We demonstrate the sequence-specific patterning of nanoparticles via the hybridization of functionalized complementary probes to surface-bound stretched single chains of double-stranded DNA. Once these probes are in place, we attach the desired particles through molecular recognition with the probe’s functional group. This approach allows the assembly of any particle that can be coupled to a molecular recognition moiety such as biotin or antibodies. The one-dimensional array of particles that results can range over tens of microns with nanometer resolution in the placement of individual particles. In addition, several different particles can be assembled into a one-dimensional array by a judicious choice of molecular-recognition chemistry. Specifically, we assembled metals, semiconductors, and a composite of both to form heterostructures on single chains of DNA. This approach provides a new way to assemble solid-state devices and biosynthetic hybrid systems on the nanoscale.