Plain View Research Articles

Cruising in Plain View: Clandestine Surveillance and the Unique Insights of Antihomosexual Policing

The mid-twentieth century witnessed a boom in policing against homosexual cruising, the practitioners of which relied on a set of robust defense tactics to avoid detection by strangers. Frustrated by the difficulties of catching suspected cruisers, police departments developed a variety of surreptitious, deeply intrusive surveillance tactics for monitoring public bathrooms. Yet while necessitated by the insularity of modern cruising culture, these surveillance tactics were legitimized in court partly through judges’ very skepticism of that culture. Weighing the utility of clandestine surveillance against its intrusion on innocent citizens, judges frequently justified surveillance by characterizing cruisers as sexual predators eager to expose themselves to innocent victims. From inception to conviction, the utility of clandestine surveillance thus depended partly on an epistemic lag between the arms of the criminal justice system: a disconnect between the police’s sensitivity to contemporary homosexual practices and judges’ continuing insistence on an older paradigm of perverse predation.

“Django’s Tiger”: From Jazz to Jazz Manouche

Not long ago, I saw an online amateur video of the French guitarists Adrien Moignard (b. 1985) and Sebastien Giniaux (b. 1981), who are two of the leading players of the genre known as (or gypsy jazz) (Moignard and Giniaux 2010). They had been filmed in 2010 at the French village of Samois-sur-Seine during its annual Festival Django Reinhardt. Seated outdoors at sunset, closely encircled by throngs of festival-goers, the two musicians were performing a composition called Django's Tiger by the festival's dedicatee, the guitarist Django Reinhardt (1910-53). Midway through a breakneck virtuosic solo, Moignard insistently reiterated several high B-naturals, halfway down his guitar's neck, before launching decisively into a four-bar phrase, high up the fretboard. A more tentative, indistinct arpeggiation followed. And then, for a fleeting instant, he stopped playing, his left hand slack against the instrument. After scrambling through another rapid arpeggiation, his left fingers only grazing the strings, Moignard fully reconnected physically with his guitar and confidently concluded the chorus. I laughed. It seemed to me that this was not merely the sort of everyday stumble that adventuresome, risk-taking improvisers inevitably make from time to time. Moignard was paraphrasing a melodic passage that Reinhardt had improvised on a recording years ago, but it did not work out as deftly as it had for Django. Its harmonic context was different, for reasons that were far from trivial. In fact, it occurred to me that this near-imperceptible musical disruption encapsulated an epistemological contradiction within an entire musical genre inspired by a single musician. It embodied the disjunction between the real historical figure of Django Reinhardt and his own posthumous legacy. Before proceeding, it's worth mentioning that, ever since I first heard his recordings during the early 1980s, I have always thought of Django Reinhardt as a jazz musician. In the last three decades, however, the world has changed, and with the recent emergence of the jazz manouche genre, many musicians and listeners now see him in an altogether new light. Moignard and Giniaux's videotaped performance motivated me to gingerly begin to explore this new genre, and to try to understand how, and why, many people today think of Reinhardt's place in music and in history quite differently from the way I do-or, at least, used to. To that end, I set out to take stock of published literature by journalists and music scholars, to analyze recordings, and to observe and interview some professional and amateur players. The project has brought into sharper focus certain common misapprehensions, originating in a persistent essentialist racial ideology, concerning both Reinhardts musical identity and jazz manouche's history and aesthetics. It has also raised interrelated questions about how musical genres take root and evolve, how music history is written, and how, in both instances, past realities can be effaced by present-day artistic, social, and political concerns. These questions are not solely theoretical; from time to time, glimpses of truth burst into plain view, even if only evanescently, hurtling across the frets of a guitar. Django Reinhardt in the Jazz World Today widely regarded as the first European to become a major influential jazz musician, Django Reinhardt was born, not long before World War I, in the Belgian village of Liberchies to a family of Manouche Romanies (gypsies). (1) Like most Romanies, the Manouche trace their roots to Northern India; they have lived peripatetically in Northwestern Europe since at least the late fifteenth century (Williams 1998, 7-8). Reinhardt, who spent most of his life in France, began his professional musical career during the early-to-mid 1920s as a banjo-guitarist playing musette music in Parisian cafes and cabarets (Delaunay 1961, 40-42; Dregni 2004, 25-33). Around 1930, after recovering from a severe hand injury that almost derailed his career, he adopted the acoustic steel-stringed guitar as his main instrument and began playing the popular music, African American in origin, known as jazz. …

‘NO OUTLET’: a critical visual analysis of neoliberal narratives in mediated geographies

This article turns to Miami, Florida’s (USA) Upper Eastside – an eclectic stretch of about 20 city blocks in one of the nation’s ‘global cities’ – for a critical visual analysis that uses mapping and photography to explore how neoliberalism is communicated. With an approach that considers geography as a visual ‘vernacular landscape’, this research further supports the role of visual communication as a means to reveal deeper meanings of geography, particularly in terms of identifying ideological qualities of the neoliberal project that are often hidden in plain view. The authors’ photographs and maps supply data for this article, which are then read through the process of ‘geosemiotics’.

A Children's History of (Native) America: The Tales of Peter Parley, about America

A Children's History of (Native) America:The Tales of Peter Parley, about America Gina Marie Ocasion (bio) I hope my little readers will learn this story, so that they can tell it all without the book. Peter Parley1 In 1830 the Indian Removal Act passed the Jackson White House, forcing indigenous peoples of the Southeast into territories west, past the Mississippi River. The act came into being after years of legislative debates over Indian treaties, projecting onto the river all the significations of a political border–a physical division between nations and races. In one of many examples, James Barbour in a House debate in 1828 argues "that the plan of collecting the Indians on suitable lands West of the Mississippi, contains the elements of their preservation," thus embedding the river in a legal codification of removal, exclusion, and oppression.2 The legal adoption of this racial boundary concretized the building anxieties surrounding a definable American identity. Americanness in this moment is best understood by what it denies and pushes "far west over the mountains" or deep into the South.3 Jacqueline Rose points to this emphasis on territory in her seminal text, The Case of Peter Pan: Or the Impossibility of Children's Fiction (1984), when she aptly notes, "in the still 'childlike' state of American civilization, history could be read directly off the land (history based on geography), whereas if you were after the cultural origins of England, then you had to dig for them."4 In this moment, Rose draws [End Page 51] out a connection between the "child" nation and a readable landscape, arguing that American historical narratives are written on the surface, in plain view. There is a way in which histories for children echo in this articulation of nation and narrative: boldly didactic, laboring over a naturalized representation. This reliance on geographies of containment and exclusion are understood as a fantasy. Native peoples endured east of the Mississippi. The contact zones created by such ideological separations complicated an already paradoxical narrative of American experience.5 The narrative is paradoxical in that the desire to see immaterial ideologies of white supremacist, patriarchal, heteronormative Americanness physically constructed requires the embodied representation of what lies outside this figuration. Taking up this unsettled national territory and unstable national identity, this essay will look to a popular children's history, uncovering a process of interpellation into a national body defined by the "material and metaphoric resonances" of racial borders.6 Indeed, the nuances of geographic borders and racialized identities are compounded in this study by childhood as a conceptually bordered space of extended leisure and constant development. In 1827 Samuel G. Goodrich published the first of what was to be a wildly successful series, The Tales of Peter Parley, about America. Selling upwards of seven million copies, engaging canonical authors, and "exert[ing] immense influence over American audiences," Goodrich's Parley occupied a powerful place in the antebellum nineteenth century.7 In the space of twenty-seven years, he published seventy-eight books in this series, and many of them have multiple editions. By virtue of this incredible permeation in early America, these children's books are a site of significant cultural work. Indeed, when Nathaniel Hawthorne and his sister, Elizabeth, were famously compelled to write under Goodrich's name, they collaborated on Peter Parley's Universal History on the Basis of Geography (1837). Taking the job for a meager profit, "evidently, Hawthorne accepted the assignment because he regarded the work as relatively easy. In explaining the project to Elizabeth, he observed, 'It need not be superiour [sic], in profundity and polish, to the middling Magazine articles' (XV: 245)."8 While Hawthorne considered it a trivial project at best, Peter Parley's Universal History was quickly adopted by U.S. schools and sold over one million copies.9 Taken up in both schools and homes as an authority in children's education, the Peter Parley series was a common companion for American youths. The historical records indicating Peter Parley sales and the common reference to this character in the antebellum nineteenth century, including an approval by Lydia Sigourney, affirms the ubiquitous presence of these texts in children...

The Cicada Shell, from The Tale of Genji

The Cicada Shell, from The Tale of Genji Lady Murasaki Shikibu (bio) Translated by Charles De Wolf (bio) "Never before have I been so rebuffed!" his Lordship lamented, unable to sleep. "This night I have come to know the cruel nature of the world, and the humiliation is such that I wonder how I may endure." The tears shed by the boy lying beside him only added to his charm. Small and slender, with hair that was not so very long, he bore a poignant resemblance to that other figure his Lordship had held and caressed. Well aware that further pursuit would be most unseemly, his Lordship resigned himself to brooding away the nocturnal hours and sent the youth on no more errands. While it was still dark, he arose and departed, leaving the boy quite forlorn. The lady was not without her own bitter regrets, as there came from his Lordship not a single word. She was not indifferent to his disappointment, and the thought that, with cool-headed resolve he had put an end to his quest, weighed upon her no less than the fear that he would resume his recklessness. Even as she hoped that the entire incident was now behind her, she, too, found herself pensive and restless. As much as his Lordship sought to convince himself that she was hardly a woman with whom he should be concerned, pride alone prevented him from putting her out of his mind. He again turned to the boy: "My misery would be so much less if I came to terms with this debacle, and yet I cannot bear to do so. Go now and find some means by which I may meet her." The task would be daunting, but the lad was pleased to be so honored. He had been waiting in childlike eagerness for an opportunity, when the Governor of Kii was summoned to his province, thereby opening, most conveniently, a penumbral path to the ladies the governor had left behind. The boy took it upon himself to bring his Lordship there in his own carriage. His master might well have fretted about putting himself in the hands of one so young, but there was no time for delay and so, disguised in casual apparel, he hastily went along, anxious to arrive before the closing of the gates. They passed through a little-used entrance, whereupon the boy alighted. To the boy's relief, the men on guard took him for a mere child and showed neither suspicion nor solicitude. He bade his Lordship to wait next to the twin doors at the east side, while he himself went to the south corner and called out in a loud voice, pounding on the shutters before going inside. [End Page 89] "Oh, you are leaving us all exposed to view!" cried one of the women. "Why have you lowered the shutters on such a warm evening?" he replied. "The lady of the west wing has been visiting here since noon. Their ladyships are engaged in Go." Eager for a glimpse, his Lordship stealthily followed in the boy's footsteps and quietly slipped in between a gap in the blinds. The shutters were still open, with a screen immediately before his Lordship folded back. Facing west, he could see that the curtains that should have been in place as a further precaution were instead draped over their stands, perhaps because of the heat, so that all was in plain view. The women were sitting near a lamp, so his Lordship could distinguish there, where she was reclining beside the central pillar, the profile of the one he took to be his heart's desire. She was dressed in what seemed to be twilled undergarments of deep lavender, with a less clearly visible outer robe. Narrow-headed and slender of frame, she was of a demure and modest appearance. Even from her companion she seemed to be concealing her face; except when placing stones on the board, she kept her hands well within her sleeves. The lady's opponent was facing east, thereby giving his Lordship an un - obstructed view of her. Over a white undergarment of gossamer, she wore...

PETER LOMBARD, STEPHEN LANGTON, AND THE SCHOOL OF PARIS THE MAKING OF THE TWELFTH-CENTURY SCHOLASTIC BIBLICAL TRADITION

This study documents the discovery of Peter Lombard's long-thought-to-be-lost lectures on the Old Testament, which were hidden in plain view in the Old Testament lectures of Stephen Langton, who lectured on the Lombard's lectures. The presence in the Lombard's lectures on Genesis of the logical theory of supposition, the single greatest advance in logical theory during the High Middle Ages, means that those lectures not only postdate the Sentences but also represent the beginning of a radical advance in speculative theology that would continue to develop through the end of the High Middle Ages. This means in turn that lectures on the Bible from the 1150s to 1200, and in particular those of the School of Paris, headed by Peter Lombard, play a central role in one of the greatest speculative developments — logical, philosophical, and theological — of the Middle Ages.

What we see when we digitize pain: The risk of valorizing image-based representations of fibromyalgia over body and bodily experience.

Fibromyalgia is chronic pain of unknown etiology, attended by fatigue and affective dysfunction. Unapparent to the unpracticed eye or diagnostic image, it is denied the status of “real” suffering given to visually confirmable disorders. It is my customary mode of existence: a contingent landscape of swinging bridges that may or may not give way, everything a potential threat or deprivation. I don’t express it within the framework of acute pain, but I am evaluated by traditional biomedical standards anyway.Ultimately, the diagnostic image of pain, and the medical and academic discourse used to interpret it, determines my functionality. Such a stance dismisses bodily senses and alternate ways of knowing in pursuit of the ocularcentric objectivity promised by digital health technologies, whose vision remains chained to the interpretive, discursive strategies of human operators and interpreters.A new poetics of pain is critical not only for rewriting the dominant metaphors that construct and delimit our imaginings of pain but also for rewiring the use and reading of digital technologies, wherein the digital image becomes the new site of the hermeneutic exercise, even when the suffering body lies in plain view. This facilitates a failure to listen and touch in patient care, and the imposition of a narrative based on visual evidence, translated into sanitized language, at the cost of intercorporeality.If pain strips sufferers of a voice, my body and its affects should be allowed to speak.

Optimized Video Tracking for Automated Vehicle Turning Movement Counts

This paper proposes a new method for automatically counting vehicle turning movements based on video tracking, expanding on previous work on optimization of parameters for road user trajectory extraction and on automated trajectory clustering. The counting method is composed of three main steps: an automated tracker that extracts vehicle trajectories from video data, an automated trajectory clustering algorithm, and an optimization algorithm. The proposed method was applied to obtain turning movement counts in three typical traffic engineering case studies in Canada representing industry-type conditions. These exhibited varying levels of tracking difficulty, ranging from a single-lane off-ramp to a six-movement intersection with a stop and a right-turn channel. Because of a limitation of the data set, giving flows per movement and not per lane, all sites were chosen with a single lane per movement. The 3-h morning peak period was used in the case studies. The results show an average weighted generalization error of 12% for more than 3,700 vehicles automatically analyzed for more than 8 h of video, ranging from 9.5% to 19.5%. The generalization error is on average 8.6% (and as low as 6.0% per movement) for the 3,084 uninterrupted vehicles that are in plain view of the camera. This paper describes in detail the methodology used and discusses the factors that affect counting performance and how to improve counting accuracy in further research.

Performance error-related activity in monkey striatum during social interactions.

Monitoring our performance is fundamental to motor control while monitoring other’s performance is fundamental to social coordination. The striatum is hypothesized to play a role in action selection, action initiation, and action parsing, but we know little of its role in performance monitoring. Furthermore, the striatum contains neurons that respond to own and other’s actions. Therefore, we asked if striatal neurons signal own and conspecific’s performance errors. Two macaque monkeys sitting across a touch-sensitive table in plain view of each other took turns performing a simple motor task to obtain juice rewards while we recorded single striatal neurons from one monkey at a time. Both monkeys made more errors after individually making an error but made fewer errors after a conspecific error. Thus, monkeys’ behavior was influenced by their own and their conspecific’s past behavior. A population of striatal neurons responded to own and conspecific’s performance errors independently of a negative reward prediction error signal. Overall, these data suggest that monkeys are influenced by social errors and that striatal neurons signal performance errors. These signals might be important for social coordination, observational learning and adjusting to an ever-changing social landscape.

Re-inventing Shakespeare: his methods of inventio and a new ‘Shakespearean’ play called Bennelong

Most Renaissance grammar schoolboys would have been trained in a tripartite process of rhetorical composition – inventio, dispositio and elocutio – yet there has been an incorrect tendency to analyse only Shakespeare’s application of rhetorical figures as Shakespeare’s application of rhetoric. Rhetorical figures concern only the third and final method of composition, elocutio, and whilst methods of inventio (discovering arguments) and dispositio (arranging those arguments) seem more ideational than they do textual, we should not exclude the prospect of finding evidence for Shakespeare’s applications of inventio methods in his work. This paper will introduce the still-emerging field of Shakespeare’s inventio and the strategies I have developed to find evidence for this part of Shakespeare’s creative process – evidence that I suggest is hiding in plain view, camouflaged, as it were, before our every eyes. I will argue that Shakespeare’s use of inventio methods conforms to Cicero’s treatise on rhetorical invention, and present three analyses of Shakespeare’s application of the topics: notatio, contraries, and definitions. I will then illustrate the practical applications of inventio methods by demonstrating how I have re-applied these findings to my own blank verse drama called Bennelong, which aims to achieve a ‘Shakespearean’ aesthetic.

A Secure Pin Authentication Method against Shoulder Surfing Attacks

Users normally tend to reuse the same personalized identification number (PIN) for multiple applications. Direct PIN entries are highly susceptible to shoulder-surfing attacks as attackers can effectively capture user's PIN entry number with the help of concealed cameras. Indirect PIN entry methods proposed as counter measures are rarely deployed because they demand a heavier cognitive workload for users. To achieve fool-proof security and usability, a practical indirect PIN entry method called SteganoPIN is proposed. The human- machine interface of SteganoPIN comprises two numerical keypads: one shielded or hidden and the other exposed, designed specifically to physically thwart and protect against shoulder-surfing attacks. After locating a long-term PIN in the more usual layout, through the covered permuted keypad, a user generates a one-time password that can safely be entered in plain view of attackers. This enables the user to establish a secure transaction by means of a mobile app to the server by implementing the SteganoPIN method using multi-touch concept that is based on independent variable PIN entry system (Standard PIN, SteganoPIN). The main objective of the project is to create an android application for coping with shoulder-surfing attacks using multi-touch concept in SteganoPIN method. Only after the user PIN entered in the shuffled keypad matches with that of the static keypad, the authentication is then confirmed.Thus, this method allows the user to perform a safe banking transaction through multi-touch SteganoPIN concept. By this method, when the user details are sent to the bank server, a unique MAC id is generated, which should match the user's PIN and MAC id registered in the bank. There are two keypads: static and challenged (or) shuffled key pads; the challenged keypad becomes visible only if the proximity sensor senses the user's cup-shaped hand gesture.

Testing the role of Michelson contrast for the perception of surface lightness

It is still an unresolved question how the visual system perceives surface lightness given the ambiguity of the sensory input signal. We studied lightness perception using two-dimensional images of variegated checkerboards shown as perspective projections of three-dimensional objects. We manipulated the contrast of a target check relative to its surround either by rendering the image under different viewing conditions or by introducing noncoincidental changes of the reflectance of the surfaces adjacent to the target. We examined the predictive power of the normalized contrast model (Zeiner & Maertens, 2014) for the different viewing conditions (plain view vs. dark and light transparency) as well as for the noncoincidental surround changes (only high or only low reflectances in the surround). The model accounted for lightness matches across different viewing conditions but not for the surround changes. The observed simultaneous contrast effects were smaller than what would be predicted by the model. We evaluated two model extensions that-both relying on contrast-predicted the observed data well. Both model extensions point to the importance of contrast statistics across space and/or time for the computation of lightness, but it awaits future testing to evaluate whether and how the visual system could represent such statistics.

Effect of Body-Worn Cameras on EMS Documentation Accuracy: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Current Emergency Medical Services (EMS) documentation practices usually occur from memory after an event is over. While this practice is fairly standard, it is unclear if it can introduce significant error. Modern technology has seen the increased use of recorded video by society to more objectively document notable events. Stationary mounted cameras, cell-phone cameras, and law enforcement officer Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) are increasingly used by society for this purpose. Video used in this way can often clarify or contradict recall from memory. BWCs are currently not widely used by EMS. The hypothesis is that current EMS documentation practices are inaccurate and that BWCs will have a positive effect on documentation accuracy. Methods: This prospective, observational study used a convenience sample of paramedics in a simulation lab. The Paramedics wore a BWC and responded to a simulated call of “One Down” (unresponsive from heroin abuse) involving Role Players (RPs). The paramedics received standardized cues from the RPs during the simulation to keep it on track. The simulation contained many factors of concern (e.g., weapons and drugs in plain view, unattended minors, etc.) and intentional stressors (e.g., distraught family member, uncooperative patient, etc.). Upon completion of the scenario, paramedic documentation occurred from memory on an electronic template. After initial documentation, paramedics viewed their BWC recording and were allowed to make tabulated changes. Changes were categorized by a priori criteria as minor, moderate, or major. Results: Ten paramedics participated with an average age of 33.3 years (range 22–43), 8 males and 2 females. The average length of paramedic career experience was 7.7 years (range 2 months to 20 years). There were 71 total documentation changes (7 minor, 51 moderate, 13 major) made after video review. Linear regression (ANCOVA) indicated changes made indirectly correlated with years of experience (coefficient 8.27, 4.22–12.3, 95% CI, p = 0.002), but all made some changes. Conclusion: Current EMS documentation practices demonstrate significant inaccuracy regardless of years of experience. Use of BWC technology appears to significantly improve EMS documentation accuracy in this pilot study.

Matching the Material of Transparent Objects: The Role of Background Distortions.

It has been proposed that the visual system is able to estimate the refractive index of thick transparent objects from background distortions caused by them. More specifically, it was hypothesized that this is done based on a mid-level cue, the distortion field, whose computation from the input requires comparing the part of the background seen through the object with the part visible in plain view. We test two predictions derived from this hypothesis: (a) scene variables that do not change the distortion field, for instance, the density of the background texture, should not systematically influence the subjects’ settings in a material matching task. (b) The uncertainty of the estimates should increase sharply, if the part of the background texture in plain view is removed. Our results are not compatible with these two predictions but are completely in line with the alternative interpretation that the subjects maximized the similarity of the distorted background textures on the image level. Additional results indicate that subjects can take relations between the distorted and the undistorted background into account if this is encouraged by the experimental design, but they do this in a simplistic way that is inappropriate to estimate the refractive index.

Conjuring Pasts and Ethnographic Presents in Zora Neale Hurston's Modernity

Abstract Although history suggests that conjure is a practice hidden from plain view, Zora Neale Hurston's ethnographies unearthed the pervasive and varied ways Black people throughout the diaspora—and Black women especially—used conjure to create a new reality or to disrupt the existing one. In this essay, we revisit Hurston's ethnographic and folkloric study Mules and Men to consider the question: What does it mean for Black women in America to conjure in modernity? We use ethnographic examinations of two contemporary locales—one of Florida's fantasy corridors and the South Carolina lowcountry—to unearth how contemporary Black women draw from the conjure tradition Hurston documented eighty years ago. When viewed through Hurston's ethnographic history, contemporary Black women's richly layered conjure practices disrupt the widely destructive effects of modernity.

Comparative Study of Wood Consumption in Structures of Concrete Roof

Several factors suggest wood use in construction field and, among them, highlight mentioned material’s versatility and availability, widely used in roof structures. In some situations, carpenters are responsible for implementing these structures and are almost never designed according to normative precepts. This study shows relation between timber volume and construction area (in plain view) with concrete roof structures and spans ranging from 8 to 14 meters, with bolted connections, relative to C30 strength class, from standard ABNT NBR 7190 recommendations. Based on these values, it is presented a comparison about consumption usually obtained by active technical professionals in Sinop - Mato Grosso State, Brazil, from a study case of a shed in Forest Park of Sinop. Results show a mean consumption of 0.025 m<SUP>3</SUP>/m<SUP>2</SUP> for the considered span. Thus, there was a 21% decrease in timber volume (span of 14m) and 50% in raw material (timber) coast when compared mentioned park structure. Covers projects were made with C30 species, about 30% less resistant than employed in the shed. In addition, there was a 50% reduction in pillars and foundations number compared to shed.

Hiding in Plain View: Colloidal Self-Assembly from Polydisperse Populations.

We report small-angle x-ray scattering experiments on aqueous dispersions of colloidal silica with a broad monomodal size distribution (polydispersity, 14%; size, 8nm). Over a range of volume fractions, the silica particles segregate to build first one, then two distinct sets of colloidal crystals. These dispersions thus demonstrate fractional crystallization and multiple-phase (bcc, Laves AB_{2}, liquid) coexistence. Their remarkable ability to build complex crystal structures from a polydisperse population originates from the intermediate-range nature of interparticle forces, and it suggests routes for designing self-assembling colloidal crystals from the bottom up.

Men's health and transgender surgery: a urologist's perspective.

Genital gender confirming surgery (GCS) offers a wide array of options for people who identify as either transgender or gender non-conforming. The most commonly selected options include creation of a neovagina (male to female, MtF) or a neophallus (female to male, FtM). GCS is somewhat unique among other urologic procedures in that for patients the product of the reconstruction is such a radical departure with respect to each patient’s sense of “self” related to their genitals since birth, and, for the fact that the product of the reconstruction is in such plain view.

Coiled Nasogastric Tube in Oesophagus

This is a image of an plain X-Ray Chest PA view of a 32 year old female postoperative patient of liver transplant. In this X- ray a nasogastric tube (NG) is seen coiled in the oesophagus which is a rare event.

SteganoPIN: Two-Faced Human–Machine Interface for Practical Enforcement of PIN Entry Security

Users typically reuse the same personalized identification number (PIN) for multiple systems and in numerous sessions. Direct PIN entries are highly susceptible to shoulder-surfing attacks as attackers can effectively observe PIN entry with concealed cameras. Indirect PIN entry methods proposed as countermeasures are rarely deployed because they demand a heavier cognitive workload for users. To achieve security and usability, we present a practical indirect PIN entry method called SteganoPIN . The human–machine interface of SteganoPIN is two numeric keypads, one covered and the other open, designed to physically block shoulder-surfing attacks. After locating a long-term PIN in the more typical layout, through the covered permuted keypad, a user generates a one-time PIN that can safely be entered in plain view of attackers. Forty-eight participants were involved in investigating the PIN entry time and error rate of SteganoPIN. Our experimental manipulation used a within-subject factorial design with two independent variables: PIN entry system (standard PIN, SteganoPIN) and PIN type (system-chosen PIN, user-chosen PIN). The PIN entry time in SteganoPIN (5.4–5.7 s) was slower but acceptable, and the error rate (0–2.1%) was not significantly different from that of the standard PIN. SteganoPIN is resilient to camera-based shoulder-surfing attacks over multiple authentication sessions. It remains limited to PIN-based authentication.