Adverb Placement Research Articles

Peculiarities of Adverb Placement in English Sentences (exemplified by the adverb "fairly")

The article deals with the problem of adverb placement in English sentences. The paper aims at studying the main tendencies and patterns which influence the choice of the syntactic position of adverbs in English. Special attention is paid to the correlation between the semantic and syntactic features of adverbs. The article also describes possible syntactic positions of adverbs belonging to different semantic classes and the factors which determine the change of the place of the adverb in the sentence. The paper also considers the peculiarities of functioning of adverbs in the sentence based on the analysis of the adverb "fairly". The material for study includes contexts of use of the adverb "fairly" taken from the British National Corpus (BNC). The research uses the following methods: descriptive and statistical methods, methods of contextual analysis and syntactic analysis. The relevance of the subject of the research is due to the fact that in modern English adverbs are characterized by a high level of variability in syntactic placement, and even adverbs belonging to the same semantic class may have different syntactic properties. The analysis showed that "fairly" can be used as an intensifying adverb, an emphasizer, an adverb of manner, an evaluation adverb; in a number of cases it can also acquire additional modal meanings or serve as a speech act-related adverb. Each meaning of the adverb is characterised by its specific variants of syntactic positioning: before the word it modifies, in medial position, in end position and as a parenthetic word detached from the rest of the sentence. The results of the research show the necessity to study the syntactic properties of adverbs in more detail and to clarify their existing dictionary definitions.

THE EVALUATIVE POTENTIAL OF ADVERBS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

This article is devoted to a new direction in contemporary Ukrainian linguistics, known as the grammar of evaluation. The focus is on the morphology of evaluation. This article aims to present the evaluative potential of adverbial forms in the Ukrainian language. The research subject is adverbs with evaluative semantics, characterized by systemic and functional approaches. The research material consists of literary and journalistic texts and modern Internet discourse. The study integrates two main approaches: systemic (structural) and functional (discursive). Among the methods used in this article, the descriptive method is primary, allowing for the presentation of material and formulation of conclusions; the conceptual-analytical method is applied to qualify and methodologically evaluate the theoretical foundations of the morphology of evaluation. Additionally, the interpretive-contextual and discursive methods, as well as the axiological analysis method, are utilized to identify grammatical adverbial forms that carry evaluative meaning. The article discusses the potential of adverbs in modelling the meaning of quality, evaluation itself, and intensification of features. It is particularly evident in the process of adverbial compatibility with nouns. Among adjectives, national forms of evaluative presentation, especially those with intimating semantics, which represent the mentality of Ukrainians, are highlighted. These include adverbs of manner such as тудою — туди (thither — there), сюдою — сюди (hither — here), as well as diminutive forms derived from adverbs of place like тутечки (here), осьдечки (hereabouts). A system of comparative and superlative adjective forms that verbalize the intensification of evaluative meaning is also identified, including occasional form creation that is common in the Ukrainian linguistic culture. It is demonstrated that adverbs are expressive representatives of the category of evaluation. The prospect of this scientific study lies in conducting a comparative analysis of adverbial forms in the Ukrainian language with analogous adjective forms in English to more distinctly identify the uniqueness of evaluative meaning verbalization presented by these forms.

한국어 이항 서술어 ‘좋다’의 논항 실현 양상 연구

This study focuses on double subject constructions with the predicate ‘cohta((be) good/like)’, sourced from messenger corpus, finally categorizing them into six types in terms of their syntactic and semantic properties. A significant finding is that 97% of the analyzed sentences fall into type 1 and type 2, with a maximum of three noun phrases being realized. Type 1 and type 2 are notably distinct in several aspects including the semantic traits of noun phrases, the placement of adverbs of degree, the variability in the use of particles, and verb phrase expansion. Although the research is confined to specific conditions, limiting its general applicability to Korean double subject constructions, it can contribute to general Korean syntax by exploring a wide range of cases, including those typically unrealized, and highlighting the frequent syntactic and semantic variations beyond just the particles 'i/ka' and 'un/nun'.

The effect of linguistic and extralinguistic features on EFL adverb placement

Abstract Larsson et al. (2020) emphasize the importance of taking linguistic variables (e.g., verb type) into consideration in studies of adverb placement. This study looks at the positional distribution of 15 epistemic adverbs from texts written by L1 Turkish, German, and English students, with the aim of testing whether the findings from Larsson et al. can be generalized to a different register (argumentative writing) and a typologically more distant language (Turkish). We also revisit the question of whether there is L1 transfer. The results confirm Larsson et al.’s finding that the main predictors of adverb placement are linguistic, although some register differences were noted, such as higher frequencies of adverbs in the argumentative texts. Furthermore, the L1 Turkish students made especially frequent use of the clause-initial position (e.g., probably she is here).

How syntactic gradience in L1 affects L3 acquisition

Abstract The article reports on a longitudinal study of syntactic cross-linguistic influence (CLI) among L1 Polish learners of L2 English and L3 Norwegian. The study mainly aimed to determine the influence of gradience in L1 on third language acquisition. To this end, four syntactic properties were tested, two of which exhibit similarity between Polish and Norwegian (subject-oriented possessive pronouns and adverb placement), and the other two – between English and Norwegian (definite and indefinite articles). A group of 24 learners of Norwegian participated in an acceptability judgment task, which was administered at three data collection times in all three languages. It aimed not only to determine the presence (and sources) of CLI, but also to observe how gradience in L1 affects the assessment of equivalent properties in L3. In order to assess the role played by gradience, the trilinguals’ performance was compared to that of a control group of English-Norwegian bilinguals. The data were analyzed with mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression modelling, which showed statistically significant differences in the ratings of articles between the two groups. We attribute this finding to gradient acceptability characterizing subject-oriented pronouns and adverb placement in Polish, which is a potential source of non-facilitative CLI.

The Distribution of Manner and Frequency Adverbs in Child Heritage Speakers of Spanish

We investigate the acquisition of adverb placement in Spanish among school-age child heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the US by Mexican parents. We examine frequency and manner adverbs with negative and positive polarity and the potential role of cross-linguistic influence, dominance, and experience in the path and rate of development. Fourteen child heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the US and twenty-five Spanish monolingual children from Mexico completed an elicited production task. Results showed that the heritage children produced significantly fewer verb-raising structures compared to the monolingual children, leading to a higher proportion of pre-verbal adverb use and adverb-final use. The heritage children treated manner and frequency adverbs with negative and positive polarity significantly differently. We also found a strong correlation between dominance and experience in the probability of producing specific adverbial positions. In other words, common adverbial positions in English were more likely to be produced with higher dominance and experience in English; likewise, Spanish adverbial positions were more likely to be used with higher dominance and experience in Spanish. We argue for differential outcomes in child heritage grammar due to differences in the path and rate of language development as well as the role of dominance and experience in child heritage language acquisition.

Kalimat Interogatif dalam Kanal YouTube ‘ChinesePod’: Kajian Sintaksis

<p><strong>Interrogative sentences are an important aspect of learning a foreign language. Research on Chinese interrogative sentences is still very rare, so the writer chooses to research Chinese interrogative sentences. This study aims to examine the interrogative sentences contained in the video entitled '旅行在中国 Traveling in China' on the YouTube channel 'ChinesePod'. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, using observation and note-taking techniques. The data is classified based on the type of interrogative sentence, the function and location of the question word in each interrogative sentence. The results obtained show that there are 10 types of questions with 'yes/no' answers with ten question words functioning as predicates. Then there are 7 types of questions with answers to information which are divided into three question words which function as subjects, two question words function as predicates, one question word functions as a delimiter, and one question word functions as an adverb of place</strong><strong><em>.</em></strong></p><p><strong><em><em><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong>– </em></em></strong><em><em>Chinese, Interrogative Sentence, Syntax.</em></em></p>

“Ending the first cycle of teaching Georgian as a foreign language - with the first stage students”

The first cycle of teaching and meeting with the students is of great importance. Learning materials should be provided purposefully and completely. The methods of providing the material should be carefully selected, planned and organized, which is essential to achieve the goal. Practical experience gives us right to offer the third methodical frame of the first cycle with its strategical and sequential plan, which our Language Center “Semita” utilizes with the great success. We consider it preferable to provide new material in a spiral manner. We choose active communication method for the lessons. The last part of the first cycle covers the following: question words: Who? What? Where?; Personal Pronouns: We, You, They; Possessive Pronouns: My, your, his, her, our, their; Adverbs of place: here, there; Plural form of the verb “to be”: are; Vocabulary: a boy, a girl, a school, A bag, friends (plural form); Phrases: may I..?; I would like..; Here you are...; Yes, of course; Hold on…

Adjectives and adverbs as stylometric analysis parameters

The present study considers the role of adjectives and adverbs in stylometric analysis and authorship attribution. Adjectives and adverbs allow both for variations in placement and order (adverbs) and variations in type (adjectives). This preliminary study examines a collection of 25 English-language blogs taken from the Schler Blog corpus, and the Project Gutenberg corpus with specific emphasis on 3 works. Within the blog corpora, the first and last 100 lines were extracted for the purpose of analysis. Project Gutenberg corpora were used in full. All texts were processed and part-of-speech tagged using the Python NLTK package. All adverbs were classified as sentence-initial, preverbal, interverbal, postverbal, sentence-final, or none-of-the-above. The adjectives were classified into types according to the universal English type hierarchy (Cambridge Dictionary Online, 2021; Annear, 1964) manually by one of the authors. Ambiguous adjectives were classified according to their context. For the adverbs, the initial samples were paired and used as training data to attribute the final samples. This resulted in 600 trials under each of five experimental conditions. We were able to attribute authorship with an average accuracy of 9.7% greater than chance across all five conditions. Confirmatory experiments are ongoing with a larger sample of English-language blogs. This strongly suggests that adverbial placement is a useful and novel idiolectal variable for authorship attribution (Juola et al., 2021). For the adjective, differences were found in the type of adjective used by each author. Percent use of each type varied based upon individual preference and subject-matter (e.g. Moby Dick had a large number of adjectives related to size and color). While adverbial order and placement are highly variable, adjectives are subject to rigid restrictions that are not violated across texts and authors. Stylometric differences in adjective use generally involve the type and category of adjectives preferred by the author. Future investigation will focus, likewise, on whether adverbial variation is similarly analyzable by type and category of adverb.

Intermediate to Advance L1 Chinese EFL Learners Adverb Placement

This study focuses on adverbial acquisition by examining sample essays written by 10 intermediate-to-advanced level L1 Chinese EFL learners. The result of the study, though different than previous research, further justifies the claim that Chinese L1 negative influence on English adverb acquisition is relatively small, and that instructions received during acquisition impact placement preference. Advanced EFL learners also decide the position base on their meanings and implication, similar to native speakers but with native language influence.

Hypallage is a rare bird. Not.

Hypallage, a “marginal” rhetorical trope, is defined as a combination of seemingly incompatible features and has been exploited since antiquity in poetic and narrative discourse, e.g., angry crowns of kings (Odes of Horace). Here the hypallactic incompatibility arises from the position of angry as a prenominal modifier of crowns rather than of kings. We deny that hypallage is a rare phenomenon restricted to belles-lettres; rather, we claim that hypallage is a highly entrenched mechanism in ordinary language. We demonstrate that structural and semantic parallelisms exist between prototypical hypallactic transpositions and the marked placement of constituents in clausal, morphological, and speech act constructions, as well as quantifier and adverbial placement. Hypallactic expressions constitute a violation of the Iconic Proximity Principle. Nevertheless, they are a means for a speaker to convey complex meanings at any level of grammar and discourse with a minimum of coding effort. The exploitation of hypallactic anti-iconicity by a speaker and its resolution by a hearer are made possible by shared conceptual models, the conceptual metonymies and/or metaphors operating on them, and pragmatic inferencing. We conclude that the prioritizing of figurative motivation at the expense of iconicity is a pervasive cognitive mechanism in language.

LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION OF SPACE (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE TEXTS OF UKRAINIAN SPELLS)

The purpose of the article is to study the linguistic representation of space in the texts of Ukrainian folk spells. To achieve the goal we are to fulfill the following tasks: to define a vocabulary for the designation of spatial concepts, which presents consecrated (clean) and profane (impure) space; analyze traditional formulas that denote space; to describe the linguistic means by which the limitlessness, dynamism, and mobility of space are expressed in the texts of Ukrainian spells. We present examples of Ukrainian spells in the forms in which they occur in the studied texts. So, in the texts of Ukrainian folk spells, we can see the functioning of a consecrated (clean) and a profane (impure) space, the reflections of which are reflected in the vocabulary to designate spatial concepts. Mobility, dynamism of space is conveyed by verbs of motion, and one of the spatial representatives is the lexeme sea, which in turn activates the epithet blue. In addition to verbs of motion, spatial semantics are conveyed by nouns and adverbs of place. Traditional formulas denoting space include constructions with the prepositions by, near, through, in, on, and geographical designations. Clean space is associated with the presence of Christian characters in it, but diseases are sent to places with the meaning of remote (unclean) space. The heavenly space of spells is represented by the symbols the sky, the sun, the moon, stars, and a fiery bugalo. Earthly space contains realities represented by lexemes denoting abstract space (north, south, west, east, side, parts, earth), natural landscape (mountains, forests, mounds, driftwoods, thickets, banks, stones, stumps, slums, ravines), formed territories (road, yard) and buildings (house, church). The spells denoting space are represented by plant names: trees (oak, willow, pear), bushes (viburnum), flowers (rose), herbs (mint, primrose, rowan), agricultural crops (rye), as well as generalized names of plants (tree, grass) and their parts. The lower water-land world is represented by the following nominations: snake, serpent, viper, plow, pike, dead man, devil. Prospects for further research consist in the study of the category of time in the texts of Ukrainian spells.

V Nikuda (“To Nоwhere”): From Poeticism to the Element of Everyday Language

The article deals with the results of a study of the history of the emergence and functioning of the Russian idiom в никуда “to nowhere”, which is a substantiated pronominal adverb of place никуда (“nowhere” or “anywhere” in different contexts) with the preposition of direction в (“to”). The idiom в никуда “to nowhere” is part of the expressive means of various styles of the modern Russian language, including colloquial speech and journalism, and the expressiveness of this idiom is due to the unusual, “irregularity” of its construction, which, in principle, is not typical for Russian speech. The analysis of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NRC) showed that the idiom в никуда “to nowhere” is as stable as poeticism. In modern Russian, it is much more frequent in the poetic subcorpus of the NRC than in other subcorpora. The unit under study can be found in the works of poets of all directions, including such well-known ones as Brodskiy, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Slutskiy, Heinrich Sapgir, Boris Ryzhiy, etc. Further, for the first time among the texts of the corpus, the described unit is found in the work of the symbolist poet Ivan Rukavishnikov, written no later than 1910. At the same time, in the first decades of its existence, unlike today, the unit в никуда “to nowhere” is found exclusively in poetic contexts and only from the late 1930s penetrates into everyday and journalistic discourses. The study was carried out using such methods as corpus analysis, the method of calculating the overall frequency of a lexeme, which in this case was applied to an idiom, and the source study method. The material was NRC data and Google.books collections. The history of the idiom в никуда “to nowhere” demonstrates the mechanism of the penetration of poeticisms into the national language.

Inner Dynamics of Syntax in Mohsin Hamid's 'Of Windows and Doors' and 'A Beheading

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to focus on different role of adjuncts and complement phrases by examining the fixed position of some adverbial words in a clause. It also highlighted the importance of adverbial and prepositional phrases in determining the Character's perception, attributes, and worldly aspects.
 Methodology: The present research is a mixed-method approach in nature where close reading and document analysis of Mohsin Hamid's short stories 'Of windows and doors' and 'A beheading' is done along with the coding of the PP phrases and adverbial words. The results are drawn by separately analyzing the obligatory and optional adjuncts in the clause by examining the sentence structure in the presence or absence of the PP.
 Findings: Adverbial placement rules are applied to the clauses of the stories which proved that changes in few adverbial words can render the sentence ungrammatical. The findings showed that 63% PP Adjuncts and 36% PP Complements in 'Of windows and doors' states that optional information is added more frequently to describe the world affairs and character's perception. While 47% PP adjuncts and 52% PP-complements in 'A beheading' demonstrate that writer has focused more on the obligatory information.
 Conclusion: Adverbial words of different categories are used for proving the stance that few adverbs have a fixed position in universal grammar.
 Recommendation: Future researches can be conducted to identify the rules which govern adverb placement and categorize the functions and differences of prepositional phrases as an adjunct and complementizer in two different languages.

ἔνδον, εἴσω (Phryn. Ecl. 99, Antiatt. ε 9)

This article deals with the correct usage of the adverbs of place ἔνδον ‘and εἴσω, as discussed in the Atticist lexica Phryn. Ecl. 99 and Antiatt. ε 9.

MANDARIN INTERFERENCE IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE OF CHINESE COMMUNITY IN MAKASSAR CITY

Interference is a language phenomenon that often occurs in Indonesian Languagelingual societies. This study reveals the Mandarin language interference that occurs in Indonesian speech in the Chinese community of Makassar City. This study concerns the main problem, namely how the form of interference that occurs in the Chinese community of Makassar City. The analyzed interference includes phonological, morphological, and syntactic interference. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was done by direct observation, interviews, notes, and documentation. The presentation of the data results is done by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study found that the phonological interference includes the addition of phonemes, changes in phonemes, and the release of phonemes. Likewise, there are two forms of morphological interference, namely lexical interference and reduplication. And syntactic interference occurs in the SKPO sentence structure pattern, the SKP sentence structure pattern (adverb of place), the SKP sentence structure pattern (adverb of time), and the question sentence pattern.

Why syntax is all about semantics and pragmatics

In this paper I reanalyze the data provided in Barbiers (2018) on Dutch adverbs which occur in an embedded (complement) clause while they semantically pertain to the matrix (main) clause (or vice versa). Whereas Barbiers analyzes adverb placement in Dutch along the lines of the Cinque hierarchy (Cinque 1999), I will propose an analysis and explanation along semantic lines which does not need any movement, thereby stressing the importance of semantics and pragmatics in syntactic analyses.

Spatial Deixis in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety

This paper investigates spatial deixis in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety. Deixis is a word of Greek origin which means ‘pointing.’ The paper explores the means that Tachelhit offers its speakers for spatial deictic reference, an important pragmatic aspect that linguists of Tachelhit have not heeded to. Tachelhit has a rich spatial deictic system which is thus categorized into: Demonstratives, Adverbs of Place, Prepositions, Motion Verbs, and Presentatives. Tachelhit has a four-term spatial deictic system which changes according to the interplay of gender, proximity, distance, and absence. The paper also discovers that Tachelhit is a language that benefits from spatial deictic iconicity. The two major data collection methods that were used in this qualitative paper are content analysis and elicitation technique. Some examples from other languages (English, Latin, Turkish, Indonesian, Bantu, and French) are provided for cross-linguistic comparison and instantiation.

Is it only about only? A Study on Focus Particle Placement Acceptability in L2 English Learners and English Monolinguals

The placement of adverbs has been widely studied over the last few decades, both in first (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition. While traditional grammars teach that the preferred order in English is (S)ubject, (A)dverb, and (V)erb, adverbs which introduce focus receive less attention. Focus particles take scope over the constituents they precede, making their placement and interpretation in a sentence variable. In this study I investigate the acceptability of Focus particle (only, even, also) placement when used as adverbs in 96 participants: 48 Italian L2 English learners and 48 English monolinguals.

The acquisition of adverbs in child L3 French in Canada

This paper1 focuses on the acquisition of adverbs in French L3 and aims to identify the possible role of transfer in this particular linguistic context. The data come from children born in Canada who speak Romanian as a heritage language and are exposed to English as the societal language as well as to French (L3) in school. The variable under scrutiny is the position of adverbs in light of Cinque’s (1999) universal hierarchy. The results indicate that children have nativelike competence for adverb placement in the three languages; however, some non-convergent uses arise in French signaling possible transfer of other parametric settings from Romanian. We suggest that this is a case of non-facilitative transfer due to structural similarity between Romanian and French.