Intravascular Catheter Placement Research Articles

Difficulty in Advancing Flexible Epidural Catheters When Establishing Labor Analgesia: An Observational Open-label Randomized Trial

(Anesth Analg. 2021;133:151–159. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005526) Flexible epidural catheters have a lower incidence of both paresthesias and intravascular catheter placement. This study aimed to compare and analyze the efficacy of 2 commercially available epidural kits: kit “A” (single-end hole wire-reinforced polyurethane epidural catheter; n=135) and kit “B” (multi-orifice wire-reinforced polyamide nylon blend epidural catheter; n=122).

Temporary Cross-Clamping of the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta during Cesarean Hysterectomy to Control Operative Blood Loss.

Temporary cross-clamping of the infrarenal abdominal aorta to reduce bleeding during hysterectomy following cesarean section in patients with placenta previa-accreta is a relatively simple procedure; therefore, it can be an option when intravascular balloon catheter placement is impossible or encountered massive bleeding of the unexpected placenta accreta.

Comparison of emergency cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters in patients with placenta accreta spectrum

Objective The objective of the study was to compare outcomes of women with placenta accreta spectrum(PAS) who underwent emergency cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic intravascular balloon catheters. Methods Sixty-three cases who had emergency hysterectomy related to PAS disorders were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects with prophylactic intravascular balloon catheter placement plus hysterectomy were compared with those who had hysterectomy alone. The cases were divided into three groups: infrarenal aortic artery balloon occlusion (IAABC) group (who had IAABC plus hysterectomy, n = 31), internal iliac artery balloon occlusion (IIABOC) group (who had IIABOC plus hysterectomy, n = 17), and hysterectomy alone group (control group n = 15). Results Outcome measures were not significantly different between the IIABOC group and the control group. IAABC plus hysterectomy resulted in a better outcome than hysterectomy alone, with less amount of estimated blood loss (EBL) during cesarean section (2000 vs 3000 ml, p = .011) and 24 h after cesarean section (2010 vs 4520 ml, p = .004), less operation time(90 vs 106 min, p = .01), and a lower rate of major blood loss(42 vs 93%, p = .029). IAABC plus hysterectomy resulted in better outcomes than IIABOC plus hysterectomy, with less amount of EBL during cesarean section (2000 vs 3000 ml, p = .005) and 24 h after cesarean section (2010 vs 3000 ml, p = .035), a lower rate of major blood loss(42 vs 100%, p < .001), less operation time (90 vs 100 min, p = .038), and less fetus radiation dose（1.9 mGy vs 22.4 mGy, p < .001). Conclusions IAABC was more effective in emergency cesarean hysterectomy related to PAS disorders.

Right Sided Endocarditis

With the rising prevalence of drug abuse, increasing placement of intravascular catheters and use of implantable cardiac devices, the epidemiology and nature of right sided endocarditis (RSE) has changed over the course of years. RSE due to intravenous drug abuse (IVDU) is an important public health issue and can cause significant economic burden on healthcare facilities. It poses its own unique challenges due to the demographic of the population it affects. Late and varied presentations, lack of access to healthcare and support systems, non-compliance, and ongoing use of drugs, requires a superior logistical and coordinated approach unique to this subset of population to attain good outcomes. While not a novel disease, longstanding controversies with regards to antibiotic regimens, timing of as well as the type of surgery remain. There is paucity of data around outcomes with different treatment modalities. Optimal guidelines for RSE among IVDU are yet to defined. We will examine the predictors of high mortality, with a focus on identifying early, patients that will benefit from surgical management. We will review the available evidence on the outcomes data and efficacy of various surgical interventions that have been described.

Effects of buprenorphine in the adrenal, thyroid, and cytokine intra-operative responses in a rat model (Rattus norvegicus): a preliminary study.

Objective(s):Buprenorphine is a common analgesic in experimental research, due to effectiveness and having few side-effects, including a limited influence in the immune and endocrine systems. However, how buprenorphine affects cytokine levels and the adrenal and thyroid response during general anesthesia and surgery is incompletely understood. This study aimed to assess whether buprenorphine modulated significantly those responses in rats submitted to general anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and surgical insertion of intravascular catheters.Materials and Methods:Animals were anesthetized with isoflurane, mechanically ventilated, and surgically instrumented for carotid artery and the femoral vein catheter placement. The test group (n=16), received buprenorphine subcutaneously before surgery, whereas the control group (n=16) received normal saline. Blood sampling to determine plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CS), total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), TNF-α, IL6, IL10, TNF-α, IL6, and IL10 mRNA was performed at 10 min after completion of all surgical procedures and at 90, 150, 240, and 300 min thereafter, with the animals still anesthetized and with mechanical ventilation.Results:Buprenorphine-treated animals had higher levels of ACTH, CS, and TT4 at several time points (P<0.05) and TSH and TT3 at all-time points (P<0.05). They also had increased IL10, TNF-α, and IL10 mRNA levels.Conclusion:In this model, buprenorphine significantly modulated the intra-operative cytokine and endocrine response to anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and surgical placement of intravascular catheters. The mechanism and significance of these findings remain undetermined. Researchers should be aware of these effects when considering the use of buprenorphine for analgesic purposes.

AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Selected Ultrasound‐Guided Procedures

AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Selected Ultrasound‐Guided Procedures

AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Selected Ultrasound-Guided Procedures

AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Selected Ultrasound-Guided Procedures

ADMINISTRATION OF SALINE INJECTION IN EPIDURAL SPACE AVOIDS INTRAVASCULAR CATHETER INSERTION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CAESARIAN SECTION: A RANDOMIZE CONTROLLED TRIAL

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to determine if injecting 10 ml saline in epidural space before epidural catheter placement in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section can decrease the frequency of inadvertent intravascular catheter placement.Study Design:Randomize Controlled Trail.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Anaesthesia at Gynaecology and Obstetrics operation theater, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore affiliated with College of Physician and Surgeon Pakistan from April 2008 to March 2009.Methodology:Sixty pregnant patients (ASA I and II) randomly allocated in Group A and B equally for elec-tive cesarean section were selected. In each patient epidural space was identified with LOR technique using air in sitting position. In Group A (dry group), no saline was injected while in Group B (saline gro-up), 10 ml saline was injected before epidural catheter placement. Using 16 G Toughy needle, catheter was inserted up to 4 cm in the epidural space. To find out inadvertent intravascular catheter placement, epidural catheter was aspirated to exclude blood. After negative aspiration, test dose of 3ml injection xylocain 2% (with adrenaline 1:200,000) was administrated and patient were monitored one minute for increase in heart rate (&gt; 20% of baseline), tinnitus and perioral numbness.Results:In both group data collected was analyzed in SPSS version 11 and Chi-square test was applied. P value of 0.05 or less was taken significant. Percentage of positive inadvertent intravascular catheterization in term of bloody aspirate (20 and 13.3%) was not signi-ficantly different between two groups (P value = 0.488). Increase in heart rate, tinnitus and perioral numbness was not observed in any patient.Conclusion:There was no significant difference in accidental intravascular catheterization if 10 ml saline is injected through needle before catheter insertion.Key word:Epidural catheter, accidental intravascular catheterization, anaesthesia.

Pre-puncture ultrasound guided epidural insertion before vaginal delivery.

Palpation method is widely used in clinical practice to identify the puncture site during combined spinal-epidural (CSE) blocks. Tuffier's line, is an anatomical landmark between two iliac crests (inter-cristal), which is widely used to identify the puncture site during CSE blocks is not always an indicator for specific vertebral level or inter-vertebral space. One hundred and Ten (110) women were scheduled for normal vaginal delivery and were randomized into two equal groups; palpation group and an ultrasound guided group to detect the efficacy of puncture ultrasound before CSE blocks to increase chances of successful CSE procedure on the first attempt and to reduce the number of attempts or punctures during insertion of CSE catheter. There were no significant differences between two studied groups regarding; maternal age, weight and height, while, there was a significant difference between two studied groups regarding; parity. Percentage of successful CSE procedure on the first attempt was significantly higher (67.27%) in ultrasound compared to palpation group (40%). Number of punctures (attempts) were significantly less in ultrasound (1.2 ± 0.6) compared to palpation group (2.3 ± 0.8) and the number of redirections was also significantly less in ultrasound (1.4 ± 0.5) compared to palpation group (2.8 ± 1.6). Although, time to identify puncture site was significantly longer in ultrasound compared to palpation group and total procedure time was longer in ultrasound (9.1 ± 1.5 min) compared to palpation group (6.2 ± 1.2 min), there was no significant difference between two studied groups regarding; time to identify puncture site and total procedure time. Two cases of dural puncture in palpation versus no cases in ultrasound group and two cases of intravascular catheter placement (one in each group), with no significant difference between two groups. Pre- puncture ultrasound guided epidural insertion before vaginal delivery, increases the chance of a successful CSE procedure on the first attempt and reduces the number of attempts during insertion of CSE catheter.

Prophylactic use of intravascular balloon catheters in women with placenta accreta, increta and percreta

ObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes of women undergoing cesarean hysterectomy for abnormal invasive placenta (AIP) with and without preoperative balloon catheter placement in internal iliac arteries. Study designA prospective observational study of women with ultrasound diagnosis of AIP and a planned delivery at our institution. From January 2004 to June 2009, all AIP cases were treated with planned multidisciplinary cesarean hysterectomy alone (CHa group). From July 2009 to September 2013 a pre-operative balloon catheter protocol was introduced (BC group). Statistical analysis considered the entire sample (placenta accreta/increta and percreta) and the individual subgroups (accreta/increta vs percreta). ResultsTwenty-three cases of AIP (10 accreta/increta and 13 percreta) were treated with cesarean hysterectomy alone, and 30 cases of AIP (12 accreta/increta and 18 percreta) were treated with cesarean hysterectomy and pre-operative balloon catheters. For the entire sample, a significant difference in estimated blood loss and transfused blood products units was observed between CHa group and BC group. When women with placenta accreta/increta and women with placenta percreta were analysed separately, no difference in estimated blood loss and transfused blood products units was found between the BC and the CHa groups in women with placenta accreta/increta. However, in women with placenta percreta, mean estimated blood loss and transfused blood products units were higher in the CHa group compared with BC group (1507ml vs 933.33ml; 3.31 units vs 0.67 units). Postoperative recovery differed between the two groups, but no differences were observed in any other outcomes. ConclusionsPre-operative placement of intravascular balloon catheters is a feasible treatment for AIP, and is particularly useful in cases of placenta percreta.

Repeated Neurological Complications during Dialysis - A Case for Echo?

A 65-year old woman presented with acute or chronic renal failure and signs of right heart failure. Renal replacement therapy—using a surgically placed dialysis catheter via the left jugular vein—was repeatedly complicated by altered flows of the dialysis unit, impaired consciousness, new onset of seizures and left-sided hemiparesis. The tip of the dialysis catheter was detected on transesophageal echocardiography within the lumen of the ascending aorta. Further imaging of the neck vessels demonstrated a primary placement of the catheter in the left common carotid artery. This incident underscores the value of ultrasound guidance for placement of intravascular catheters.

Epidural catheter with integrated light guides for spectroscopic tissue characterization

Epidural catheters are used to deliver anesthetics and opioids for managing pain in many clinical scenarios. Currently, epidural catheter insertion is performed without information about the tissues that are directly ahead of the catheter. As a result, the catheter can be incorrectly positioned within a blood vessel, which can cause toxicity. Recent studies have shown that optical reflectance spectroscopy could be beneficial for guiding needles that are used to insert catheters. In this study, we investigate the whether this technique could benefit the placement of catheters within the epidural space. We present a novel optical epidural catheter with integrated polymer light guides that allows for optical spectra to be acquired from tissues at the distal tip. To obtain an initial indication of the information that could be obtained, reflectance values and photon penetration depth were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations, and optical reflectance spectra were acquired during a laminectomy of a swine ex vivo. Large differences between the spectra acquired from epidural adipose tissue and from venous blood were observed. The optical catheter has the potential to provide real-time detection of intravascular catheter placement that could reduce the risk of complications.

The incidence and management of inability to advance Arrow FlexTip Plus® epidural catheters in obstetric patients

BackgroundDifficulty advancing epidural catheters is troublesome to obstetric anesthesiologists. Flexible epidural catheters have been shown to reduce paresthesiae and intravascular catheter placement in parturients, but the cause of inability to advance these catheters past the epidural needle tip remains undefined. Specifically, its incidence and effective management strategies have not been described. MethodsAll labor epidural catheters were recorded for a 22-week period. Difficulty advancing the epidural catheter was defined as an inability to advance the catheter beyond the needle tip after obtaining loss of resistance. Anesthesiologists completed a survey when difficulty advancing a catheter occurred. ResultsA total of 2148 epidural catheter placements were performed. There were 97 cases of an inability to advance the epidural catheter (4.5%, 95% CI 3.7 to 5.5%). This occurred in 4.2% of combined spinal-epidural and 4.6% of epidural placements (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.62). On a 0 to 10scale, the median [IQR] provider confidence in loss of resistance was 9 [8, 10]. A total of 230 corrective maneuvers were performed, using nine distinct approaches. The incidence of accidental dural puncture was 3.1% if an inability to advance occurred (n=97) compared to 1.2% for other placements (n=2051, P=0.12). DiscussionInability to advance Arrow FlexTip Plus® epidural catheters was relatively common (4.5%) and occurred despite confidence in obtaining loss of resistance. Injecting saline may be corrective and appears to have little disadvantage. However, removing the needle and performing a new placement was the most successful corrective maneuver.

Effects of Predistention with Normal Saline Containing Adrenaline on Blood-Vessel Injury during Epidural Catheter Placement

This study investigated the effects of predistention with normal saline containing adrenaline on vascular plexus injury during epidural catheter placement. Three hundred parturients undergoing caesarean sections were randomly divided into three groups. Group I (n = 102) received an epidural injection with 5 ml normal saline; group II (n = 93) received 5 ml normal saline containing adrenaline (5 μg/ml); group III (n = 100) received direct epidural catheter placement. Five women were excluded from the analysis for technical reasons. The incidence of bloody fluid in the epidural needle was significantly lower in groups I and II compared with group III (eight [7.8%] and seven [7.5%] versus 17 [17.0%], respectively). There were no significant differences in the incidence of bloody fluid in the epidural catheter or in the incidence of intravascular epidural catheter placement between the three groups. Predistention with 5 ml normal saline before catheter insertion reduced the incidence of blood-vessel injury during epidural catheter placement, but adrenaline provided no additional protective effects.

A prospective clinical trial on prevention of catheter contamination using the hub protection cap for needleless injection device

Catheter hub contamination has been recognized as a source of catheter-related bloodstream infections. We have investigated the efficacy of a protection cap for a needleless injection device in preventing intraluminal catheter contamination, compared with a conventional 3-way stopcock. Adult patients requiring an intravascular catheter placement for at least 48 hours in an intensive care unit were randomly assigned to receive either the needleless injection device with protection cap (test group, n = 31, number of devices = 151) or with a conventional 3-way stopcock (comparator group, n = 33, number of devices = 179). To evaluate intraluminal contamination, we examined the bacteria isolated in the inline bacterial filters, which were attached downstream of the injection ports. The incidence of bacterial contamination was significantly different between the groups (test group 2/151 (1.3%) vs comparator group 11/179 (6.2%), P = .04). There was no correlation between the microbial contamination rate and the in situ time of catheter or numbers of injections. The protection cap for needleless injection devices decreased microbial transfer from the injection port to the intraluminal fluid pathway and lowered the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infections.

Applications of ultrasound in paediatric anaesthesia

Ultrasound (US) scanning during the placement of major regional nerve blocks or intravascular catheters allows a non-invasive real-time image display of tissue planes, neurovascular structures and needles. Advances in scanner technology have allowed anaesthetists to accurately target needle placement, which enhances the success and safety of these procedures. This review will summarise the use of US for regional blockade and vascular cannulation in paediatric anaesthetic practice.

Case-control comparison of cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters for placenta accreta

Case-control comparison of cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters for placenta accreta

New advances in technique for pediatric caudal and epidural placement

Epidural anesthesia can provide safe and effective analgesia in children; however, it is essential to give consideration to which epidural approach will be superior and which confirmation technique, if needed, will assist optimal catheter placement. Accurate segmental localization is important in pediatric epidurals, for avoiding local anesthetic toxicity and side effects through maximizing effect with minimal doses. Nerve stimulation and electrocardiography allow continuous and real-time monitoring of the position of the catheter tip. Electrical epidural stimulation may also help warn of intrathecal, subarachnoid or intravascular catheter or needle placement. Ultrasound guidance during central block procedures may be very advantageous in cases where clear visibility of anatomical structures and block-related equipment is possible. Ultrasound imaging can be of great help to determine the depth of the epidural space and estimate the best needle puncture site and angle. Methods to enhance the visibility of structures are introduced. Innovative techniques for use in pediatric neuraxial anesthesia will ultimately increase our confidence with the procedures and expand the utilization of regional anesthesia in children.

Case-control comparison of cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters for placenta accreta

The objective of the study was to compare outcomes of women with placenta accreta who underwent cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic intravascular balloon catheters. Case-control study of women at risk for placenta accreta identified using hospital databases and billing records from January 1995 to January 2006. Subjects with preoperative intravascular balloon catheter (BC) placement plus hysterectomy were compared with those that had hysterectomy alone. Sixty-nine subjects had cesarean hysterectomy performed for placenta accreta; 19 subjects had balloon catheters plus hysterectomy and 50 subjects had hysterectomy alone. No significant differences were noted in estimated blood loss (P = .79), transfused blood products (P = .60), operative time (P = .85), and postoperative hospital days (P = .85). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between groups. Three of the 19 BC subjects (15.8%) had complications from catheter placement; 2 required stent placement and/or arterial bypass. Prophylactic intravascular balloon catheters did not benefit women with placenta accreta undergoing cesarean hysterectomy.

Detection of Intravascular Epidural Catheter Placement: A Review

Intravascular placement of an epidural catheter is recognised as a potentially fatal complication of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. Up to 10% of epidural catheters may be inserted into an epidural vessel, the majority of which will be recognised; however, a proportion (1% of all epidural catheters inserted) may not be identified as lying intravascularly. Opinions differ on the optimal method for identifying intravascular catheters and no perfect method exists. Some debate the need for a test of correct location, as a lack of specificity may mean that a proportion of correctly located catheters are withdrawn and resited. This review outlines the incidence and risk factors associated with intravascular placement and aims to evaluate the detection methods that have been described, in an attempt to answer the question: "What is the optimal way of detecting intravascular placement of an epidural catheter?"