Institutional Placement Research Articles

Shared residential placement for child welfare and juvenile justice youth: current treatment needs and risk of adult criminal conviction

BackgroundAlthough child welfare youth and juvenile offenders in residential care have different judicial placement reasons, there seems to be overlap in their demographic and psychosocial backgrounds. This could raise the question whether these adolescents should be placed in strictly separated institutions based on their judicial title (civil or criminal law) or together based on their needs. As systematic knowledge on the effects of shared placement of these groups is limited, the aim of the current paper is to examine the demographic, crime-related and psychosocial characteristics of child welfare and juvenile justice youths in shared residential care and subsequently examine its relationship with offending behavior in adulthood.MethodsThe sample was drawn from the Swiss study for clarification and goal-attainment in youth welfare and juvenile justice institutions (MAZ.) and consisted 354 juveniles (252 child welfare, 102 juvenile justice; 223 boys, 131 girls) between 10 and 18 years. Mental health problems were assessed with the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 (MAYSI-2), official adult criminal conviction data up to 10 years later was obtained from the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics. Three sets of logistic regressions were conducted investigating any, violent and non-violent convictions.ResultsUnivariate results showed that that the child welfare sample included more females, more juveniles with the Swiss nationality, and was younger at the time of assessment and at first placement compared to the juvenile justice sample. Furthermore, child welfare youths showed less alcohol/drug use problems and offending behavior than their juvenile justice counterparts. Unadjusted models demonstrated that committing authority predicted adult criminal convictions, but that this distinction disappeared when it was controlled for demographic, crime-related and psychosocial factors. Gender and time at risk were found to be related to adult conviction in all three models. In addition, alcohol/drug use problems were risk factors for general, previous convictions for violent, and traumatic experiences for non-violent convictions in adulthood.ConclusionsOur results support the approach of placement in residential care institutions based on treatment needs instead of on judicial title. Special attention should be devoted to trauma informed care and substance use coping. However, more research is needed.

The impact of different patterns of home- and community-based services on nursing home admission: National data from Taiwan.

This study had two aims: (a) to identify the different patterns of use of home- and community-based services (HCBS) among older adults in Taiwan, and (b) to examine the effects of the different use patterns on HCBS recipients' use of institutional long-term care services. The study analyzed cohort data from Taiwan's first National 10-Year Long-Term Care Plan database and from National Health Insurance Claim Data. We extracted baseline information on older adults who were first evaluated for and prescribed HCBS from 2010 through 2013 (N=71,260). We used latent class analysis to specify the underlying subgroups of recipients with similar patterns of HCBS use. We used hierarchical multinomial logistic regression to examine the effect of the different use patterns on the risk of institutional (e.g., nursing home) placement from 4 to 15 months after initial HCBS evaluation. Four subgroups of HCBS recipients were identified, with patterns of home-based personal care (PC), home-based personal care and medical care (PC/MC), home-based medical care (MC), and community care services. Compared to the home-based PC/MC group, people in the home-based MC group had lower risk (OR=0.54) and people in the community care group had higher risk (OR=1.76) of admission to a nursing home. Study findings may provide insights for policy makers regarding the usefulness of integrating medical care and other types of long-term care services into adult day care.

Better Language - Faster Helper: The Relation Between Spontaneous Instrumental Helping Action and Language Ability in Family-Reared and Institutionalized Toddlers.

Prosocial behavior is the key component of social and interpersonal relations. One of the elements of prosociality is helping behavior, which emerges already in early childhood. Researchers have identified several domains of helping behavior: instrumental helping, comforting another person, and sharing resources with others. The development of helping behavior can depend on a number of factors: children's age, the social situation of development, communication skills, and the ability to understand the feelings and needs of another person. In Study 1, the main goal was to determine the effects of age and cognitive, language, and motor development on instrumental helping skills in early childhood. The goal of Study 2 was to estimate the effects of rearing in an adverse social environment by comparing the capacity for instrumental helping in family-raised and institutionalized children. The authors examined toddlers' (N = 198) ability to initiate spontaneous helping and the factors that may influence it. Cognitive, language, and fine motor skills were measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Child Development, 3rd edition. Children's instrumental helping behavior was assessed according to the procedure presented by Warneken and Tomasello, with a few modifications. Study 1 demonstrated that children's ability to initiate helping was dependent on their age: the non-helpers were significantly younger than the helpers. Children's language skills also played a significant role in their helping behavior. The children with higher language skills helped the adult more often and more quickly. Study 2 demonstrated that institutional placement per se was not related to toddlers' ability to initiate helping. Language ability was associated with helping behavior both in institution- and family-reared toddlers. Instrumental helping in early childhood is related to children's age, language skills, and rearing conditions.

Placement in closed-type special educational institutions (CTSEI) as a complex legal institution

The purpose of this study is to examine the institute of coercive measures of educational influence from the perspective of the possibility of combining the criminal-law regulation and correctional influence exercised within the framework of other branches of law. The methodological basis is a longitudinal study of persons released from criminal punishment using compulsory measures of educational influence, the article analyzes the peculiarities of juvenile delinquency of a special category. The study is based on a full sample of juveniles held in closed-type special educational institutions in the Siberian Federal District (300 sentences in total) and on a sample of 100 sentences against persons subjected to the measures provided for by criminal law. The result of the study is that the regulation of coercive measures of educational influence by criminal law alone is clearly not enough; the disciplinary process requires more soft norms that would reflect the age characteristics of juveniles. The novelty of the study lies in the reasonable conclusion that such norms are contained in the administrative, civil, and family branches of law, which are involved in the subsidiary regulation of legal relations arising as a result of the release of a minor with the use of coercive measures of educational influence.

A novel care model for dementia: Improving caregiver burden and depression

AbstractBackgroundIn the United States, people with dementia are cared for by 16,000,000 unpaid caregivers (Alz. Association, 2019). Dementia caregivers have increased morbidity and poorer health than non‐caregivers. Negative biopsychosocial impacts related to caregiving undermine the capacity to provide care, and lead to increased institutional placement, increasing burden on public systems (de Vugt, Verhey, 2013).MethodThis study investigated the efficacy of a novel care model in which participants were assigned care coordinators who provided education, support, guidance and access to existing resources. Participants were 105 people with dementia (54.3% women) and their caregivers (67.3% women). Depression (CES‐D), caregiver burden (Zarit), and healthcare utilization were measured at baseline and twelve months. We used Linear Effects Modeling and the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; Kashy & Kenny, 2000) to examine the extent to which patient/caregiver’s depression at 12 months was affected by their own and partner’s depression at baseline.ResultCare coordination satisfaction was high. There were significant decreases in caregiver burden and depression over time (both p’s < 0.001). Regarding health care utilization, there was a decrease in the number of nights in the hospital with care coordination relative to before study onset. Most people had no change in the number of doctor visits relative to prior to the study, but of those who had a change, most had fewer visits with care coordination. APIM results showed patients’ and caregivers’ depression at baseline were positively correlated (p < .001). Patients’ depression at baseline predicted their depression at 12‐months (p < .01), taking into account the correlation of depression between patients and caregivers, and the effect of caregivers’ depression at baseline. Caregivers’ depression at 12‐months was not affected by their own nor patients’ depression at baseline.ConclusionPatients and caregivers participating in a novel caregiving model involving care coordination showed decreased caregiver burden, depression and hospitalization. Caregiver depression at twelve months was unrelated to caregiver and patient baseline depression, controlling for correlations between caregiver and patient depression at baseline. Care coordination may help alleviate negative impacts related to caregiving, suggesting that this model may improve important elements of dementia care.

A New Stage of the Caregiving Career: Informal Caregiving After Long-term Institutionalization.

The "unexpected career" of caregiving has previously been conceptualized in stages: community care through institutional placement/residence, ending with death of the care recipient. Transition programs such as Money Follows the Person (MFP) created a new stage of the caregiving career, caring for someone post-long-term institutionalization, about which little is known. Using Pearlin's Caregiver Stress Process Model, this study explores effects on caregivers from the return of their loved ones to the community after a long-term institutional stay. Cross-sectional surveys of 656 caregivers of persons transitioned through Connecticut's MFP program 2014-2018, completed 6 months posttransition. Regardless of the age/disability of the care recipient, and despite experiencing high caregiving intensity, caregivers experienced less burden, anxiety, and depression, and higher benefits of caregiving than demonstrated in literature for the general caregiving population. Most felt less stressed than before and during the participant's institutional stay. Factors associated with worse outcomes included worry about safety, strained finances, missing work, and desiring additional services. Black and Hispanic caregivers experienced lower burden and anxiety and higher benefits of caregiving than White caregivers. By providing community supports to participants, transition programs can have broad ancillary benefits for caregivers and improve outcomes in the Pearlin model, lessening potentially deleterious effects of an unexpected return to intensive caregiving duties after institutional placement. Positive results for Black and Hispanic caregivers may reflect cultural expectations in caring for family that buffer the adverse effects of caregiving.

Price premium of private placement: evidence from India

PurposeThis study identifies the factors responsible for obtaining price premium on privately placed equity in a developing market.Design/methodology/approachWe examine a unique data set of a special case of private placement of equity, Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) in India purchased at a premium. The study analyzed 188 equity issues offered between September 2006 and December 2014. On average, we find that QIP issues received a price premium of 4.38%. The study employed binary probit and ordinary least square regression models to analyze the probability and magnitude of the premium.FindingsThe study attributes the price premium of QIP to certification effect through group affiliation, signaling through promoters' ownership and monitoring effect through existing institutional investors. These factors influence the probability of premium for QIP issues. However, group affiliation and institutional ownership do not significantly influence the magnitude of the premium.Originality/valueThe private placement of equity is usually offered at a discount. Our findings contribute to the existing literature by evaluating the premium obtained on private placement as a unique scenario in emerging market supported through certification hypothesis, monitoring hypothesis and signaling.

Victim-offender mediation in Denmark: or how institutional placement and organisation matter

Victim-offender mediation in Denmark: or how institutional placement and organisation matter

Youth Experiences of and Views on Un-locked Coercive Placement in Residential Child Care

This article explores Norwegian youth experiences of and views on coercive placement in un-locked residential child care institutions. Inspired by Antonovsky’s salutogenic theory, the article discusses factors that make placement an opportunity for development among youth with serious drug and behavioural problems. The empirical material comes from interviews with 34 youth under and after coercive placement. The findings reveal that coercive placement in un-locked institutions can be helpful and necessary, provided that the institutions have the means available to protect the residents and provide supportive and meaningful treatment content. Factors such as treatment structure, the content of everyday life, clear expectations, and boundaries are discussed as important factors that help the placement to be an opportunity for development among youth with serious drug and behavioural problems.

ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛ МУАССАСА БИТИРУВЧИЛАРИНИ ЖАМИЯТГА ИЖТИМОИЙЛАШУВИНИНГ УСТУВОР ЙЎНАЛИШЛАРИ

In this article, the author considered the issues of adaptation of graduates of institutional institutions to society, as well as their socialization. Using the focus group, which is one of the sociological methods, the graduates of the institutional institution are analyzed socio-economic, household-psychological problems arising in integration processes into society. In particular, it is based on the clear definition of the procedures and forms of placement of orphans and children without parental care in family and children's institutions, their placement in non-governmental family institutions, which are organized on the basis of a public-private partnership, and the formation of necessary social professional skills for children.

A grounded theory study to identify caregiving phases and support needs across the Alzheimer’s disease trajectory

Purpose Caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease require support across the full disease trajectory. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual framework of caregiving phases across the Alzheimer’s disease and caregiving trajectories and the corresponding caregiver support needs. Materials and methods Constructivist grounded theory informed data collection and analysis. 40 spousal (n = 20) and adult children (n = 20) caregivers were interviewed. Recruitment was completed when theoretical saturation was achieved. Member-checking interviews occurred with 10 participants. Results Participants described five phases of caregiving related to their responsibilities to support people with Alzheimer’s disease including monitoring initial symptoms, navigating their diagnosis, assisting with instrumental activities of daily living, assisting with basic activities of daily living, and preparing for the future. Support (i.e., informational, emotional, instrumental, and appraisal) needs were often specific to the phase of care. For example, during the initial symptoms phase, caregivers reported needing information to assist them to distinguish normal aging from cognitive impairment. In contrast, during the preparing for the future phase, caregivers emphasized support for accessing institutional long term-care placement. Conclusions Findings highlight caregiver-identified phases of caregiving and corresponding support needs across the Alzheimer’s disease trajectory. Findings can inform the development, evaluation and implementation of programs and services to meet caregivers’ changing needs across the disease trajectory. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Caregivers for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease can experience distinct caregiving phases across the disease trajectory with corresponding support needs. Rehabilitation clinicians can use these findings to help caregivers navigate available supports at appropriate times to ensure that their needs are addressed across the disease trajectory. Occupational therapists and other rehabilitation professionals can enable caregivers with timely education and support as they progress across the disease trajectory.

ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗМІЩЕННЯ ЗАКЛАДІВ ДОШКІЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ НА ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ЗІ СКЛАДНИМ РЕЛЬЄФОМ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПІВДЕННОЇ УКРАЇНИ

ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗМІЩЕННЯ ЗАКЛАДІВ ДОШКІЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ НА ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ЗІ СКЛАДНИМ РЕЛЬЄФОМ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПІВДЕННОЇ УКРАЇНИ

Do Children and Adolescents with Different Reasons for Admission Equally Benefit from Institutional Care?

Do Children and Adolescents with Different Reasons for Admission Equally Benefit from Institutional Care? Currently, almost 150.000 children and adolescents are placed in institutional care in Germany with the aim to improve their living conditions. Various studies showed positive effects concerning the development of those institutionalized children and adolescents. Within the present study, 500 children and adolescents in institutional care were examined regarding the improvement of quality of life and social competencies during their care placement depending on the respective reason for admission (group A: admission due to mental health and behavior problems; group S: problems in the context of the school; group O: no mental health problems, but other reasons). Furthermore, differences in the development of children and adolescents who initiated the placement by themselves and those who did not were examined. Results show that over a period of 18-24 months, all three groups developed effectively equally. Group A had a lower initial level regarding quality of life and social competencies compared to group S and group O and therefore reached lower outcomes within the investigation period. Development was irrespective of whether or not children and adolescents initiated the institutional placement by themselves. The results demonstrate that all three groups were able to benefit from institutional care, although children and adolescents with mental health problems had a notable potential for further development.

DEFINITION OF CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE TERRITORIES IN UKRAINE

Topicality. The article is in accordance with the classification of administrative territories adopted in the EU, in Ukraine there are officially 27 administrative territorial units corresponding to the scale of the second level, namely, NUTS-2. However, since 2014, this number has actually dropped to 25 units. NUTS-2 level administrative units or regions in Ukraine are represented by administrative regions and the city of Kyiv. They all differ significantly in terms of socio-economic development. Indicators that characterize the level of innovation activity in each region are not an exception. This is notwithstanding the unity of the regulatory framework in the state and the obligation to comply with the provisions of the law. In particular, the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Innovation Activity" emphasize that the main goal of the state innovation policy is to create socio-economic, organizational and legal conditions for the effective reproduction, development and use of scientific and technical potential of the country, ensuring the implementation of modern environmentally friendly, safe, energy - and resource-saving technologies, production and sales of new products that are competitive in the world markets. Possible reasons for this situation may be differences in the conditions of formation of innovative potential of administrative territories, in particular, uneven placement of educational institutions, scientific institutions and, as a consequence, scientific staff within each region. This situation creates conditions for significant imbalances, both within and outside the administrative territories in terms of innovation activity, as well as the socio-economic status of the regions as a whole. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the conditions of formation of innovative potential of administrative territories in Ukraine Research results. In order to confirm, or to refute, the assumption that a possible reason for the uneven development of innovation activity in the regions of Ukraine may be the unequal placement in their territory of educational and scientific institutions, which are the basis for the formation of the innovative potential of the administrative territory, the tools of statistical analysis are used. The results obtained are an improvement of the methodological support of the process of formation of innovative potential of administrative territories in Ukraine. Conclusion. Confirmation is received that the reason for uneven development of innovative activity in the regions of Ukraine is, first of all, uneven placement on the territory of educational establishments and scientific institutions. It is the uneven distribution of highly qualified scientists and their concentration in the capital region that leads to significant differences in the volume of innovative products relative to the population in the regions of the country. The formation of innovative potential should become a strategic objective of the plan of implementation of the strategy of socio-economic development of each administrative territory of Ukraine. Such a task is impossible without clear parameters for assessing the current state of innovation by the criteria for the production of innovative goods, works and services, the amount of funding for research and project work and the quantitative characteristics of the scientific elite of the region.

On the Outskirts of the Charmed Circle\u2014Challenges and Limitations of Sexual Health Promotion to Young People in Secure State Care

ObjectivesYoung people on the verge of, or in, secure state care or incarceration have reduced general and sexual health. The promoting of sexual health among young people in secure state care is therefore a responsibility for both the state-run agency responsible for this care and for the professionals who work there.MethodsThis position paper discusses sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) for young people in secure state care in Sweden. Four previous studies on sexual health of young people in secure state care are revisited, and governmental policy documents are examined.ResultsYoung people in secure state care face many threats to their sexual and reproductive health and rights. Some of these threats originate with the institutional placement itself and the lack of knowledge among the staff. Clashes on various levels between the subjectively desired (young people seeking pleasure from sex, alcohol, or other drugs) and the societally desired (sexual health, minimal alcohol use, and no drug use among young people) are described. In addition, clashes are seen between young people who want to be like everyone else in their social context and the staff with a mission (i.e. job description) to readjust young people into adopting socially accepted behaviour.ConclusionI argue that young people in secure state care have sexual experiences that are marginalized and placed on the outskirts of the charmed (sexual) circle of societally accepted sexual behaviour. In addition, their experiences are surrounded by silence, a silence sustained by both young people and professionals. The readiness of professionals to handle SRHR for young people in secure state care in a knowledge-based and non-judgemental fashion is crucial. Future research should focus on this readiness and have the needs and wishes of young people as its departing point. Although the article involves a local context, it may be of interest to a wider audience, as the placement of young people in secure state care and other forms of incarceration occurs worldwide.

Early caregiving quality predicts consistency of competent functioning from middle childhood to adolescence following early psychosocial deprivation

Adverse developmental outcomes for some children following institutional care are well established. Removal from institutional care and placement into families can promote recovery. However, little is known about how positive outcomes are sustained across adolescence among children with histories of severe deprivation. The present study examined the caregiving conditions that are associated with attaining and maintaining competent functioning (i.e., outcomes within typical levels) from middle childhood to adolescence following exposure to early institutional care. The participants included children with and without a history of institutional care who had competence assessed at ages 8, 12, and 16 years across seven domains: family relationships, peer relationships, academic performance, physical health, mental health, substance use (ages 12 and 16 years only), and risk-taking behavior. The participants were grouped based on whether they were always versus not always competent and never versus ever competent at ages 8 through 16 years. Adolescents with a history of institutional care were less likely to be consistently competent than those who were family reared. Among those who were exposed to early institutional rearing, maintaining competent functioning from 8 to 16 years was associated with spending less time in institutions and receiving higher-quality caregiving early in life. Ensuring high quality early caregiving may promote competent functioning following early deprivation.

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN BEYOND CONTROL IN THE IR 4.0 ERA: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) has undeniably affected the way of life of people, including children. The rapid development of the internet and digital technology coupled with unlimited, easy, and fast access make children highly susceptible to harm arising from the use of social media, films, or games. This situation may expose children who are beyond control to immense threats due to poor relationships with their parents and family members. The beyond control children may be found anywhere. They are the children who frequently disobey their parents’ orders and are notorious as “status offenders” at the international level. Despite the non-criminal nature of their misbehaviour, children who are beyond control are often treated like criminals through court proceedings and detention orders. Meanwhile, numerous international conventions and guidelines have been signed including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to protect the welfare of all children. However, to what extent do these conventions protect the children who are beyond control? What are the principles applicable to these children, and how are they protected? Thus, this study was done to analyse the extent of protection provided by international conventions for the rights of children who are beyond control and to suggest suitable programmes for the implementation of the international principles in the IR 4.0 era. This qualitative study employed the library research method for data collection. It analysed numerous documents including international conventions, statutes, books, journals, conference proceedings, and reports. This study found that the international conventions provide protection to the children who are beyond control through several principles including the best interest of the child, family and government responsibilities, institutional placement, prevention of delinquency, and diversion. These principles may be applied through diversionary programmes including counselling, family group conference, family and school programme, and mentoring programme.

Examining a developmentally based measure of L2 oral performances: Does it predict L2 learners’ oral proficiency?

Although structural complexity of learners’ oral production has often been correlated with proficiency, there has been less focus into whether high proficiency L2 learners use L2 forms that belong to higher levels in developmental sequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether an index based on the developmental levels of second language (L2) morphological and syntactic forms (Index of Developmental Levels, IDL) predict L2 oral proficiency and learners’ institutional placement in different class-levels (beginner, intermediate, advanced) and whether IDL is a better predictor of these variables compared to widely-used structural complexity measures (mean length of AS-unit and subordination measure). The dataset included monologic oral presentations from English as second language (ESL) learners (n = 60) of varied proficiency levels. Each speech-sample was rated for oral proficiency by two expert raters using the TOEFL independent speaking rubric. The results showed IDL as a significant positive predictor of L2 oral proficiency scores and learners’ placement in class-levels. IDL was also found to be a stronger predictor of learners’ oral proficiency and institutional placement compared to subordination measure. The results are discussed with reference to the importance of including developmentally based measures for gaining informed insights into L2 oral performances.

Demencia és a család - Alzheimer Café a gondozó családok terhelődésének csökkentésére

Az utóbbi években több nemzetközi kutatás a demenciával élő időseket gondozó családok felé fordult.E kutatások jelentős része a gondozó családtag stressz-terhelődését és annak következményeit, a szerepkonfliktusokat, valamint a gondozó családon belüli feszültségeket vizsgálta. (Zarit et al. 1985, Aneshensel et al. 1995, Kaplan 1996, Zarit et al. 2005). A témaválasztásomban nagy szerepe volt annak felismerése, hogy Románia viszonylatában nem, vagy csak igen keveset tudunk a demenciával élő személyeket gondozó családok terhelődéséről és annak a primer gondozóra gyakorolt hatásáról. Éppen ezért, egy empirikus vizsgálat során, Erdélyben 50 olyan családdal készült interjú és kérdőíves felmérés, akik saját otthonukban ápolnak/ gondoznak demenciával élő időst, illetve 50 olyan családdal, akiknek a demenciával élő hozzátartozójukat, a vizsgálat időpontjától számítva az elmúlt 12 hónapban költöztették tartós bentlakásos otthonba. Az adatgyűjtés három évet (2015- 2017) vett igénybe. A kutatás magába foglalta a primer gondozó családtaggal folytatott tájékozódó interjút, amelyben a funkcionális akadályozottságot és a pszicho szociális nehézségeket mértük fel (Szabó 2000.). Erre épült, a szociális készségszint vizsgálata, amely az önellátó képesség és a meglévő szociális készségek, valamint a szociális alkalmazkodás fő jellemzőit tárta fel. Ebből a felmérésből azt is láthatjuk, hogy melyek azok a mindennapi feladatok, amelyekben a kliens segítségre szorul. A családon belüli gondozás kapcsán vizsgáltuk a demenciával élők önálló életviteli képességét is. E három szempont támpontokat nyújt a gondozó családtag „objektív terhelődésének” megítéléséhez. Erre épül a gondozási feladatok családon belüli megoszlásának áttekintése, amely abban segít, hogy megtudjuk, kik a kulcsszemélyek, akik a családon belül a primer gondozói feladatokat látják el. A családon belüli szerepek alakulásának vizsgálatára egy saját szempontrendszert dolgoztunk ki (Szabó - Kiss, 2015). Az objektív terhelődésből kiindulva a „szubjektív terhelődés” vonatkozásában fontos támpontokat szerezhettünk arról, hogy a gondozási terhelődés hogyan hat érzelmileg a gondozó családtagra. A vizsgálat eszköze az önellátó képesség részletesebb felmérésével, bővült, amellyel a demenciával élő személy funkcionális leépülésének mértékét vizsgáltuk (Szabó 2000.). Ehhez kapcsolódik az emlékezeti és viselkedési problémákat, értékelő nemzetközileg is ismert skála (Zarit, 1985), amely a demenciával élő személy, zavaró viselkedését méri és annak hatását a primer gondozóra. Ehhez kapcsolódik a primer gondozó családtag terhelődésének a felmérése (Zarit, 1985) és a gondozási feladatokhoz kapcsolódó negatív és pozitív attitűd vizsgálata (Farran et. al., 1999). A kutatás eszköztára kiegészül egy hat üléses fókusz csoporttal, ahol a résztvevő primer gondozók, egymás eseteit hallva a tematikus kérdések mentén nyitottabban tárják fel a gondozás kritikus időszakait, és az intézményi elhelyezés, döntő tényezőt. Jelen tanulmányban a doktori kutatásból csupán azok az adatok kerülnek közlésre, amelyek a gondozó családok szerepfeszültségének vizsgálati eredményeit tükrözik, és hozzájárultak a támogató jellegű Alzheimer Café elindításához.

THE ARCHITECTURAL FORMATION OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE DIFFICULT TERRAIN CONDITIONS

The paper «The architectural formation of preschool educational institutions in the difficult terrain conditions» considers the main tendencies of architectural and planning formation of preschool educational institutions, located on the land lots with a difficult terrain. The dependency features of the different terrain forms on the overall preschool educational institutions formation are characterized. The paper analyzed urban planning factors, which are affecting on the use of land lots with a difficult terrain in the city conditions. Within the framework of the paper the main factors of influence of difficult terrain on the architectural formation of preschool educational institutions are formed, among which the following can be highlighted: the safety factor of a child, the rational usage of accessible territory factor, the factors of peculiarities of children's perception, as well as the current pedagogy tendencies. The author analyzed modern design experience, construction and exploitation of preschool educational institutions, which were built in a difficult terrain conditions. The general architectural and planning decisions in five preschool educational institutions were analyzed and the influence of the terrain features on their formation was educed. The peculiarities of forming a comfortable and safe environment for the educational process in the preschool institutions, built on land lots with a difficult terrain, are described. The paper considers the concept of "flexible" kindergarten, in which the building bypasses and overlaps the objects of the surrounding environment, as the way of placement of preschool educational institutions on the land lots with a difficult terrain and in difficult urban planning conditions.