Place In Trade Research Articles

Research on e-Commerce User Behavior Analysis Based on Big Data Collaborative Recommendation Algorithm

With the rapid development of Internet, users tend to purchase their favorite products through Internet transactions and online payment. The general trend of e-commerce development in China is that physical trading places are gradually replaced by online trading platforms on the Internet. In this paper, the restricted Boltzmann machine based on category conditions is used to describe the user's own interest preference by using the objective label of the project itself. In this process, only the project information that the user has scored is used, which strengthens the user's personalized needs. The method fully mines user behavior information, replaces commodity content big data with user behavior information as a recommended data set, and can actively push commodity content that users may be interested in to users. Experimental results show that the accuracy of RBM ( Restricted Boltzmann machine) model with nearest neighbor is higher than that of the original model, and the anti-over-fitting ability of the model is also improved.

Kommercheskaya deyatel'nost' rossijskogo parohodnogo obshchestva «Kavkaz i Merkurij» v Persii v usloviyah osushchestvleniya chastno-gosudarstvennogo partnerstva vo vtoroj polovine XIX — nachale XX v.

The article analyzes the activities of the joint-stock shipping company «Caucasus and Mercury» in the Persian market, reveals its place in trade and economic operations in the Caspian region as a whole. The authors aim to find out the degree of effectiveness of public-private cooperation in the development of a separate transport company, «Caucasus and Mercury», as well as the nature of the impact of this partnership on the development of commercial shipping in the Caspian Sea. The authors analyzed the processes that took place in Russian government and private business circles in the field of merchant shipping in the Caspian Sea.

The Impact of International Organizations on Chinese Trade as the Determiner of Trade: The Gravity Model Approach

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trade between China and 97 countries that have an important place in the bilateral trade of China in the period of 2008-2019 with the extended gravity model and to determine the determinants of trade. In the study, the potential impact of ASEAN and APEC member countries on Chinese trade was investigated, apart from the per capita incomes, populations and distances of the countries. In addition, the effect of energy imports required for industrial production on Chinese exports is also analyzed as another dummy variable for OPEC countries. Empirical results show that the GDP and population growth of dependent and independent countries are positively affected by trade, and as the distance increases, trade is negatively affected. The dummy coefficients of ASEAN, APEC and OPEC show that they are positive and statistically significant. Due to the fact that ASEAN and APEC consist of Asian countries and therefore are close to China, it has been observed that they are compatible with gravity model theory. The positive effect of OPEC member countries on Chinese exports was determined as importing the energy required for industrial production and converting intermediate goods into value-added products and exporting.

The Islamic Port of al-Balīd (Oman), between Land and Sea: Place of Trade, Exchange, Diversity, and Coexistence

Abstract The site of al-Balīd (Southern Oman), identified as the ancient Ẓafār, was a major port city in the Islamic period. Its strategic position and its history, strongly interdependent with that of neighbouring regions, gave it an important socio-economic role. The abundant ceramics and the rich and diverse archaeological materials recovered at the site prove that al-Balīd has always maintained relationships with people living inland and, at the same time, that it was intensively involved in the Indian Ocean trade. The pottery also reflects the coexistence of different traditions, various social classes, and several communities at al-Balīd.

Analisis Perubahan Lahan Sawah Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis di Wilayah Perkotaan Pangkajene Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang

The conversion of agricultural land at a high enough rate may threaten the food security of the population. The agricultural land most vulnerable to conversion is the rice field. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in paddy fields from 2013 to 2020, the distribution of the transformation of paddy fields to other lands, and the factors that influence the conversion of paddy fields. This research was carried out by digitizing the on-screen image method in 2013 and 2020. The classification of land use results from digitization was tested for accuracy by determining the sample points in the GIS (Geographic Information System) application and then compared to the results of the field survey. In addition, an analysis of the changes in paddy fields was carried out by overlaying land use maps in 2013 and 2020. Observations and interviews with people whose land was changing were conducted on the factors affecting the change in paddy fields. Changes in land use over a period of 7 years (2013-2020), namely rice fields, decreased by 149 ha (7.36 percent ). Meanwhile, there has been an increase in the area in other land uses. The function of the paddy fields in the urban area of Pangkajene, Sidrap Regency, has become 18.69 hectares of land built, 59.42 hectares of mixed gardens, 23.13 hectares of open/empty land and 49.11 hectares of land. The factor that affects the conversion of paddy fields in the urban area of Pangkajene is the strategic location of the land, which causes the community to convert its land into a place of trade and services. The increase in the number of people requiring large land areas has led to the construction of many residential complexes in rice fields and the high selling price of rice fields, which encourages farmers to sell their land.

НОРМЫ КУЛЬТУРЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ИЗОЛЯЦИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ АСТРАХАНСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

The geographical location of the Astrakhan region historically determined its status as an outpost, which was not only a place of trade and after joining the Russian state began to be defined as "an advanced point, a beginning and a bulwark in development", but also took on all threats of the emergence and spread of epidemics from the East. In addition, its own natural and climatic conditions also made the region vulnerable. Therefore, epidemics in the history of the Astrakhan region were not uncommon. In the article the task is not to describe the diseases that came to the region, as to show how the methods of fighting with plague, smallpox, cholera have changed at different levels: power, church, people. Particular attention is paid to the transformations taking place in the mentality of the inhabitants and changing, "civilizing" the way of people’s life, especially the nomadic steppes. Researches have shown that, despite of technical progress, change of conditions of existence, the deep, archaic layers of consciousness remain, inhibiting rational perception of existing dangers and deducing on a mythological explanation of reality. That is why in the epoch of high technologies and virtual spaces there is still a place for such a phenomenon as fake, which creates a global problem of infodemy, that spreads rapidly during cataclysms and has serious destructive consequences. The study of this phenomenon is an urgent task of modern science.

ТЕРМІНИ КОМЕРЦІЙНОГО ПРАВА У ЛАТИНСЬКОМОВНІЙ ДОКУМЕНТАЦІЇ XVI-XVII СТОЛІТЬ

The article deals with peculiarities of the formation and functioning of Latin commercial (trade) terminology in the 16-17th centuries Ukrainian origin documentation. Commercial law terms in Latin (or mostly Latin) legal documents created in the territories that are part of modern Ukraine were identified and analyzed. The semantic groups of the studied terms are defined. The largest are: the terms to name the process of buying and selling, traders and executors (comercia, resignatio, negotiatio, mercatio, venditio, revenditio, emptor, propinatio, ordinatio, hospis, hospitium etc.), terms for indicating trading places and commercial sructures (forum, nundinaе, diversorium, caupona, officina, maccella, pannicidium, pannicidius, fenestra etc.), specific terms used for containers and units of measurement indicating (szkarlat, pannus, granat, faylundisz, petiа, ligamentum, vas, dolium, congius, cuppа, sztuka, sigillum, signum, signetum etc). Moreover, it was found that terminological functions also have verbs with a special meaning: simple (vendere, propinare) and compound nominal (merces mutare). Many of these verbs have acquired terminological significance due to the frequency and systematic use in the documentation of commercial segment (commutare, disvendere, subministrare, subvehere).

Ринок роздрібної торгівлі України: стан і тенденції розвитку

The article is aimed at studying the current state of the retail market of Ukraine, determining its state and development trends. The main factors influencing the change in retail turnover are allocated, namely: purchasing power; state and problems concerning the supply of products; development of material and technical base; institutional transformations; increased competition. On the basis of generalization of characteristics of the modern trading market, its main features and development trends are highlighted, the most important of which are: focusing on improving the service; development of Internet commerce; diversifying the additional services; expanding the list of sales channels; optimization of assortment and reorientation of activities in favor of food products. The main indicators of trade enterprises are analyzed on the basis of data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine during 2010–2020, namely: the number of economic entities in the market, distributed by size and by organizational-legal form, as well as the volume of products sold under the CEA 47 «Retail Trade»; regional structure of retail turnover (legal entities), structure of products; retail turnover by product groups. It is emphasized that the transformation processes that take place in retail trade relate to both changes in the trading objects themselves and the channels of sale of products. It is defined that the process of globalization in the domestic trade of the country is taking place, accompanied by the widely spread tendency of transition of retail enterprises to the Internet space along with search for platform companies. The need for further support of business on the part of the State, stimulation of its development, taking into account modern requirements, is substantiated. It is emphasized that timely implementation of measures by the owners of retail enterprises will be instrumental in their adaptation to modern market conditions, increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of their activities.

Gacar döneminde Tebriz pazarı (Etnoğrafik araştırma)

Tabriz bazaar is one of the oldest bazaars in the world. As Tabriz located on the Silk Road the bazaar complex which combined production and sale was formed here since early middle ages and became one of the biggest trade centres in the East. Bazaar considered not only place for craft and trade, but also place with public, political and religious significance. Bazaars were specialized for the goods sold there and most of them called by the name of the goods. For instance, Abachi (a cloak-maker) Bazaar, Gandchilar (sugar maker) Bazaar, Pambigchi (cotton maker) Bazaar, Parchasatanlar (cloth seller) Bazaar, Duzchu (salt) Bazaar and so on. Sometimes they were called for the honour of its founder (Hajı Alakbar palace, Amir Bazaar, Muzaffariyya shop and so on), and sometimes showed the identity of the people who use from them (Georgian timcheh). Some bazaars were famous for the name of professions working in bazaars (Nejjarlar (carpenter) Bazaar, Borkcu (hat maker) Bazaar, Misgar (copper maker) bazaar, Serrajlar (saddlemaker) bazaar, Bashmagchi (shoe maker) Bazaar and so on). The magnificent Tabriz Bazaar Complex which consists of Gaysariye (main passage of bazaar), charsug (intersection of two perpendicular rastas), rasta (a double row of shops aligned along roofed linear path), timcha (a small caravanserai), shops, cells, forushgah (trading centre), palace or caravanserai, workshops, dalan (covered alley that connects two rastas), madrasah, mosque, bath and etc. was reconstructed during Gajars period and operates till present days. Tabriz Bazaar Complex was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO from 2010.

PROBLEMS OF HORSE BREEDING DEVELOPMENT IN PEASANT FARMS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE (1860s – 1910s)

The paper analyzes the state of development of horse breeding in the peasant farms of the South of Ukraine in the post-reform period. The dynamics of quantitative development of the industry is traced. The relationship between the increase in the number of horses and the growth of the population and farms in the region has been established. It is proved that the peasants were the main owners of horses. The thesis about the “peasant” nature of horse breeding in the South of Ukraine is argued. It was found that the use of work horses in farming contributed to the development of the industry. Government measures to encourage the development of local horse breeding have been traced: creation of a network of state stables and copulation stations in order to improve the quality characteristics of work horses, holding exhibitions, etc. The price level and place of equestrian trade in the region are analysed. Attention is focused on the lack of “entrepreneurial” horse breeding in the region, the excessive situational nature of the horse trade among the peasants, and its local centers – fairs were clarified. The reasons and factors that led to the decline of the industry in the South of Ukraine are analyzed: high cost, low level of knowledge and culture on keeping, care, breeding horses, etc.

ТОРГІВЛЯ МАХНІВКИ В ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ СТОЛІТТЯ

The relevance of the study of the history of trade in Makhnivka city in the first half of the 19th century is caused by the need to identify trends in city’s development in the era of transition from traditional to industrial society. The purpose of the article is to identify the place of trade in the social progress of the provincial city. The methodological basis for achieving the stated purpose has been the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, methods of analysis of historical sources, comparative-historical method, functional method. Materials from the funds of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in in Kyiv, the State Archives of Kyiv Region have been the source base of the study. As a result of the study of historical sources, it has been revealed that city-forming, entrepreneurial, construction initiatives of Count P. Potosky, which took place at the end of the 18th century, kept Makhnivka an industrial center until the early 1840s. It has been determined that the transfer of Makhnivka to the management by Count’s creditors led to the parcelling of the city’s industrial complex. The situation for the sale of industrial goods improved due to the intervention of the state which sometimes ordered, for example, to provide Guards Uhlans of His Highness the Crown Prince Konstantin Pavlovich regiment with stuff and clothes before the campaign against Napoleon in 1805. Trade remained a professional activity of merchants, although conducted by burghers, nobles, free people, peasants, domestics. The suppliers of the whole range of food products were the peasants of the surrounding villages, the intermediary functions were taken over by merchants and some burghers. Makhnivka became one of the cities where a new stratum of the population, for which trade became a profession, appeared – peasants who trade. The profitability of intermediation transactions decreased due to the naturalness of the city economy in the field of hospitality. For decades, city officials and burghers had appealed to the central government to pay for troop posts. The number of merchants throughout the city grew, outpacing the growth rate of the urban population.

РИНОК ЗЕЛЕННИХ ОВОЧЕВИХ КУЛЬТУР В УКРАЇНІ

The article provides a marketing review of the green crops market, analyzes expert-import operations and sales channels for this type of product. The ranking and grouping of the main types of vegetable and melon crops in Ukraine by the indicator of gross production is carried out. Thus, according to the State Statistics Committee, despite the fact that Ukraine produces more than 40 types of vegetable and melon crops, about 10 main vegetable and melon crops, which are in the first group, are grown in masse. Thus, the first group with a gross production of over 1 000 thousand tons included 11 crops: borscht, cucumbers, pumpkins, zucchini and watermelon. The share of this segment in the total gross collection is 96.3%. The second group with a gross production of 100.1 to 1 000 thousand quintals includes such types of vegetable crops as melons, eggplants, sweet corn, leeks, green peas, cauliflower and broccoli, radishes, Chinese cabbage, green peppers. The group’s share in the total production structure is only 3.3%, and in the total sown area does not exceed 8%. The third group (with a gross production of up to 100 thousand centners) is a group of green vegetable crops. The share of this sector of the vegetable market does not reach 0.5% in gross fees. The range of uncommon crops in the markets of Ukraine, especially supermarkets is provided mainly through imports. The scientific novelty is that to study the attitude of consumers to green vegetable products, a sociological survey was conducted and an analysis of the main factors influencing the purchase of this type of product. It was found that when choosing a point of sale, such factors as location, service, quality of service in places of purchase of green products, range, staff qualifications, etc. have a great influence on consumer behavior. The advantages and disadvantages of individual sales channels of greenery are analyzed. The advantages include: convenience, territorial proximity, wide range, price flexibility, product quality, its freshness, etc. Neoliks include: lack of certificates for products, narrow range and unsatisfactory sanitary conditions of trade places. It is found out that at formation of effective model of innovative development of branch of vegetable growing it is necessary to apply the newest methods of selection, new grades and hybrids which have high productive potential, to introduce scientifically proved systems of cultivation and seed production, to master new segments of green cultures and microgreens. The article identifies the main problems and identifies priority areas for the development of the market of green crops for the future.

A Scientific Expedition: Koyandy Fair and its Impact on the Development of Kazakh Traditional Culture

The purpose of the article is to study the legacy of the Koyandy fair and its impact on the development of traditional Kazakh culture. The research is based on the scientific expedition results collected by the authors of this work during the field trip to Karkaralinsk (Karaganda region, Kazakhstan). The work studies the history of one of the largest fairs in Kazakhstan - the Koyandy fair, which was functioned from the second half of the XIX- the up to the beginning of the XX century territory Kazakhstan. The Koyandy fair had a significant impact on the spread of the popularity among the broad masses of the works of Kazakh artists. The renowned Kazakh folk composers such as Ukili Ybray, Birzhan sal, Akhan-Sere, Estay, Tattimbet Kazangapuly, performers Amre Kashaubaev, Maira Ualikizi, Isa Bayzakov, wrestlers Kazhymukan Munaitpasov and Balauan Sholak performed at the fair. It is essential to mention that the fair was a trading place and a site for a regional art festival's conduction. The Koyandy fair was a place for exchanging and interacting with different types, genres, and traditions of diverse performing arts schools.

ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND FACTORS OF INTERNAL TRADE FUNCTIONING IN UKRAINE

The article considers the scientific basis of the functioning of internal trade in the country as an important tool that ensures the smooth exchange of goods between their producers and consumers. Using internal mechanisms, trade promotes intersectoral trade, which creates the necessary opportunities to meet demand for goods and services in various sectors of the economy, creating important prerequisites for its development and contributing to the growth of living standards. The economic policy of any country is always built taking into account the state of trade and trade potential to ensure intersectoral trade, to balance the demand to meet the needs of economic entities and the population in goods and services and the supply of these goods and services in the market. stage of the reproduction cycle. Trade has traditionally been a trigger for the growth of business activity, which is immediately reflected in GDP, rising revenues of state and local budgets, increasing employment and intensifying investment in the national economy. The importance of trade determines the relevance of scientific research not only the state and processes that accompany trade, but also the factors that will determine the development trends of this industry, especially in the acute economic crisis in Ukraine in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and hostilities in the eastern territories of our state. Given the special place of internal trade in the economic life of Ukraine, the article analyzes the main aspects and factors that determine the current state of trade and ensure its development in the near future. The sources of growth of internal trade should be the intensive development of the retail market segment in the context of expanding retail chains and online trade. And the increase in internal trade turnover should ensure the growth of consumer demand due to the improvement of the purchasing power of the population and its restoration to the services of trade enterprises by the real sector of the economy. At the same time, the development of internal trade potential requires the creation of appropriate conditions at the state level to ensure the effective operation of market participants. Based on the results of the analysis, proposals are formulated to eliminate the identified problems in the existing system of internal trade, which relate to both internal instruments of trade organization by its participants and instruments of state regulation of internal trade in Ukraine. Their implementation will create the necessary prerequisites for the development of modern trade infrastructure, ensuring the stable operation of trade entities and increase the efficiency of organizational and economic transformations in internal trade. Keywords: internal trade, goods turnover, wholesale, retail, enterprise, economy.

Development of food exports to ensure economic security

This paper deals with knowledge in the field of increasing the level of the state economic security in view of the development of foreign trade in food products. The obtained results make it possible to determine the relationship between food and economic security, as well as the place of foreign trade in achieving sustainable development. The assessment of the volume of food production and the level of food security has allowed the authors of the paper to identify promising food groups for export. They include meat and meat products, as well as vegetables and gourds. These groups were determined on the basis of an assessment of the level of production, the volumes of which correspond to the threshold values of food security and have growth prospects. Calculations of the balance of food products, taking into account the needs of the domestic and foreign markets, are presented in the paper. The calculations are based on the condition of maintaining the target level of food security and increasing economic security. The main results of stimulating exports of food products will be: diversification of exports, an increase in the country’s share in world trade, an increase in foreign exchange earnings, expansion of agricultural production and a cumulative growth in gross domestic product. The instruments of state regulation of foreign trade in food products will be export quantitative quotas for goods the production level of which exceeds the threshold of self-sufficiency, as well as increased export duties on food, the production of which does not cover the domestic needs of the country. As part of the study a potential effect of the proposed measures implementation to improve economic security was presented. The potential for increasing exports is more than 1.5 million tons for meat and meat products and 162 thousand tons for vegetables and gourds.

НЕЛЕГАЛЬНИЙ ТОВАРООБІГ НА «ВОЛИНСЬКІЙ» ДІЛЯНЦІ ПОЛЬСЬКО-РАДЯНСЬКОГО КОРДОНУ В 1920–1924 РОКАХ

The article is dedicated to the issue of the illegal trade on the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border. The customs policy was a part of the state’s foreign policy and the smuggling has arose and developed as a counteraction to this policy. The foreign policy of the state and the domestic economic situation have determined the causes of smuggling, the range and channels of smuggled goods’ transportation. The Soviet Ukraine and the Second Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth have suffered significant losses as a result of the First World War and the Soviet-Polish wars and were in the highly difficult economic conditions. Smuggling was an inevitable consequence of the industrial goods and food shortage. During 1920 – 1924 the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border becomes a place of an active illegal trade between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. Unsettled border on both sides, weak security contributed to the spread of smuggling, which mainly the local people took part in. During the period studied, the range of smuggled goods has changed – in the 1920 – 1921 period, together with manufacture, the greater part of the smuggled goods were consumer goods, such as: spices (bay leaF. pepper, cinnamon), tea, coffee, cacao, chocolate, matches, candles, blacking, soap, etc. The flow of smugglers, as well as the goods’ quantity, was not always the same and, first of all, depended on the border’s security both, form the Polish and Soviet side; however, it was inconsistent. In further, the consumer goods disappear from the list of smuggled goods, being replaced with of all sorts of manufactured goods.

In Ayvalık Urban Texture, Spatial Traces of 19th Century Trade Activities “Shops”

Balıkesir’in Ayvalık ilçesi, 19. yüzyılda zeytinyağı - sabun üretimi ve ticaret ağı ile Batı Anadolu kıyılarının en önemli liman yerleşimlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Aynı zamanda yerleşimin bu yüzyılda oluşmaya başlayan kent dokusunda ise üretim ve ticaret yapıları yerini almaya başlamıştır. Bu yapı gruplarından birini de dükkânlar oluşturmaktadır. Ticari faaliyetlerin gerçekleştiği, kapısı doğrudan sokağa veya çarşı mekânına açılan ticaretin en küçük birimi olan hem de çeşitliliği ve sayı anlamındaki fazlalığı ile kent dokusunun önemli bileşeni ve yerleşimin ekonomik ve sosyal tarihinin de birer göstergesidirler. Çalışma kapsamında, Ayvalık kent merkezinde tespit edilen 60 adet dükkân ele alınmıştır. Liman odaklı bir ticaretin ortaya çıkardığı kentsel planda, dükkânların konumları ve kent planı ile ilişkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Yerleşimde, tek katlı, iki katlı ve konut altı olmak üzere üç ana tipte dükkân görülmektedir. Bu yapıların genelde tek cepheleri sokağa açılmaktadır. Cephe yüzeyine büyük ölçüdeki kapı ve pencereler yerleştirilmiştir. Bu yüzeylerde, kapı ve pencerelerin birbirlerine göre konumları ile oluşturulmuş farklı düzenlemeler görülmektedir. Kimi örneklerde bu cephe düzeninde ve kapı kuruluşlarında Neo Klasik süsleme öğeleri görülmektedir. Cephe düzeni, yapım malzemesi ve süsleme içeriği açısından kent dokusunda diğer yapı gruplarıyla uyum içinde bir görüntü sergilemektedirler. Çalışmanın amacı, 19. yüzyıl ile 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine tarihlenen dükkânları mimari ve üslup açısından değerlendirmek ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 19. yüzyıl liman yerleşimlerinde yer alan ticari mekânlarla ilgili bilgi havuzuna Ayvalık’taki bu kültürel miras ile katkı sağlamaktadır.

Architectural and landscape organization of Norra Djurgårdsstaden in Stockholm

The article discusses the architectural and landscape organization of the district of energy-efficient houses Norra Djurgårdsstaden in Stockholm. Since the end of the 19th century, the Norra Djurgårdsstaden district, with an area of more than 2 thousand hectares, has been part of the industrial area of the Royal Seaport. At the beginning of the 21st century, it was decided to modernize this area and destroy previous industries. Construction began in 2011 as part of the Living City strategy, which envisaged a balanced integrated design and construction of housing, trade, offices, services and public places. The strategy of resource management and responsibility for the climate meant that the city should develop in the direction of a resource-efficient and non-toxic future free of fossil fuels. Using the energy characteristics of buildings, monitoring the amount and recycling of construction and household waste, as well as soil restoration, has significantly reduced the impact on the environment. It was revealed that the architectural and landscape organization, based on the principles of individualization of “spaces of movement” and “spaces of being”, ensured maximum contact with nature, conservation of biodiversity, ecological, visual and social value of streets and courtyards.

The past as a catalyst for cultural sustainability in historic cities; the case of Doha, Qatar

ABSTRACT Historic urban centres are struggling to survive in rapidly emerging global environments. While many significant historic districts were demolished to pave the way for new environments, others just disappeared from neglect and destruction. Tensions over land use and the continued consumption of historical areas such as trade and tourism place considerable pressures on their distinctive values that make them attractive places in which to live, work and visit. Such pressures have brought into focus the extent to which cultural sustainability can participate in revitalising a historic city while sustaining its place identity in a global world. In the age of globalisation, the mismatch between cultural (history, memory) and economic forces (tourism, trade) in a historic city can lead to the erosion of place identity. Within this context, this paper explores the following question; ‘in what way can cultural and economic forces be integrated with a historical city or district to accommodate change while sustaining its place identity’? The case study approach is used as the primary method of investigation, and old Doha in Qatar is the main setting of research.

Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and Way Forward.

As countries and industries continue to cope with the unparalleled challenges presented by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), a specific area of concern has been the uncertainty surrounding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global and Indian supply chains of the pharmaceutical industry. The COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated the importance of establishing a risk management system that focuses on assessing future risks resulting from the loss of a supply chain among countries. This review focuses on the role of the Indian pharmaceutical industry towards the pandemic. This review investigates the economic effect of COVID-19 across segments and what it implies for the Indian economy. The COVID 19 flare-up has additionally commenced the Indian pharmaceutical organizations an opportunity to transform into a supported trade place point for gathering drugs and intermediates. An enormous pharmaceutical industry in India has consistently been a foundation of reasonable human services, and this pattern would now be able to be required to heighten further. The activities from COVID-19 are with a need to change the overall impression of Indian pharmaceutical associations and even more altogether, reduce the dependence of the private pharma associations on alone suppliers like China.