Place Online Research Articles

Editorial: Data-Driven Campaigning in a Comparative Context—Toward a 4th Era of Political Communication?

Contemporary political campaigning takes place both online and offline, and can be data-driven. In this piece, we review existing knowledge around data-driven campaigning (DDC) and introduce the new contributions made by the pieces within this thematic issue. We reveal how the studies included in this thematic issue of <em>Media and Communication </em>contribute to this existing knowledge by providing an up-to-date account of how DDC in general, and political microtargeting in specific, have been employed in election campaigns between 2021 and 2023, in a range of countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the US. As a collection, these studies highlight the variance that exists in the degree to which DDC is practiced, the range of DDC tools used, and attitudes toward DDC. In recent election campaigns, DDC takes many forms, and disapproval of DDC varies depending on how it is implemented.

Mental health literacy in German teachers – What do they know? What do they need?

Abstract Background Preventing mental health problems and promoting mental wellbeing is the aim of school-based mental health literacy (MHL) programs. Previous research suggests that good MHL (knowledge and skills regarding mental health, resilience, and help-seeking) helps people to take good care of their own and others’ mental health and use support-services. In this context the MHL of teachers is highly relevant, as they act as role models and interact with affected pupils on a regular basis, for which certain knowledge and skills are necessary. In this study, we therefore seek to investigate the level of MHL in German high-school teachers as well as their exposure to impaired students and their desire for further education on pupils’ mental health. Methods The data are collected as part of an effectiveness study of a school-based intervention to strengthen MHL (BEWARE), which was developed by our working group. We collect data from teachers who are involved in BEWARE as coaches as well as from those not directly involved (n ≈ 300). Data collection takes place online at three measurement timepoints (6 months apart each). For the analysis presented here, data of the first measurement timepoint with respect to MHL, skills in handling affected students and wishes for additional education on pupils’ mental health are included. Results As the data collection is still ongoing, statistical analyses are not yet completed. We will present data on the current state of knowledge on MHL in German teachers as well as their abilities to deal with affected pupils and their wish for further education. In addition, we will relate the number of affected pupils they teach to depict the relevance in their daily life at school to the above-mentioned measures. Conclusions The acquired data and respective analyses will give us important insights about the objective and subjective need of MHL training in schoolteachers (based on assessed knowledge and their reported wish of additional education). Key messages • Our study will give us important insights about the objective need of MHL training in high-school teachers based on assessed knowledge. • Our results will depict which formats of training teachers would prefer for additional education on pupils’ mental health, which will be a valuable basis for the development of future programs.

Digital Black placemaking: supporting Black women’s engagement in higher education

Through an analysis of in-depth interviews, this project examines how Black women attending historically White institutions experienced their campus digitally and how they created and maintained Black places online. Using Black placemaking and Black feminist theory, this project explores how digital Black placemaking operates in a higher education setting. Additionally, this project examines ways Black women college students created and cultivated digital counter-space with one another though their involvement in digital engagement. This study has implications for Black women’s experiences in digital spaces within the context of higher education. Further, we discuss implications for higher education leaders and administrators working to support Black women college students in an increasingly digital context.

Design Business Offline and Online Based on Website of Pikyeum SME in Bandung

Pikyeum SME created a new business idea to connect sellers and consumers, introduce products,and place online purchases. By creating a website, Pikyeum SME makes it easy for consumersthroughout Indonesia to find Peuyeum chips. This case study was conducted in Pikyeum SME,located in Lot Leuwidulang No. C 02, Sub-district Pameungpeuk, Bandung, Indonesia. Datacollection and analysis were conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The purpose of thisresearch is to measure the demand, design technical and operational aspects, design a websitebased application, measure the product's financial feasibility, and measure the sensitivity level ofPikyeum food products offline and online sales. Survey data were analyzed using corrected itemtotal correlation as a validity testing technique and Cronbach's Alpha as a reliability testingtechnique with the aid of the SPSS program. Based on this research, Net Present Value (NPV) isIDR 167.006.461, Interest Rate of Return (IRR) at 36,70%, and Payback Period at 3,4 years. It canbe concluded that Pikyeum SME is feasible to run because NPV > 0, payback period < asseteconomic life, and IRR > MARR. The increase of raw materials and packaging costs shouldn’t bemore than 36,76%. Meanwhile, the increase of labor cost shouldn’t be more than 23,51%. Thedemand decreases shouldn’t be more than 15,63% and selling prices shouldn’t exceed 11,34%.

Comparing Gendered Exposure and Impact in Online Election Violence: Tunisian Political Candidates Targeted on Facebook

Abstract Election violence is increasingly taking place online. However, we still do not know much about how such attacks affect the representation of politically marginalized groups such as women. This article develops and applies strategies for analyzing (gendered) exposure to and impacts of online attacks against political candidates. It focuses on the 2019 parliamentary election campaign in Tunisia and combines manual analysis of Tunisian candidates’ public Facebook pages with candidate interviews. We find no gendered patterns in exposure to online election violence in the Facebook data and a low general exposure to attacks. The interview data nevertheless suggests gendered perceptions and impacts of attacks, as well as a perception among the candidates that online election violence is widespread and problematic. These discrepancies highlight that we need a combination of methods and materials to capture the multifaceted nature of online election violence, and in particular those that directly link candidate exposure to impact.

MENTAL HEALTH-ILLNESS PROCESS IN THE CONCEPTION OF PSYCHOLOGY GRADUATES

The objective was to understand, based on the narratives of students from an undergraduate psychology course, the social representation regarding the mental health and illness process. This is narrative research carried out at a public university in Bahia. Data collection took place online, using an electronic form made available in 2021, for data analysis dialectical hermeneutics was used. 34 students participated in the study. The results were presented in two empirical categories: biomedical model in the mental health and illness process and social determinants model in the mental health and illness process. The students narrated their social representation about the mental health and illness process, both from a perspective that favors the biomedical model and based on the psychosocial care model. Considering the analysis carried out, there is an urgent need for undergraduate courses in Psychology and other courses in the health field to review their curricula in order to meet the precepts of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, making use of mandatory and optional components with active methodologies of teaching-learning that address the topic, thus aiming to resolve stigmatized conceptions in the field of mental health and prepare professionals who base their work on the precepts of psychosocial care.

“Into the Abyss” – Exploring Healthcare Professionals Experience of Transitions of Care from Stroke Early Supported Discharge Services in Ireland

Abstract Background Early Supported Discharge (ESD) is a key component of the stroke rehabilitation pathway. Evidence suggests that ongoing needs persist for people with stroke at the end of ESD, however little is known about the transition from ESD to other services. As such, the aim of this study was to explore healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) experiences of transitions of care from ESD services, in the Republic of Ireland. This was achieved through the following objectives: 1) Discussion of HCPs experience of transition from ESD, including ongoing needs of people with stroke and referral pathway utilisation; 2) Exploration of barriers and facilitators to ESD transition; 3) Discussion of potential solutions to barriers experienced. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was implemented using semi-structured interviews with HCPs working in ESD. Interviews took place online from November 2023 to January 2024 and were audio and video recorded and transcribed, via Microsoft Teams. Analysis of interview transcripts utilised an inductive coding approach through implementation of Braun and Clarke’s six step approach to thematic analysis. Results Nine HCPs took part in this study. A variety of ongoing needs and current referral pathways were described. Three key themes were identified: 1) “Into the Abyss”: Lack of a coordinated care pathway after ESD, 2) Role of communication and integrated information sharing in transition of care from ESD and 3) Facilitating care transition from ESD: current practices and future solutions. Conclusion This study highlights that at present, services in Ireland appear insufficient to cater to the ongoing needs of people with stroke after ESD. The roll out of community neurorehabilitation teams nationally and developing integrated communication systems are key areas for development, which warrant consideration by relevant stakeholders in order to optimise patient-centred care for this cohort.

Virtual Social Labs – Requirements and Challenges for Effective Team Collaboration

In response to the challenges posed by the complex field of food safety, the FOODSAFETY4EU project established four social labs conducting multi-actor co-creation processes. These labs served as platforms for developing and piloting innovative ideas aimed at addressing these challenges. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the lab process, typically held in-person, had to be converted to the virtual space. This means that all workshops, meetings, and collaboration processes and pilot activities solely took place online. This resulted in the novel situation of teams collaborating virtually throughout the entire social lab processes. Virtual collaborations were already on the rise before the pandemic, evidenced by an increase in virtual meetings and workshops. This study examines the requirements and challenges for effective team collaboration in virtual social lab processes. It investigates virtual collaboration, team dynamics, and the use of online tools. Findings reveal advantages such as increased participation, but also drawbacks including technical issues and role accountability. Despite challenges, all four virtual social labs finally succeeded in engaging diverse stakeholders and achieving significant outcomes addressing food safety challenges.

Looking out across the front yard: aboriginal peoples’ views of frailty in the community – A qualitative study

ABSTRACT Objective Frailty is one of the most significant challenges to healthy ageing. Aboriginal Australians experience some of the highest levels of frailty worldwide, and despite this, no studies have explored frailty from an Aboriginal perspective. This is important because Aboriginal understandings and priorities in frailty may differ from Western/mainstream frailty frameworks. Furthermore, this lack of research severely hampers healthcare planning and service delivery. As a starting point, this study aims to understand the experiences, attitudes, and perceptions that Aboriginal older adults hold regarding frailty. Design A qualitative study that utilized the Indigenous research method of Yarning for data collection as a culturally appropriate process for engaging Aboriginal peoples. Yarning circles and one-on-one yarns with 22 Aboriginal adults aged 45+ years living in one Australian capital city took place online and over the phone to explore the views that Aboriginal adults hold around frailty. Data were analysed thematically by Aboriginal researchers. Results Seven key thematic areas were identified: (1) Keep in with culture; (2) Physical markers of frailty; (3) Frailty throughout the life course; (4) Social, cultural, and psychological understandings of frailty; (5) We want information about frailty; (6) Appropriate and positive wording; (7) Frailty assessment. Conclusions There was interest and engagement in the concept of frailty by Aboriginal older adults and approaches to frailty that extend beyond the physical to address cognitive, psychosocial, cultural and spiritual domains are likely to be more acceptable to this population. Culture and community connectivity are essential elements in preventing and alleviating frailty and have wider positive implications for Aboriginal health and wellbeing. Existing tools in practice to assess frailty are not aligned with Aboriginal cultural norms. Culturally appropriate frailty assessment methods co-designed with the community which incorporate holistic and multidimensional approaches are urgently needed.

Experiences and impacts of psychological support following adverse neonatal experiences or perinatal loss: a qualitative analysis

BackgroundPoor parental mental health in the perinatal period has detrimental impacts on the lives and relationships of parents and their babies. Parents whose babies are born premature and/or sick and require neonatal care or those who experience perinatal loss are at increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes. In 2021 a North-West charity received funding to offer psychological support to service users of infants admitted to neonatal care or those who had experienced perinatal loss, named the Family Well-being Service (FWS). The FWS offered three different types of support – ad hoc support at the neonatal units or specialist clinics; one-to-one person-centred therapy; or group counselling. Here we report the qualitative findings from an independent evaluation of the FWS.MethodsThirty-seven interviews took place online or over the phone with 16 service users (of whom two took part in a follow-up interview), eight FWS providers and 11 healthcare professionals. Interviews were coded and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed two themes. ‘Creating time and space for support’ detailed the informational, contextual, and relational basis of the service. This theme describes the importance of tailoring communications and having a flexible and proactive approach to service user engagement. Service users valued being listened to without judgement and having the space to discuss their own needs with a therapist who was independent of healthcare. Communication, access, and service delivery barriers are also highlighted. The second theme - ‘making a difference’ - describes the cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal benefits for service users. These included service users being provided with tools for positive coping, and how the support had led to enhanced well-being, improved relationships, and confidence in returning to work.ConclusionThe findings complement and extend the existing literature by offering new insights into therapeutic support for service users experiencing adverse neonatal experiences or perinatal loss. Key mechanisms of effective support, irrespective of whether it is provided on a one-to-one or group basis were identified. These mechanisms include clear information, flexibility (in access or delivery), being independent of statutory provision, focused on individual needs, active listening, the use of therapeutic tools, and positive relationships with the therapist. Further opportunities to engage with those less willing to take up mental health support should be developed.

Students’ Attitude Towards Learning of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Their Professors

In this paper, the attitude of the students towards learning of fundamentals of electrical engineering and their professor is considered. For this purpose, a survey of first-year students studying this subject was conducted. The survey was conducted on two generations of students from the academic year 2020/2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2022/2023 generation after the pandemic. Our goal is to see students’ opinion about the teaching process and the professor and determine if there is a difference in the students' opinion. It should be noted that during the COVID-19 the teaching took place online, and after the COVID-19 with physical presence. Students during the COVID-19 period gave lower ratings for their professors and found the colloquiums more difficult, expressing less satisfaction with the lectures and exercises. Their colloquium results were also worse. Additionally, final exam results showed that a higher percentage of students from academic years with physical presence passed the exams.

Conceptualisations of good care and conflicts in live-in migrant care arrangements for people with dementia – perspectives of family caregivers in Germany

BackgroundIn Germany, live-in migrant carers provide essential social, emotional and physical support to a growing number of community-dwelling people with dementia. However, opaque legal regulations and employment models as well as a lack of formal supervision for families employing live-in migrant carers contribute to the vulnerability of these already strained arrangements. This study analyses the family caregivers’ perspective, their conceptualisations of good dementia live-in migrant care and conflicts that arise in live-in care arrangements.MethodsThe study adopted a qualitative-explorative approach. We conducted focus groups with family caregivers (n = 15) to learn about their perspectives on and experiences with live-in care as a model of home-based dementia care. Due to the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic, data collection took place online, which enabled us to include participants from all over Germany in our sample. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis.ResultsIn this paper, two main categories, Indicators of good live-in migrant care for people with dementia and perceived conflicts, are presented. We identified indicators applied by family caregivers to assess the quality of care provided by migrant live-in carers and its outcomes for the person with dementia. These relate primarily to interpersonal and emotional aspects and a person-centred attitude towards the person with dementia. Conflicts arise when the needs and personalities within the triad do not match, due to intransparent and unreliable work of and communication with the placement agencies, or permanent crisis as a result of the German model with alternating live-in carers.ConclusionOur findings point to the complex dynamics and relationships within live-in care triads and support the theoretical assumption that taking into account the needs of all actors involved is essential for good and stable care arrangements. The conceptualisations of family caregivers of good dementia live-in migrant care offer starting points for a scientific as well as a social and health policy debate about the future regulation of this model of care.

‘It depends on where you were born…here in the North East, there’s not really many job opportunities compared to in the South’: young people’s perspectives on a North-South health divide and its drivers in England, UK

BackgroundImproving the public’s understanding of how regional and socioeconomic inequalities create and perpetuate inequalities in health, is argued to be necessary for building support for policies geared towards creating a more equal society. However, research exploring public perceptions of health inequalities, and how they are generated, is limited. This is particularly so for young people. Our study sought to explore young people’s lived experiences and understandings of health inequalities.MethodsWe carried out focus group discussions (n = 18) with 42 young people, aged 13–21, recruited from six youth organisations in England in 2021. The organisations were located in areas of high deprivation in South Yorkshire, the North East and London. Young people from each organisation took part in three interlinked focus group discussions designed to explore their (i) perceptions of factors impacting their health in their local area, (ii) understandings of health inequalities and (iii) priorities for change. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, most discussions took place online (n = 15). However, with one group in the North East, we carried out discussions face-to-face (n = 3). Data were analysed thematically and we used NVivo-12 software to facilitate data management.ResultsYoung people from all groups demonstrated an awareness of a North-South divide in England, UK. They described how disparities in local economies and employment landscapes between the North and the South led to tangible differences in everyday living and working conditions. They clearly articulated how these differences ultimately led to inequalities in people’s health and wellbeing, such as linking poverty and employment precarity to chronic stress. Young people did not believe these inequalities were inevitable. They described the Conservative government as prioritising the South and thus perpetuating inequalities through uneven investment.ConclusionsOur study affords important insights into young people’s perceptions of how wider determinants can help explain the North-South health divide in England. It demonstrates young people’s contextualised understandings of the interplay between spatial, social and health inequalities. Our findings support calls for pro-equity policies to address the structural causes of regional divides in health. Further research, engaging young people in deliberative policy analysis, could build on this work.

Digital Violence Against Women: Is There a Real Need for Special Criminalization?

Social networking and rapid digital evolution have created a brand-new framework of human behaviours and habits. Of course, the majority of them already existed over the centuries but in a different form; as a result, conventional assaults towards legal interests of specific individuals have initially transformed into electronic and then into cyber(-)crimes (p.e. from conventional pornography to internet pornography or cyber/digital pornography including sometimes even virtual pornography via pseudo images and totally AI generated pictures). When discussion comes to gender-based violence, in particular violence against women and domestic violence, we realize that abuses and violations of their fundamental human rights could take place either online or offline; furthermore, both similarities and differences in old and new behaviours, and consequently in crime formations (“actus reus”) and in perpetrators’ “modus operandi” could easily be found and categorized. This paper will not discover the causes or the elements behind the various digital abuses against women; its first purpose is to gather the various crime behaviours against women and reach some conclusions by a methodically comparative bibliographic and legislative research. Besides, tackling gender-based violence –in particular violence against women and domestic violence- consists one of the main contemporary concerns of every liberal state. CoE’s contribution to it –through Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) but even via ECHR’s case law- is indisputable. At the same time, European Union is trying to end gender-based violence through its member states with a new legal instrument (a proposed Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence), whose results are expected to be more direct and -hopefully- more effective. The main target of this paper is to present and examine the specific form of digital crime against women and girls as long as the majority of crimes nowadays takes place digitally; notwithstanding the fact that pandemic and post pandemic era have definitely determined criminals’ modus operandi. At the end of the day, someone has to answer: how Criminal Law faces the new aforementioned behaviours, based on the fundamental theory of legal interest and leading to a justified (extra) standardization? And even more: where does this “plus” in penalties (: aggravation) for behaviours that combine characteristics of digital and gender-based criminality come from?

‘Bound’ by grief post-adoption: can the artist’s book assist mothers to tell their stories?

ABSTRACT This interdisciplinary research collaboration explored the potential benefits of artist’s book workshops for mothers who have experienced grief and loss following the adoption of their children, without their consent. The workshops were designed to facilitate the processing of these complex, powerful emotions and promote emotional healing. The authors ran two workshops – one which was face-to-face and another which took place online. After the workshops, a short documentary was produced, providing insights into the research process and showcasing the experiences of the participating mothers. Early indications suggest that the workshops were successful in addressing the emotional needs of the mothers and have the potential to foster healing and empowerment. By shedding light on mothers’ complex emotional experiences, our research also indirectly raises questions as to the adequacy of the legal framework to meet their needs and to build their trust at the times where they are at their most vulnerable.

Validation of the patient reported experiences and outcomes of safety in primary care compact Form Brazil.

To analyze the psychometric properties of the cross-culturally adapted version of the Patient Reported Experiences and Outcomes of Safety in Primary Care (PREOS-PC) Compact Form Brazil. A methodological study was conducted with 281 adult Primary Health Care users. Data collection took place online. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PREOS-PC after the process of cross-cultural adaptation to the Brazilian context. Internal consistency was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) and McDonald's omega coefficient (ω). The sample consisted of 73.3% women. The mean age was 36.1 years (SD = 12.2). Of the 23 items of the PREOS-PC that were eligible for CFA, a model with four correlated domains and 16 items presented satisfactory fit indexes. The domains were Practice Activation (PrA) (four items), Patient Activation (PaA) (two items), Experiences of patient safety events (EPaS) (five items) and Outcomes of patient safety (OPaS) (six items). One domain (GPeS) presented one question with a 0 to 10 response scale and two open questions, which cannot be inserted in the CPA due to the nature of the items, but can be included in the application of the scale, being evaluated individually. In this factorial model, five items (EPaS2, EPaS3, EPaS4, EPaS5, EPaS6 and EPaS8) presented factor loadings ≤ 0.30. The α and ω values demonstrated good internal consistency for all domains of the PREOS-PC. The Brazilian version of the PREOS-PC Compact Form Brazil composed of four domains (PrA, PA, EPaS and OPaS) and 16 items presented evidence of validation of its psychometric properties and can be used to evaluate the experiences and results of patient safety in Primary Health Care in the Brazilian context.

The development and implementation of a Peer Mentoring Scheme for Sociology Early Career Academics (ECAs) in Ireland: lessons from research, insights from practice

ABSTRACT The paper discusses a structured peer mentoring scheme for Early Career Academics (ECAs) in Sociology during COVID-19 and post-Brexit, the pedagogical framework adopted and programme challenges, benefits and learning. Internationally, structured peer mentoring schemes for ECAs are sparse and discussions of ‘what works’ in the context of dedicated peer mentoring programmes for ECAs are limited. This programme, designed and executed by the Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) and a professional mentoring trainer in 2022, involved 8 peer mentors, all of whom were senior and mid-career academics and 10 mentees comprising PhD students and postdoctoral researchers. It encompassed formative sessions for peer mentors and mentees and a final joint session, which took place online. Subsequently, peer mentors facilitated online peer mentoring sessions, with mentees supporting them to explore, plan and achieve their professional goals. The authors discuss the pedagogical content and active methodologies adopted in relation to reflective practice and knowledge-exchange, whilst illuminating that more investment in and research on structured peer mentoring programmes in Higher Education can lead to better outcomes for ECAs. We underline the potential of similar inter-professional mentoring schemes for ECAs and key learning, which could benefit future programmes.

Design and Evaluation of Cafe Kahuripan Booking and Reservation Website User Interface with Design Thinking

Cafe Kahuripan is a business engaged in the culinary field where customers can order menus and rent a place. Currently, the process of ordering menus and renting a place is done manually with customers coming directly to the place or contacting the admin via WhatsApp listed on Facebook. However, there is a decrease in subscribers from 2021 to 2022 due to a lack of marketing which is only limited to Facebook and Whatsapp. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to design a website as a solution to make it easier for customers to order menus and rent places online. In this design, it is necessary to pay attention to a good User Interface (UI) in order to increase the level of user trust and satisfaction. The website must also have easy access that can be done anywhere. Cafe Kahuripan website user interface design uses the design thinking method. The design of the user section, there are several pages such as home, about us, menu, reservation, contact us, order status and reservation status. The design of the admin section, there is an admin dashboard, customer data, menus, orders and reviews. The result of this study is the design of the user interface for the Cafe Kahuripan website from the user side (front-end), which allows users to order menus and rent places online. The results of the usability testing which obtained an average score of 79 is a good achievement and indicates that the UI design that has been carried out has succeeded in meeting user needs. Hypothesis analysis shows that the hypothesis H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, this is in accordance with the average score of the System Usability Scale (SUS). Respondents' feedback was analyzed and improved according to the suggestions given based on the priority level to produce a better website for users.

Comparing quality and engagement in face‐to‐face and online teacher professional development

AbstractIn order for teachers to successfully gain new knowledge during professional development (PD), courses must be of high quality and stimulate active involvement from participants. More and more PD courses are taking place online, without clear evidence of whether face‐to‐face and online courses differ in terms of their quality or level of participants' engagement. The present study investigates differences between face‐to‐face and online PD with respect to certain quality characteristics: clarity and structure, cognitive activation, collaboration and practical relevance, as well as participants' behavioural, cognitive and affective engagement. The study is based on 2210 teachers from Germany who participated in 1 of 137 face‐to‐face or 54 online PD courses. Although participants rated face‐to‐face and online courses very positively regarding all quality characteristics and engagement dimensions, they evaluated online courses slightly less favourably compared to face‐to‐face courses. Implications for practice and research are derived to help ensure high‐quality PD offerings in the future. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Face‐to‐face and online PD have the potential to be similarly effective. PD quality and participants' engagement can be assumed to be predictors of PD effectiveness. PD quality contains clarity and structure, cognitive activation, collaboration and practical relevance. Engagement is a three‐dimensional construct composed of behavioural, cognitive and affective components. What this paper adds PD quality was rated very positively for online and face‐to‐face courses. Participants rated the quality of online PD lower compared to face‐to‐face PD. Participants rated their engagement in online PD lower compared to face‐to‐face PD. Implications for practice and/or policy PD format should always be chosen with which a higher benefit can be achieved. Quality assurance should take place before PD is conducted.

Solution Focused Team Coaching: Second Edition by Kirsten Dierolf, Cristina Mühl, Carlo Perfetto and Rafal Szaniawski

In our post-covid world there is an ever-increasing need to ensure that our group events, particularly if taking place online, are engaging and participative if we are to gain the attention and enthusiasm of our group. The tools and techniques in this book will help us to achieve this, with plenty of ideas and variety that will keep group coaching or group thinking sessions fresh and dynamic.