Placement Of Children Research Articles

Exploring problems for school reintegration following spinal cord injury: Perspectives on the kindergarten through fifth-grade population.

When a child acquires a spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D), they are faced with sudden onset of changes. Engagement in education, play, and leisure is immediately impacted. Using survey methodology, return to school for children in kindergarten through fifth grade following SCI/D was examined. Families at a large spinal cord rehabilitation center for the pediatric population on the East Coast of the United States were surveyed via email about their child's return to school to understand support and barriers a child faces when returning to school following SCI/D. Survey findings indicated that children face barriers related to school access, transportation, and educational support upon return to school. The primary barrier identified was access to educational support. Using survey findings, an in-clinic outpatient return-to-school recommendation form was developed to bridge the gap between medical model therapists and school staff that is specific to each child's needs. The curriculum is being developed to support families and therapists in preparing a child to return to school following SCI/D and to educate families to advocate for their child in the school setting. Future recommendations include further research regarding the placement of children in the school environment following SCI/D.

Juridical Analysis of Testimonies of Underage Children in Perspective of Criminal Procedures

This research was conducted to find out how the position of minors as witnesses in criminal procedural law and how the legal protection of minors as witnesses in a criminal act. By using the normative juridical research method, it can be concluded: 1. The position of minors as witnesses according to the criminal procedure law is not a valid evidence, and also does not have the power of proof, but the information can be used to strengthen the judge's belief and can be used as a guide as stated is in the explanation. Therefore, the value of the information given without an oath is in agreement with the others. Not having the power of proof does not mean that it cannot be considered, however, the information can be used in addition to perfecting the strength of proof of valid evidence, for example, it can strengthen the judge's conviction or be used as a guide. Whereas in the criminal justice system, children recognize witnesses as child witnesses who explain that the witness is a child who hears, sees and experiences himself. 2. Legal protection for minors as witnesses of a criminal act is quite good and supports a reshuffle of thought to provide opportunities and confidence for children to be able to testify in court. Protection of child witnesses involves all parties related to child protection regarding the rights of child witnesses which are clearly regulated in Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Following are the provisions for child protection contained in other statutory provisions, namely Law no. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, Law no. 22 of 2007 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, Law no. 13 of 2006 concerning the Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Institutions related to the protection of child witnesses are carried out by the Witness and Victim Protection Agency and the Child Protection Commission as well as the Special Child Development Institute, the Temporary Child Placement Institution and the Social Welfare Organization.

Resistance to Assimilation: Expanding Understandings of First Nations Cultural Connection in Child Protection and Out-of-home Care

ABSTRACT Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are integrated into child protection and out-of-home care (OOHC) systems via the connection element of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Child Placement Principle (ATSICPP). This article focuses on cultural connection in Australian child protection and OOHC systems over time, from its inception to its contemporary use to improve health and wellbeing and ameliorate cultural disconnection. An expanded understanding of cultural connection in Australian OOHC systems is articulated where cultural connection is theorised as a process of culturally connecting, while a critical position concerning the risk of cultural disconnection in OOHC is held. Indigenous cultures are fundamental to individual and community health and wellbeing. However, cultural connection in Australian OOHC systems risks becoming a site of bureaucratic policy compliance to ameliorate the effects of cultural disconnection produced by disproportionate First Nations child removals. This article illuminates this critical position while theorising how culturally connecting can be better understood in OOHC. IMPLICATIONS Cultural connection for First Nations children and young people is important for health and wellbeing, but is poorly understood in child protection and out-of-home care contexts. Cultural connection includes a community element, where culture acts as a point of distinctiveness to show that Indigenous peoples are surviving. At this juncture, cultural connection is a tool to resist the assimilatory impacts associated with ongoing child protection removals. Cultural connection can be understood as a complex journey of connecting for First Nations children and young people.

Parent power in EHCPs

Legal ruling affirms parental preference on choosing school placements for children who have education, health and care plans, explains Qaisar Sheikh, head of education law at Coram Children's Legal Centre

Ensuring children’s rights in the context of armed conflict in Ukraine

Ensuring the peaceful coexistence of people and protecting peace and prosperity are the main tasks of any state. Countries around the world are devoting significant efforts and resources to the establishment and operation of international organizations aimed at preventing armed conflict, which results in mass violations of human rights, including the rights of the child. The function of a large number of international organizations are aimed at ensuring the safety of their member countries. It emphasises the importance of ensuring the right to safety of a person, in particular a child, given that he or she belongs to a particularly vulnerable category of people that are in need of protection.
 During armed conflict, largely, children suffer more from rights violations.
 The article examines the consequences of armed aggression on the life of a child and identifies the features of ensuring certain rights of the child in the context of armed conflict in Ukraine .
 The number of children affected by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation is analyzed, attention is paid to the issue of ensuring the child's right to safety, legislative regulation of the child's right to education, as well as problematic aspects that arise during this right. The peculiarities of placement of children that are left without parental care in family-type orphanages and foster families as a result of the Russian invasion of the territory of Ukraine have been studied.
 It is concluded that states, as the main actors responsible for the lives and safety of their populations, need to increase coordination and interaction on the needs of children and youth during armed conflicts and in post-conflict situations. The parties to an armed conflict must strictly adhere to their obligations to protect civilians in general and children in particular, not only under international humanitarian law but also under general international law.

Assessment of School Assessors’ Knowledge and Competence on Diagnostic Overshadowing for Appropriate Placement of Children with Intellectual Disability in Cross River State, Nigeria

This study assessed the knowledge and competence of special teachers and psychologists in diagnostic overshadowing and differential diagnosis in children with intellectual disability in Cross River State, Nigeria. A descriptive research design was adopted. Sixty (60) respondents comprising teachers and school psychologists were purposively selected from three main special schools in Cross River State. Two research questions were raised to guide the study. A rating scale titled ‘Mental Health Diagnosis Competency Scale (r=0.91)’ was used for data collection. The instrument was used to assess the knowledge and competence of special teachers and school psychologists in diagnostic overshadowing and differential diagnosis in children with intellectual disabilities. The data collected were statistically analyzed using percentages, frequency count, and bar chart. The findings revealed that most teachers and school psychologists have no knowledge of psychiatric symptomatology in children with intellectual disabilities. Respondents also lack adequate competence in differential diagnosis, leading to wrong special education placement and inadequate intervention plans for such children. It was recommended, among others, that the government provide in-service training for teachers and psychologists to equip them on current issues and practices in special education, such as differential diagnosis and collaborative partnership within a transdisciplinary approach.

Reunification in Informal Foster Care Child Placement: Examining the Different Pathways in Ghana

Informal foster care remains the preferred alternative care option for children in many parts of the world. However, the processes of reunification in informal foster care are largely unknown. This qualitative study sought to explore the reunification processes within informal foster care in Ghana to inform child protection services for better program design for such children. Twenty interviews were conducted with reunified fostered children and their biological parents. Data from the in-depth interviews with parents and children were analyzed thematically. Three main processes of reunification were identified in this study namely; open, flexible exit plans and educational threshold arrangements. The findings show that reunification pathways are informed by the factors that informed the placement. A model of reunification, based on the study findings has been suggested to guide further studies. Child protection workers should utilize the reunification model as a framework to design services for children who are reunified in informal foster care. Researchers could also utilize the reunification model as a tool to study the outcomes for children who have been reunified. Further research should also explore measures and mechanism that are needed to integrate best practices of the informal foster care processes within the formal child protection domain.

Substance use and other factors associated with child welfare case duration: Looking beyond out of home care

AbstractLittle is known about factors associated with child welfare case duration. Understanding factors associated with case duration may help stakeholders make more informed decisions about funding and service allocation and improve compliance with federal law. This study had two research questions: (1) What factors are associated with child welfare case duration? And (2) Do factors differ depending on whether children were placed exclusively with parents or with others (e.g. relatives and foster care) during the case? The study sample consisted of families (N = 874) with co‐occurring child maltreatment and substance use in one midwestern state in the United States between 2007 and 2016. Linear regression models were used to identify correlates of case duration while controlling for child placement status. Overall, having a child under 1 year of age, benzodiazepine use, methamphetamine use and injection drug use were all associated with longer case duration, whereas marijuana use with no other substance use was associated with shorter case duration. Additionally, factors associated with case duration differed based on child placement status during the case. These findings suggest important heterogeneity in families involved with child welfare services and may allow for proactive mitigation of cases at greater risk.

Peculiarities of arrangement of children in orphans and foster families during martime

The article examines the functioning of family-type orphanages and foster families as important forms of placement of orphans and children deprived of parental care in martial law. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the reception of orphans and children deprived of parental care in family-type orphanages and foster families during military events in Ukraine. Particular attention was paid to the legislation of Ukraine on social protection of orphans, children deprived of parental care, as well as orphans and children deprived of parental care, namely: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On ensuring organizational and legal conditions of social protection of orphans, children deprived of parental care ", the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine" On amendments to some resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the protection of children's rights during a state of emergency or martial law of March 22, 2022 № 349 and other legislative acts regulating legal relations related to the provision of material, social and legal assistance to orphans, children deprived of parental care, as well as persons from among orphans and children deprived of parental care. foster family and a family-type orphanage are some of the most effective forms of placement for orphans and children deprived of parental care. After all, children whose parents have died or are unable to perform their duties due to various circumstances also need family warmth and upbringing. And we have a particularly sad result of the terrible war: thousands of children were orphaned, lost guardians or guardians, faced the horrors of war, lost during bombings, evacuations from combat zones, disappeared, forcibly deported to the aggressor country and know nothing about their parents.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF PLACEMENT OF ORPHANS AND CHILDREN DEPRIVED OF PARENTAL CARE, IN THE COURSE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HUMAN-CENTERED STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF CHILD CARE

The article is devoted to the study of certain areas of state policy in the field of maintenance and upbringing of orphans and children deprived of parental care, through reforming the institutional care system and development of alternative forms of placement of orphans and children deprived of parental care. The author substantiated the need to reform the institutional care system and the priority of replacing this method of placement of children deprived of parental care with alternative forms of family education, which will ensure the formation of human-oriented public policy, according to which the child, his rights and interests are fundamental. The strategic result of the implementation of such a policy will be the formation of "human capital" as a fundamental component of modern society of the Ukrainian state.

"Failed" Matches, Child Removals, and Disrupted Placements: Devastating and Invisible Losses During the Family-Building Journey for LGBTQ Adoptive Parents.

Reproductive loss, which includes miscarriage and nongestational loss, such as adoption loss, is rarely recognized as part of the family-building journey. Such loss tends to be even more invisible among LGBTQ individuals. The current study examines the experiences of 80 LGBTQ individuals who experienced adoption-related losses (i.e., failed adoption matches, child removals, disrupted child placements), with attention to how these losses impacted them and what enabled them to move forward. Participants who pursued private domestic adoption experienced failed matches (i.e., birth parents deciding to parent or choosing another family) both before (n = 21) and/or after (n = 24) a child was born. Participants who pursued public domestic adoption experienced child removals involving reunification with birth parents (n = 14) and other birth relatives (n = 18), as well as disrupted placements initiated by parents (n = 10) and children (n = 7). Failed matches, child removals, and disrupted placements were typically experienced as "crushing" and invisible losses. They were often followed by a period of grieving, and sometimes prompted adjustments to the type of matches or placements participants would consider (e.g., to mitigate the likelihood of future similar losses). Moving forward from adoption losses was facilitated by support from partners and those who experienced similar losses, knowledge or hope regarding the children once in their care, and finally being placed with the child(ren) whom they ultimately legally adopted.

The Influence of Daily Living Skill Profiles in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder on Early Intervention Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Educational Placement

Research on early intervention (EI) teachers’ perceptions toward the educational placement of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been limited. This study examined the influence of daily living skills (DLS) profiles on EI teachers’ perception of educational placement in preschool students with ASD using vignettes featuring students with varying DLS profiles but with average academic abilities and motor skills. It also examined the influence of a child’s age on teachers’ perceptions and the teacher-related factors influencing these perceptions. Sample consisted of 118 participants (mean age = 31.9 years, SD = 8.48) randomly assigned to one of three conditions, where they were told that the students in the vignettes needed (1) full assistance, or (2) partial assistance, or (3) no assistance in DLS. They then rated whether the students would be suitable for entry into a mainstream primary school. Results indicated that teachers perceived children needing full or partial assistance in DLS to be less suitable for mainstream education. The child’s age also influenced the teachers’ perceptions. No association between teacher-related factors and teachers’ perception was found. Importance of DLS in EI was implied.

Antecedents to Child Placement in Residential Care: A Systematic Review

Individual studies suggest most children and youth in residential care centres (RCCs) have living parents, and parental death is not the primary antecedent to placement in residential care. The goal of the present review was to examine the literature to better understand the primary antecedents to placement in RCCs overall. One hundred thirty-two studies, including 60,683 children in 47 nations meet eligibility criteria for inclusion for the overarching review of antecedents of placement. Primary information sources for this review were the Academic Search Complete, PubMed and ProQuest Central databases. Studies were included that reported on antecedents to placement for children living in RCCs for the purpose of care. Fourteen antecedent themes were identified from the literature. Regional trends for antecedents were assessed. Globally, the most frequent antecedents were parental death, maltreatment and health of children or parents. Understanding antecedents to placement is vital for preventing unnecessary separation of children from parental care, for facilitating appropriate family reintegration and for creation of the most appropriate and effective options for alternative care when necessary.

Who are our caregivers? An assessment of the characteristics of foster parents at certain foster parenting milestones across two states

ABSTRACT The number of children in foster care in the United States has risen while new federal regulations in the USA require states to decrease dependence on congregate placements. As family-based settings are the preferred placement option, there is a pressing need to prioritize effective strategies to recruit and retain foster parents. The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic characteristics and life experiences of families who decided to become foster parents at various key points in time in two states: Missouri and Mississippi. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted at key milestones, which include pre-licensure training, completion of training and licensure, shortly after their initial placement, three months after initial placement, and after initial placement disruption occurred. A total of 656 prospective and current foster parents participated in the study. Survey results provide insight into the demographic characteristics of families who are attracted to fostering, those that are successful in obtaining licensure and accepted child placements, providing permanency to the children they care for, and those that decide to dissolve a foster care placement prematurely. Present in the discussion are concerns of those who have been left out of the recruitment process. Implications for policy and practice are also discussed.

Mental health, welfare or justice: An introductory global overview of differences between countries in the scale and approach to secure placements of children and young people

Mental health, welfare or justice: An introductory global overview of differences between countries in the scale and approach to secure placements of children and young people

Mental health, welfare or justice: An introductory global overview of differences between countries in the scale and approach to secure placements of children and young people.

BackgroundEstimates suggest that over a million children per year are deprived of their liberty across the world. Little is known about the types, ethos or distribution of secure beds in which they are detained.AimThis study aims to provide quantitative data with background information, to explore similarities and differences across jurisdictions, and to inform critical inquiry into key concepts and practices.MethodsData was obtained using an opportunistic sample of affluent countries, derived from an emerging academic/practice network of senior professionals. Depending on jurisdiction, data was already in the public domain or specifically requested. Data requests were related to the nature and size of health, welfare and criminal justice elements of secure beds and recent occupancy. Key professionals working in child secure settings, within jurisdictions, provided commentary on local approaches.ResultsData was incomplete but allowed for comparisons between 10 jurisdictions. The proportions of the populations of children and young people detained varied by jurisdiction as did their distribution across variations of secure settings. Not all jurisdictions had all three kinds of secure settings. Definitions of secure beds varied depending on the use of relational, procedural or physical security.ConclusionFindings are tentative but suggestion solely considering numerical descriptions of children's detention is misleading; our study highlights ways in which comparative studies may be improved. Within reported jurisdictions, the framework of health, welfare and justice was meaningful but this may not hold true with a wider international application of this method. Open interrogation of this data would be enhanced by the inclusion of children's perspectives.

The placement of children into foster care in Poland by foreign authorities

ABSTRACT Cross-border placement of children is addressed by the 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention, which is binding on the United Kingdom, and in EU law. The detailed procedures are governed by the domestic law of each country involved. However, it was not until 2018 that proceedings for placement of children in foster care by foreign authorities were introduced to Polish law. The fact that cross-border placements have become increasingly common has contributed significantly to the enactment of the new law. The available official data indicate that the British and German authorities are the most inclined to place children with Polish citizenship in foster care in their homeland. Although the regulations introduced in 2018 concern the basic rights of children, they have not yet been presented in detail to the involved parties abroad, including British local and central authorities, judges and social workers. Their familiarity with the relevant provisions of Polish law can undoubtedly contribute to speeding up the proceedings and ensuring that their outcome is harmonious with the best interests of the child.

Finding a New Illinois History: Connecting with the Revival of Midwestern Regional History

Finding a New Illinois History: Connecting with the Revival of Midwestern Regional History

Trading off fiscal budget adherence and child protection.

Many countries delegate a substantial part of social service decisions to local administrative levels, while federal laws provide the overall framework for service levels. Strict regulations to reduce budget overruns may however leave local governments with a potential trade-off between adhering to fiscal budgets and supplying critical welfare services as e.g. programs to protect vulnerable children. We investigate if budgetary constraints influence child protection decisions using high-quality register data. We show that the introduction of fiscal sanctions to improve budget adherence contributed to a sharp decline in budget overruns on child protective services by reducing the number of children in out-of-home care. Our results further show that monthly variation in budget adherence within a fiscal year affects the probability of a placement in out-of-home care for children in need of help towards the end of a fiscal year. We estimate that a budget overrun of 10 percentage points by mid-year leads to a 1.2 percent reduction in the number of children in care over the remaining part of the fiscal year. Municipalities reduced child protection expenditure by choosing cheaper types of care and ending placement for children in out-of-home care, particularly for children turning 18. Our paper contributes to the literature on fiscal federalism by documenting the trade-off between managing public expenditure and providing safety and equal opportunity for vulnerable children. We thus highlight that enforcing strict budget adherence may be in conflict with social policy goals. Our results raise an important discussion about centralization versus delegation of critical public services.

Family ties: A quasi-experimental approach to estimate the impact of kinship care on child well-being

The reliance on kinship care within the child welfare system is substantial and has been recently codified into new federal legislation, the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018, as well as recent emphases that the Indian Child Welfare Act represents the “gold standard” for all child welfare practice and policy. This article uses longitudinal data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW) II to analyze the impact of kinship care on child well-being as compared to non-relative foster care. We use propensity score matching to mitigate the selection bias inherent in child placement decisions and find that children who exceed the clinical threshold for externalizing behaviors are less likely to be placed in kinship care than foster care. We find that once accounting for differences in child and caregiver characteristics among those in kinship care and foster care, the effect of kinship care on behavioral and emotional well-being is not significantly different than foster care, though are in the direction of favoring kinship care. These findings contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of the effect of kinship care on child well-being and overcome some key limitations of most prior research on this topic.