Place In Trade Research Articles

Rethinking Regulation beyond the Normative Threshold: Mechanisms of Control and Access to the Central Market of Kinshasa

The article explores regulation practices governing access to the central market of Kinshasa. It argues that, contrary to conventional ideas, urban trading places do not escape state regulation, nor are they outside the realm of legitimacy. These places and the economic activities that take place in them are highly regulated. Yet, their regulations do not always conform to official standards. The dominant binary divide of formal/informal obscures different processes and scales of effective regulation. Hence, to better understand how these places and activities are regulated, it is necessary to go beyond the binary divide. Drawing on practical norms’ literature, the article shows the multiplicity of overlapping norms, their corresponding logics, and how different actors navigate regulation. Regulations can have diverse effects on people. Some deviations from official laws have reassuring effects, leading to forms of organisation that serve traders’ needs or provide them with space for resistance against exclusion. However, certain other deviations serve to extract more resources from vendors and can lead to the (re)production of social inequalities.

The role of λαϊκή αγορά (“street market”) in modern greek towns

The article discusses the phenomenon of “people’s market” in contemporary Greek cities and towns. Historically, the market in Greece has played an important role not only as a place of trade, but also as a concentration of social and political life. The word αγορά, derived from the ancient Greek verb ἀγορεύω (“to speak publicly”), meant not only a market square but also people’s assembly in Ancient Greece. In modern society, the “people’s market” has almost lost its political function. From a commercial point of view, it should have been replaced by mega-stores, supermarkets, and online commerce, especially during the covid pandemic. However, today in Greece this phenomenon does not lose its relevance and even acquires new functions. In a large city, the “people’s market” is embedded in a new ideology of environmental friendliness of the goods for sale and in the discourse related to the identity of the Modern Greek. In addition, a street market in a city retains the archaic functions of socializing residents, exchanging information, and being a barometer of political sentiment. For rural residents, λαϊκή αγορά is an opportunity to sell an agricultural product and exchange information and contact with the urban environment. Internationally, outside Greece, the Greek folk market is sometimes positioned as a distinct brand.

Historical markets as special spaces of Italy

The article undertakes an anthropological examination of Italian historical markets which are well known but, surprisingly, have been little studied to date. This ancient trade institution has not just survived through the present day, but in fact it has not lost its vitality and still enjoys unusually high popularity among the locals. I attempt to address the aspects of its existence that had not previously been given enough research attention: the human components of markets, their gender, ethnic, and social composition, the relationships between sellers and buyers, as well as the reasons these rather archaic trading structures continue to enjoy high social ratings. I argue that these markets are more than just places of trade; they represent special social and cultural spaces in the context of communal life – certain places of memory – which distinguishes them from regular markets in the usual sense. In this study, I make extensive use of field materials, given the lack of scholarly publications on the subject.

Research on the Correlation between the Movement of the Dollar and the Price of Gold

Abstract. Gold acts as a hedge to protect investors' assets. The U.S. dollar is a global currency and has an important place in international trade. Oil, on the other hand, is a non-renewable resource and an important international resource with unstable prices. This study used price data for the U.S. dollar, gold and oil from 2000 to 2023 to analyze the movement of gold, U.S. dollar and oil prices. The experiment uses a regression model to determine the effect of the dollar on the price of oil and gold. The study found a significant negative correlation between the U.S. dollar and the price of gold and an insignificant negative correlation with oil between 2000 and 2014. Between 2015 and 2023, there is a change in U.S. monetary policy, which leads to a weakening of the negative price correlation between gold and the U.S. dollar, but U.S. dollar still with the negative correlation with oil remaining weak. These results suggest that buying gold is the best way to protect your assets in times of financial crisis or market instability, but the US dollar and oil can change in price due to macroeconomic and political factors. To some extent these data provide a reference value for investment in the coming year.

The Attraction of Martapura Intan Market As A Tourist Object in Banjar District

Martapura Intan Market is a famous gem trading and polishing place in South Kalimantan. Intan Martapura Market, which used to be busy with visitors, is now starting to decrease because buyers' interest is decreasing and promotion and marketing strategies are not yet effective. In fact, Intan Market has aspects in the form of a tourist attraction, which if developed could make Martapura Intan Market a more popular tourist attraction in Banjar Regency. The aim of writing this article is to describe the attractiveness of Martapura Intan Market as a tourist attraction in Banjar Regency. This research uses a qualitative research approach with descriptive research type. Data collection techniques were carried out by conducting observations, interviews, documentation and literature studies. Data analysis uses data reduction techniques, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this research describe that the attraction of Martapura Intan Market as a tourist attraction is in the aspects of cultural tourism and shopping tourism. Cultural tourism related to stone crafts which are processed into various forms and other shopping tourism related to traditional shopping centers that sell various kinds of gemstones and other products from Banjar Regency. Tourist attraction in the aspects of cultural tourism and shopping tourism is something that has an impact. If managed and developed well, Martapura Intan Market will become one of the popular tourist attractions in Banjar Regency.

DASTLABKI SAVDO ALOQALARI VA ULARNING TERMINOLOGIYAGA TA’SIRI (Iqtisodiy-pedagogik terminlar misolida)

This article refers to the history of the development of trade relations in world history, their changing characteristics and the development of terminology related to various fields as a result of international economic relations. In addition, the economic development of countries from ancient civilizations to the present day is covered, and the historical place of trade and commerce, the paths of their development and their connection with the most important centers of world history, the emergence of economic and pedagogical terms are also considered.

FIGHTING ANIMAL CRUELTY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY (historical and legal aspect)

Despite the lack of a developed regulatory framework in the field of animal treatment in the Russian Empire in the 2nd half of the 19th century society matured an understanding of the need to pose and resolve this problem. Using the example of Nizhny Novgorod Department of the Russian Society for Animal Welfare, the authors consider various measures aimed at protecting agricultural and domestic animals in Nizhny Novgorod, ways to spread the ideas of humane treatment of animals and improving their living conditions among the general public. Special attention is paid to the study of such areas of the department’s activities as combating the unsatisfactory condition of slaughterhouses, taking measures to capture and keep stray dogs, overseeing the treatment of animals at fairs and other places of trade, regulating the transportation of small livestock and the exploitation of horses. The results of the fruitful work of this organisation in the field of responsible animal management are presented. The rich experience of Nizhny Novgorod Department of the Russian Society for Animal Welfare, accompanied by real positive changes in the field of animal rights, can be used by legislators at the present stage in regulating charitable and volunteer activities of animal protection organisations, in improving the legal regulation of animal transportation, veterinary legislation and regulation of other public relations, the object of which includes the treatment of animals.

Use of GLCM Entropy Parameter in the Analysis of Urban Function Spaces; Antalya City Example

Urban spaces are concentrated in certain functions to meet the needs and desires of the urbanites. However, for each city, different functions and the value of the space to meet these functions are different. In this study, spatial entropy analysis of Antalya, the most important tourism city of our country, was carried out through GLCM Entropy analysis, one of the texture parameter methods. In the study, firstly, function areas and function spaces were determined. A 5-meter resolution satellite image for 2022 was obtained to perform texture parameter analyses. The satellite image was scaled to include the whole city and urban spaces with QGIS software, and then the general entropy values of the city were calculated with Definies software. Then, selected urban spaces with different functions were extracted from the satellite image and subjected to entropy analyses. According to the results obtained, the areas with the highest entropy difference for Antalya city were determined as airport and harbour, which are transportation and trade places. For Antalya, which has poor road access to the world due to geographical reasons, it is seen as an important determination in terms of analysis that the places representing air and sea connection come to the fore.

THE EFFECT OF TRADING PLACE STRATEGY ON READING COMPREHENSION AT EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS AT MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH MADINATUSSALAM SEI ROTAN

<p>This research was aimed to find out whether the students’ ability in reading comprehension who taught by trading place strategy is better than without trading place strategy. The method of this research was quantitative method with the experimental research. The population of this research was the eight grade student which is distributed into two classes totally 60 students. There were 30 students in experimental class and there were 30 students in the control class. The finding of this research shows that teaching reading comprehension by using trading place strategy is effective. The mean of experimental class from pre-test was 34.00 and post-test was 71.67. It was proved by tvalues (17.530) which is higher than ttable (1.671) in degree significance 5%. Furthermore, the hypothesis test that sign 2- tailed (p) was 0.00 while alpha (α) was 0.05 (0.00 < 0.005). It means that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. So, the students’ ability in reading comprehension who taught trading place strategy is better than without trading place strategy.</p>

Language Use in Senegalese Markets: The Cases of Sor and Ndar Toute in Saint-Louis

This article explores the dynamics of languages in markets in Senegal. Using the examples of Sor and Ndar Toute markets in Saint-Louis, this study highlights the multiple factors influencing language use. In fact, being a place of trade, Saint-Louis’ central and district markets are frequented everyday by people coming from different places, not sharing the same beliefs and culturally different. This sociolinguistic situation has many consequences on language use. In this project, I try to investigate into language use in the market areas of Sor and Ndar Toute in Saint- Louis. It will be concerned about reflecting on the living experiences of traders and customers in these markets and show how this fact is determinant to languages that are most representative there, just to say how each language influence the other. This work finally highlights the crucial role played by sellers and buyers in the promotion of languages particularly the local ones.

Forensic, medical and legal problems and solutions on passenger and cargo ships

Marine vehicles have an important place in international trade and tourism. There are various directives and studies on the prevention of health problems in marine vessels and injuries and deaths due to occupational accidents. In the literature, not enough studies have been found in which the issues to be considered in cases of injuries, sexual assaults, accidents, suicides and murders that are common in forensic medicine practice, and there are no guidelines or recommendations of internationally accepted organizations. It is important to determine the seafarer who is responsible for intervening in health emergencies on cargo ships, and to detect faulty ones, if any, in work accidents that result in serious injury and death. In addition, injuries, suicides and murders are encountered among the crew, and crime scene findings are lost until they are evaluated by the judicial authorities. Although rare, sexual assaults on cargo ships are also reported, but there are not enough scientific studies that indicate what should be done in terms of evidence evaluation. Our study emphasizes the issues to be considered, that one of the crew should be held responsible and necessary training should be given in order to make a forensic medical evaluation in forensic events that will be encountered on cargo ships, and that physicians and health workers should be competent in the first forensic medical evaluation in case of emergency on passenger ships. It is thought that the launch of the telemedicine application, which provides uninterrupted service for forensic medical emergencies in maritime vessels, under the leadership of organizations such as the “International Maritime Organization” (IMO), will make a significant contribution. In addition, suggestions are made for legal impasses in such cases that take place in high seas.

The Role of TPI Murante Fish Auction Place in the Skipjack Fish (Katsuwonus pelamis) Trade in Luwu Regency

This study aims to determine the role of the Murante Fish Auction Place in the trade process of skipjack tuna (K. pelamis), the trading process of skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) at the Murante Fish Auction, and the advantages and disadvantages of trading skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) at the Murante Fish Auction Place. This research was conducted in April 2021 at TPI Murante, Luwu Regency. The type of research used is survey research with a qualitative nature. The population in this study were TPI managers, ship owners, and fish traders using the census method where the sample was taken from the entire population that was used as the research sample. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data then processed using a Likert scale and analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the role of TPI Murante, namely as a place for boats to dock and a place for quality development of fishery products, had a fairly good level of role and as a place for skipjack tuna trading as well as a place for landing fish and loading and unloading catches had a good role. The advantages of trading skipjack tuna at the Murante Fish Auction are that the conditions for participating in the skipjack trade are easy to fulfill, do not delay the execution of skipjack tuna trade, and have trading facilities such as trading buildings, scales, barriers, and clean water. For lack of skipjack trade at the Murante Fish Auction, among others, TPI lost retribution, uncertain trading times, and lack of coolboxes to place fish.

Significance and perspectives for development of commodity exchange trade in agricultural products

Exchanges are intermediaries in the trade of commodities, financial instruments that have commodities in their base or credit instruments that are secured by commodities. Commodity exchanges have gained in importance in recent decades. Commodity exchanges have evolved from the place where the physical purchase and sale of goods takes place to trade in commodity derivatives where standardized contracts−futures and options−are traded. The role of commodity exchanges in the development of the agribusiness sector has changed significantly from the initial stage of development when in the beginning the main role was to ensure efficient and transparent exchange of commodities, until the early 1970s when instruments were developed to enable risk management in the agribusiness sector. The largest volume of tradе on modern commodity exchanges is realized in standardized derivative contracts. Financial derivatives are one of the most successful financial innovations, with the volume of turnover increasing significantly. Within this chapter, special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation in the field of commodity exchange trading in the Western Balkan region. According to the results of the analysis, developed agricultural commodity exchange trade is not available to the farmers in these countries, nor are business risk management instruments available to participants in countries with developed commodity exchange systems. Analyses have shown that the sole commodity exchange with a significant volume of trade in the countries of the Western Balkans is the Novi Sad commodity exchange, trading on the spot and non‒standardized term market. In terms of the directions of development of regional commodity trade, the experience so far shows that high trading volume is a paramount for well‒developed commodity exchange. Therefore, the path to the development of commodity exchange trading is the establishment of a regional commodity exchange that would be a place of trade for all of the Western Balkan’s countries. By establishing a regional commodity exchange, participants in the agricultural sector would have the opportunity to securely and transparently trade and manage the price risk that have a pronounced volatility in recent years.

THE EFFECT OF THERMAL CONDITIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS FREQUENCY IN TEXTILE SECTOR

Occupational accident is an unplanned event that occurs in the workplace, resulting in death or that renders bodily integrity mentally or physically disabled. However, very few studies have investigated the effect of thermal change on occupational accident frequency. In this study, in addition to general factors, the effects of heat and humidity, which are thermal factors, on occupational accident frequency were investigated. According to the results of the analysis with fuzzy logic method, the variable of frequency of work accident after work accident; It has been concluded that the frequency of the accident increases with high humidity and temperature values, and the frequency of the accident decreases at ideal humidity and temperature values. Therefore, it is considered that taking thermal values into account in risk assessments will affect the reduction of occupational accident frequency. The textile sector has an important place in world trade and production as well as in our country. With the increase in production and competition, the dangers to the health and safety of the employees as a result of occupational accidents are increasing.

Tax and Customs Revenues During the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam

The Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (ruled 1514 to 1903) was a famous Islamic kingdom in the history of the archipelago. The peak of its glory was reached during the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda (reigned 1607-1636). The glory and fame of this kingdom was created because of Sultan Iskandar Muda's ability to regulate political-economic policies, especially the tax and customs sectors as the main pillars of the kingdom's wealth income. This article discusses the income of royal wealth from the tax and customs sector, which includes tax and excise objects, the management of their collection and the sultan's policies in reviving the tax sector. Sultan Iskandar Muda has built the port of Bandar Aceh into a large port and concentrated the trade in pepper and commodities which have a high selling value on the world market only in this city. The impact is that Bandar Aceh is visited by merchant ships from the archipelago and abroad. Traders, foreign and local, are charged taxes and excise, such as adat stamp or adat lapik cap (the sultan's permission to land), adat wase kuala (fees for guarding parking and guarding ships entering and leaving the port), stall tax on merchandise/ trading place. Taxes are also collected from local traders who sell at the market. Apart from that, land tax is also levied (wase tanoh), farmers who receive irrigation are subject to the customary but umong tax, farmers who seek forest products are subject to wase gle tax), people who litigate in court are subject to the customary tuha tax, people who die but do not leaving his heirs his wealth to be put into the royal treasury, as well as foreign traders. Income from various types of taxes and excise is intended to build various facilities and infrastructure to strengthen and advance the kingdom

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ СУЩНОСТЬ РОЗНИЧНОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПЕРЕХОДА К ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

The article is devoted to the study of the economic essence of retail trade in the digital economy. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that digital transformation is fundamentally chang-ing the retail landscape, posing new challenges to business and opening up opportunities for innovation. This requires expanding the theoretical framework capable of explaining and predicting changes in con-sumer behavior, business models, and competition mechanisms. Regulatory legal acts and scientific pub-lications were used as materials for the study, which consider various aspects of the economic essence of retail trade, its evolution and role in the economy, as well as the impact of digitalization on this industry. The author analyzes the changes taking place in retail trade under the influence of information and com-munication technologies and emphasizes the need to rethink traditional concepts such as value chains, competitive advantages and interaction with consumers. The focus is on the impact of digitalization on the operational mechanisms of the industry, the integration of online and offline channels, as well as the growing role of data and personalization in the business models of retail companies. The author notes that the use of big data, automation and artificial intelligence play a key role in improving the efficiency of retail operations and creating a unique customer experience. The article proposes a new definition of retail, which takes into account the use of both physical and digital channels to optimize supply chains, expand geographical coverage and improve customer experience. This definition reflects a broader range of processes and phenomena occurring in modern retail and offers a new perspective on its role and functions in the digital economy. The proposed study highlights the importance of omnichannel strategies and platform business models, as well as focuses on the strategic importance of personalization of cus-tomer experience. The article concludes that it is necessary to update and expand the conceptual frame-work of retail trade, which will allow for more accurate analysis and forecasting of its development in the context of digital transformation.

DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS AND CURRENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES IN THE MODERN PERIOD

The purpose of the research is to analyze the directions of development of international trade relations in the services sector, taking into account the modern features of international trade. The methodology of the research - methods of comparative analysis, generalization, and statistical methods were used. The practical importance of the research - the place of international trade in services in international economic relations is investigated. The directions of use of trade in services of the states of the world are analyzed. The results of the research - the indicators of development of states in the sphere of trade in services, modern trends of their types are defined, and the directions of their development are outlined. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the positive and negative aspects of the significant place of the services sector in the world GDP are defined. In the process of international integration of countries, recommendations are put forward to expand trade in services, scientific and technical knowledge, and increase the role of foreign trade in trade.

Prediksi Harga Saham pada Portofolio Investor dengan Analisis Time Series Harga Saham menggunakan ANN

The Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) is a place for stock market trading in Indonesia. In general, this is represented by the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) value. IHSG itself is the combined value of all shares listed on the Stock Exchange. It doesn't matter whether the shares traded that day are up, down, flat (no change in value), not traded, or even suspended (prohibited from making transactions within a certain period of time). The stock data source used is the closing price of BNI, BCA and Mandiri shares for 15 years from 2008-2022 from the Indonesian Stock Exchange (via the Yahoo Finance site). Each stock data is trained and tested, to see how accurate it is using this method. The stock prices predicted by ANN are combined into a portfolio, this portfolio will show an increase or decrease. At the end of the process, the rate of change in stock prices from predicted losses to predicted profitable stock prices is calculated. The daily data accuracy of BNI, BCA and Mandiri is 97.6927%, 97.9754% and 97.6275% respectively. Weekly data accuracy is slightly smaller than daily accuracy. The accuracy of weekly data for BNI, BCA and Mandiri is 95.7673%, 97.1222% and 96.5592% respectively. Monthly data accuracy is slightly smaller than weekly accuracy. The accuracy of BNI, BCA and Mandiri monthly data is 90.4161%, 94.781% and 93.0619% respectively. If an investor focuses all his funds on buying just one share, he will get 3 times the portfolio profit from before. If the profit on BNI shares is 46.12%, then in terms of portfolio, the investor gets a profit of 46.12% x 3 = 138.36%. Compare this with the profit levels of the 3 banks, which if added up, the value becomes as follows: 46.12+54.42+56.01 = 156.55%. So there is an additional profit from the portfolio of 156.55% - 138.36% = 18.19%.

Changes in World Egg Trade and Turkey's Place in World Egg Trade

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin uluslararası tavuk yumurtası ticaretindeki konumunu ve rolünü inceleyerek, elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak politika yapıcılara, sektör paydaşları ve araştırmacılar tarafından küresel yumurta pazarının dinamiklerini anlama ve pazar genişletme ve sürdürülebilir büyüme için fırsatların belirlemesine yardımcı olmaktır. Çalışma; ulusal ve uluslararası çevrimiçi kaynaklardan ve konu ile ilgili daha önce hazırlanmış olan akademik çalışmalardan elde edilen ikincil veriler kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Türkiye'nin 2018 sonrasında yaşanan dalgalanmalara rağmen 2022 yılı itibarıyla Dünya’nın en büyük 4. Yumurta ihracatçısı olması, küresel pazardaki yerini ve önemini göstermektedir. Yine 2018’den sonra Ortadoğu ve Arap Yarımadası ülkelerinden gelen yüksek kaliteli sofralık yumurta talebinin artması Türkiye’nin pazar payını genişletme ve güvenilir bir tedarikçi olarak kendini kanıtlama fırsatını ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak; Türkiye’nin yumurtacılık sektörü net ihracatçı bir sektördür. Gerçekleştirilen nispeten az miktardaki damızlık yumurta ithalatı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda dahi, Türkiye’nin güvenilir bir tedarikçi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ek olarak mevcut damızlık yumurta ithalatının yumurtalıktan ziyade daha çok etlik tavuk üretimi için gerçekleştirildiği de bilinmektedir. Türkiye’nin sürdürülebilir yumurta ihracatını temin etmek adına; gerek katma değer yaratılmış yumurta ürünlerinin kapasitesinin artırılması, gerekse alternatif hedef pazarların tespit edilerek bu pazarlara girişin sağlanması amacıyla kapsamlı çalışmaların Türkiye yumurta özel sektörü ve kamu paydaşları tarafından müştereken hayata geçirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.

TARIFF REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE XXI CENTURY

Objective. The objective of our study is to analyse the status and peculiarities of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of tariff regulation of international and foreign trade in the XXI century, to identify factors influencing the development of international trade), generalisation and systematisation (to substantiate the state and peculiarities of the development of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century), analysis of time series (to identify trends and patterns of tariff regulation of international trade in 2006-2022), graphical (for visual representation of the peculiarities of tariff dynamics in WTO countries). Results. The article notes that despite the changes that have taken place in international trade in general and in the system of its regulation in particular, tariff regulation remains the main authorised means of regulating international and external trade. By 2022, international trade is expected to reach USD 30 trillion, with trade in goods, especially manufactured goods, dominating the structure. It is established that one of the aspects of liberalising trade is to reduce or eliminate tariffs. It is noted that the reduction of tariffs is much slower in the period 2006-2021 than in the period 1996-2005. Average applied tariffs in WTO countries for all product groups will decrease from 10.1% in 2006 to 8.9% in 2021; tariffs on agricultural products will be significantly higher than on non-agricultural products (14.8% vs. 8% in 2021); average tariffs applied to all product groups were significantly lower in developed countries than in developing countries and LDCs; average tariffs applied by developed countries decreased by 1.7%, by developing countries by 1.7% and by LDCs by 1.2%; the highest average tariffs were recorded in Africa and the Americas and the lowest in Europe; the share of duty-free goods under the most favoured nation regime in the WTO countries has been steadily increasing; there has been a slight but steady decline in the share of tariff peaks, which are tariffs exceeding 15 per cent; the number of trade agreements, including preferential trade agreements, has been growing steadily, with agreements covering not only trade in goods but also trade in services, etc. According to the analysis of WTO data, in 2022 most WTO countries have an average bound tariff not exceeding 50%; average bound tariffs vary significantly across WTO countries and product groups; average bound tariffs for most WTO countries range from 20-59% for agricultural products, 10-39% for non-agricultural products; average applied tariffs for agricultural products range from 10-19%, up to 10% for non-agricultural products; significant discrepancies between average bound tariffs and average applied tariffs remain; in the majority of WTO countries, ad valorem tariffs dominate the tariff structure; there are significant differences between countries in the number of bound tariffs applied; in the vast majority of WTO countries, MFN tariffs are applied to a large number of products - the number of products subject to MFN tariffs varies between 5000 and 10000.