabric. In par ticular, measurements are made of the pull-out force and the corresponding yarn and fabric deformations, and these parameters are compared with those observed on un treated fabric. These forces and weave deformation data are combined using a simple model to provide estimates of the weave's shear stiffness and a single yarn's tensile stiffness in the weave. In addition these data uniquely attribute the maximum pull- out force to the rupture of one crossover and the subsequent decrease in pull-out force to a sliding friction per crossover. The conclusion is that the treatment reduces the yarn tensile "modulus" in the weave, the interyam adhesion, and the interyam sliding friction, and it increases the deformability as well as the recoverability of the fabric.

Effects of Finishing with the Modified Polysiloxane on the Static Frictional Force of Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics

Effects of Finishing with the Modified Polysiloxane on the Static Frictional Force of Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics