Place Of Crime Research Articles

Microhistoria de una familia <em>machokosh</em>: aproximaciones a la construcción del espacio del "hogar" en Nairobi a través del relato “An ex-mas feast”

Este artículo explora la construcción del espacio y del “hogar” en el relato corto “An Ex-mas Feast”, el cual aparece en la colección de historias cortas Say You’re One of Them, del autor nigeriano Uwem Akpan, publicada en 2008, así como algunas representaciones de la ciudad de Nairobi en el género novelístico keniano que describen la vida en la ciudad entre las décadas de 1970 y 1990, analizadas críticamente por Roger Kurtz en su libro Urban Obsessions, Urban Fears: The Postcolonial Kenyan Novel.

Erratum to: Crime Places in Context: An Illustration of the Multilevel Nature of Hot Spot Development

Erratum to: Crime Places in Context: An Illustration of the Multilevel Nature of Hot Spot Development

Crime Places in Context: An Illustration of the Multilevel Nature of Hot Spot Development

The present study provides an illustration of a statistical test of the Brantinghams’ theory about the formation of hotspots and the effects that nodes, paths, and environmental backcloth have on their development. We used multilevel Poisson regression analysis to explain variation in the count of incidents at each address. Place-level proximity to nodes and paths was measured by using the Euclidian distance from each location to the closest carry-out liquor store, on-premises drinking establishment, and bus route. The broader environmental backcloth was represented by various census block-group characteristics, including density of commercial land use. A three-way place-level interaction as well as a cross-level interaction involving all four key independent variables were used to estimate the Brantinghams’ concept of the overlay of nodes, paths, and backcloth. The three-way interaction involving the distance to the closest on-premises liquor establishment, the distance to closest carry-out liquor facility, and the distance to the closest bus route was significantly and negatively related to place-level crime incidents. This three-way interaction had effects which varied across neighborhood contexts, with stronger negative effects on crime occurring in neighborhoods characterized by high levels of commercial density. This study supported the notion of a multilevel theory of crime places and has implications for more effectively addressing crime. In particular, those places with multiple nodes and paths in their proximal environments and dense commercial land within their broader environments likely need additional crime prevention measures to get the same benefit relative to places with multiple nodes and paths in the proximal environments yet little commercial density within their broader environment.

격자망분석을 통한 범죄발생 취약지역 추출 기법

개인의 안전에 직접적인 위협을 끼치는 도심 속의 범죄는 심각한 사회문제 중의 하나이다. 국내에서 범죄에 관한 정보는 주로 범죄 발생지점 주변의 핫스팟 형태로 제공되거나 위치정보가 없는 범죄 통계 형태로 제공되고 있다. 이로 인해 사용자가 실질적인 범죄발생에 취약한 지역을 파악하기가 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 공간정보, 통계정보, 공공정보를 이용하여 범죄발생 취약지역을 추출하는 기법을 제안하였다. 범죄발생 취약지역은 각각의 정보를 격자망 기반의 공간분석과 중첩분석을 통하여 추출하였으며 기존의 핫스팟 기반의 범죄관련 정보보다 상세한 범죄 취약정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 추출한 범죄발생취약지역 결과는 국민생활안전지도와 비교하였으며 이를 통해 범죄발생 취약지역의 정확도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 행정업무 차원에서 등급별 범죄 발생위험도 제공에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The urban crimes that threat individual's safety are parts of the serious social problems. However. the information of crime in Korea has only been provided by forms of hot spots around place of crime, or forms of crime statistics without positional information. Those could not provide enough information to users in identifying the vulnerable areas for substantive crimes. Therefore, this study suggested a methodology of extraction in criminal vulnerable areas by using the spatial information, the statistical information and the public sector information. The crime vulnerable areas were extracted through the grid-based spatial analysis and the overlapping analysis from each of the information. In fact, the extracted areas were able to provide detailed vulnerability information than the traditional hot spot-based crime information. Following the study, the extracted results in crime vulnerable areas have displayed highly coincide with Korea safety map, provided by national disaster management institute, which regards to be able to provide crime risk rating in terms of administrative business in future.

Who Should Prevent Crime at Places? The Advantages of Regulating Place Managers and Challenges to Police Services

This article questions the police capacity to apply all the evidence about the link between crimes and places. It reviews what we know about crime places in six propositions. Most policing strategies are unable to take advantage of all six propositions. Particular attention is drawn to place managers. Managers have the ability to address the factors that make places attractive for crime or resistant to crime. Evidence suggests a regulatory approach to place management is more productive than a hot spot enforcement approach. Most police agencies may not be willing or capable of applying a regulatory approach. Thus, it might be advisable to create a new non-police agency to prevent crime at places. Not only might this be more effective, it may also be less expensive and create fewer difficulties with communities.

Importance of ABO Blood Grouping in the Era of DNA Analysis - A Case solved by ABO Blood Grouping Method

In this case Accused persons raped the Victim girl, but the victim girl washed all her cloths and place of crime, therefore no Semen was detected on any of the exhibits, blood stains were also washed off. There was hardly any chance of getting blood group. In spite of that careful sampling of proper blood stains and careful analysis resulted in conclusive blood grouping. The blood group, found on the clothes of Accused matched with that of the clothes of Victim girl. Though DNA analysis is full proof technique absence of nuclear material negates its superiority. Sometimes traditional ABO grouping also becomes effective tool in such cases.

Techniki GIS – w poszukiwaniu hot spotów przestępczości

Techniki GIS – w poszukiwaniu hot spotów przestępczości

Kvaišalų geografija posovietiniame mieste: nelegali narkotinių medžiagų apyvarta ir narkomanija Klaipėdoje, 1990-2010 m.

This study explores transformations of local drug geography in Klaipeda, 1990-2010. Using spatial analysis of geocoded data about 1351 cases of drug crime (manufacturing, storing, possession, and sale) and 1510 registered drug users, we researched spatial-temporal patterns of drug crime and drug abuse in changing post-soviet urban environment. Data for this study was provided by Klaipeda Police Headquarters and Klaipeda Centre for Addictive Disorders. We found, that key changes within local drug geography started in 1997-1999 and were caused by development of new economy expanding drug sale to anonymous customers. Since the collapse of the Soviet regime, drugs were mostly manufactured, circulated and used within underground social networks of drug users. The main features of those networks were trust and direct communication among drug users and dealers, who regularly were drug users also. Therefore drugs were locally produced, stored, sold and used in the same places; places of drug abuse and drug crime regularly overlapped. Nevertheless spatial patterns of such underground networks were more accidental in their nature, they had not clear attributes of spatial identify within urban environment. But newly emerging drug economy was based on commodity-money relations between drug dealers and drug users and new market regime clearly differentiated places of drug sale and drug use. Drug sale moved from blocks to the night clubs, marketplaces and surroundings of huge shopping centres. Sociologically such change within drug economy of post-soviet city might be interpreted as a shift from subcultural networks, where local knowledge and practices of street pharmacology were transmitted to new users, to the conspicuous consumption of branded and recreational drugs.

Speaking about building Rylands (1960s to 1980s): a Cape Flats history

This article draws on oral histories of Rylands, a former Indian group area on the Cape Flats. It shifts focus from narratives of dispossession to narratives of the making of a relocation site. The Cape Flats has generally been represented as a place of poverty, crime and hopelessness and existing on the “fringe” of the city. This article seeks to complicate our understandings and imaginings of the Cape Flats by focusing on Rylands. In its focus on the middle class, it argues that they transformed their physical surroundings. Spaces in Rylands, built by Indian capital, also offered the Cape Flats useful resources. As an apartheid-designated space, Rylands had a significant role in the entrenching of Indianness leading to energised cultural and religious activity with temples and mosques becoming the centre for residents. There were competing visions for Rylands; some dallied with apartheid governance structures but, by the 1980s, the non-racial ethos dominated and for youth this place became their centre.

An Autopsy Evaluation of Defense Wounds in Homicidal Deaths

Evidence of defense wound indicates that the victim was awake and has resisted the offence. Absence of defense wound does not rule out homicide. On the contrary, absence of defense wounds in majority of cases clearly indicated that the victim was present in a place where he never anticipated risk to his life and was caused by a person who had an easy access to the place of crime, or the victim was asleep, unaware, unprepared or under the influence of alcohol/drugs. The present study was based on retrospective analysis of 218 homicidal deaths in three years period from January 2004 to December 2006 from autopsies done in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal and Medico legal Institute, Home (Police) department, Government of Madhya Pradesh. Among total 218 cases included in this study, defense wound was evident in 73 cases i.e. 32.48%, of which 60.3% were on hand and 13.7% were on forearm and 26% were on both forearm and hand region. Defence wound was more common on left side (45.2%) than right (17.8%), because these are nearest to the perpetrator and consistent with the preponderance of right handed individuals in the population. In 37% cases it was present on both sides. The pattern of defense wound is discussed in detail in this paper.

Proposed Developements of Blind Signature Scheme Based on ECC

Detecting and gaining clues from the crime scene plays a major role in the process of investigation. Now a days with increase of cybercrime and fraud on the internet, digital forensics gaining importance. It needs to collect information the events happened at crime place. This paper deals with event reconstruction process which is useful for digital crime scene. The process of reconstruction is based on crime event and event characteristics. It also furnishes crime rate guess using some semi-formal techniques.
 Keyword: Digital Investigation, Digital Forensics, Events, Attack Trees, Reconstruction

Opportunity makes the thief. Really? And so what?

This paper describes the work undertaken over many years by the author and colleagues concerning the role of opportunity in crime. The work began in the early 1970s in the Home Office Research Unit, the British government’s criminological research department. The work supported a preventive approach – situational crime prevention – that was highly contentious in the criminology of the day because it sought to reduce opportunities for crime, rather than to modify offender propensities. Critics claimed that situational crime prevention would displace rather than reduce crime because they assumed that opportunity merely determines the time and place of crime, but does not cause it. This paper describes the difficulties in establishing that opportunity is cause of crime and why this took so long. It reviews the research that was undertaken to this end, and it summarizes the benefits for criminology and crime policy of accepting that opportunity does cause crime.

"Pra tá no DC tem que ser meio doido. Se tu não és, vai ficar": a saúde mental dos servidores do Departamento de Criminalística do Instituto-Geral de Perícias do Rio Grande do Sul

This article’s goal is disclose the daily routine of people who work with crime and violence related places, in an attempt to reveal how the mental health of the servants is affected. The ethnographic research was conducted with employees at the Department of Criminalistics of the General Institute of Forensics of Rio Grande do Sul. The suffering occurs as a consequence of dramatic experiences such as the contact with torn and decomposing bodies, the despair of the families, different social contexts, to relive the crime scene through report writing, and to witness the violence against children. The job satisfaction derives from the well-written report, and from the knowledge of the forensics results in the judiciary’s ambit. The DC’s servant has to deal with violent death by using life-oriented defense mechanisms, which leads to emphasis on a discourse that qualifies this activity as “captivating” for helping the acquittal or conviction of suspected people. To absolve or convict someone implies life preservation; to absolve means to save the life of an innocent individual who could be undeservedly in prison; to convict means to protect the life of members of society from where the guilty individual came from, because in freedom he or she could return to crime.

The Polish Government-in-exile in London, the Delegatura, the Union of Armed Struggle-Home Army and the Extermination of the Jews

During the Second World War, the Nazis and their collaborators murdered almost six million Jews, half of them from Poland, whose territories were chosen as the place of this unimaginable crime. The question of how the Polish authorities, both underground in the occupied country and working in exile, responded to the murder of their Jewish compatriots is being repeatedly discussed in academic and journalistic publications. This essay presents an outline of the key issues, focusing on the crucial year of 1942.

A Novel Automated Shoeprint Matching Technique for use as Forensic Evidence in Criminal Investigation

This work presents a technique in which a database of outsole pattern of shoeprint images has been automatically sorted against a query shoeprint image. Shoe marks found at the place of crime are used to provide valuable forensic evidence. This system presents a technique for rotation and intensity invariant automatic shoeprint matching so that the spatial positioning of the reference shoeprint image does not have to correspond with the spatial positioning of the shoeprint images of the database. Gabor transform has been used to extract multi resolution features of a shoeprint. Radon transform has been used to estimate the rotation of the shoeprint image and is compensated by rotating the features in opposite direction. Shoeprint database has been generated by inviting participants to tread on an inkpad and then stamp on a piece of paper. Template query images have been compared using Euclidean distance classifier which has been used to find a suitable match. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated in terms of percentage accuracy for four different matching methods. This technique performs better compared to results obtained using power spectral density features for full print images with the rotation, intensity and mixed attacks. General Terms Image processing, Forensic application.

The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing police crime prevention efforts on crime places. Research suggests that there is significant clustering of crime in small places or “hot spots.” A number of researchers have argued that crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. In this article, we update and improve upon a previously completed Campbell Collaboration systematic review of the effects of hot spots policing and crime. Meta-analyses were used to determine the size, direction, and statistical significance of the overall impact of hot spots policing strategies on crime. The results of our research suggests that hot spots policing generates small but noteworthy crime reductions, and these crime control benefits diffuse into areas immediately surrounding targeted crime hot spots. Our analyses find that problem-oriented policing interventions generate larger mean effect sizes when compared to interventions that simply increase levels of traditional police actions in crime hot spots. We also find that only a small number of studies examine the impacts of hot spots policing on police-community relations. The extant research on this topic, however, suggests that community members have positive reactions to these focused policing actions.

Crime Place and Pollution

Criminology & Public PolicyVolume 11, Issue 2 p. 281-316 RESEARCH ARTICLE† Crime Place and Pollution Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach John E. Eck, John E. Eck University of CincinnatiSearch for more papers by this authorEmily B. Eck, Emily B. Eck Dalhousie UniversitySearch for more papers by this author John E. Eck, John E. Eck University of CincinnatiSearch for more papers by this authorEmily B. Eck, Emily B. Eck Dalhousie UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 May 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00809.xCitations: 44 We thank the following individuals (in alphabetical order) who sparked our thinking on the subject of regulating crime places using environmental policy instruments, responded to our requests for help, provided good ideas by chance, gave us feedback on drafts of this article, commented on presentations related to the article, conducted literature searches, surprised us with new and useful books, or discussed regulation implementation over beers: Jim Bueermann, Jennifer Burke, Sujung Cho, Melvin Cross, Frank Cullen, Graham Farrell, Katie Gallagher, Peter Grabosky, Robert Hahn, Maris Herold, Yulia Kotlyarova, Tamara Madensen, Lorraine Mazerolle, Daniel Nagin, Graham Newman, Troy Payne, Karin Schmerler, Michael Scott, Malcolm Sparrow, Jennifer Stucker, Julie Wartell, Katie Werner, numerous criminal justice graduate students, members of the Crime and Place Working Group, and three anonymous reviewers. Readers should hold them harmless for any errors in our work. Direct correspondence to John E. Eck, School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210389, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (e-mail: john.eck@uc.edu). CRIME REDUCTION THROUGH A REGULATORY APPROACH Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue2May 2012Pages 281-316 RelatedInformation

Overview of: “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach”

Research Summary Crime reduction policy has focused almost exclusively on offenders. Recent studies and evaluations show that expanding our policy portfolio to include places may be highly productive. We show that there is considerable research showing that crime is concentrated at a relatively few locations, that high-crime places are stable, that changing places can reduce crime, that displacement is not only far from inevitable but also less likely than the diffusion of crime prevention benefits, and that owners of high-crime places can be held accountable for the criminogenic conditions of their locations. We link these findings to environmental policy, where environmental scientists, economists, and regulators have developed a broad set of regulatory options. The core of this article describes a portfolio of environmental policy instruments directly applicable to crime places. We also discuss major decisions local governments will need to make to implement various forms of regulation, and we list challenges that governments must anticipate in planning for such implementation. We argue that a regulatory approach to crime places has the potential to lower the cost to taxpayers of reducing crime by shifting costs from governments to the relatively few place owners whose actions create crime-facilitating conditions. Policy Implications Taking a regulatory approach to crime places substantially expands the crime policy options under consideration. Regulatory options may increase local governments’ effectiveness at reducing crime while reducing governments’ costs. This is because regulatory approaches have the potential to shift some portion of the financial burden for crime fighting to owners of criminogenic locations. Policy makers can select between means-based anticrime regulations that focus on how place owners manage their locations and ends-based regulations that focus on the number of crimes allowed at places. Both of these approaches contain several alternative regulatory instruments, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Experimenting with various regulatory instruments could lead to the development of a range of new crime reduction policies. In addition, a regulatory approach has implications for the funding of policy research. Means-based regulatory instruments require governments to develop evidence that the means they regulate have the desired impact on crime. Ends-based regulatory instruments shift this burden to the regulated places.

Hot spots policing effects on crime

This Campbell systematic review examines the effects of focusing police crime prevention efforts on crime ‘hot spots’, and whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e. crime moving around the corner) or diffusion (i.e. crime reduction in surrounding areas) of crime control benefits. The review includes 19 studies covering 25 cases. Seventeen of the studies were conducted in the USA.Investing police agencies' limited resources on hot spot policing in a small number of high‐activity crime places will prevent crime in these and surrounding areas, reducing total crime. Problem oriented policing approach allows for developing tailored responses to specific recurring problems in high activity crime spots. Implementing situational prevention strategies that reduce police reliance on aggressive enforcement strategies may also have positive benefits for police‐community relations. The reactions of local communities to hot spot policing must be considered. Residents may welcome efforts to reduce crime. But if policing programmes are seen as heavy‐handed, or focus too much on particular population groups, they may end up driving a wedge between the police and those they are trying to help.AbstractBACKGROUNDIn recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing crime prevention efforts on crime places. A number of studies suggest that there is significant clustering of crime in small places, or “hot spots,” that generate half of all criminal events. A number of researchers have argued that many crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. The appeal of focusing limited resources on a small number of high‐activity crime places is straightforward. If we can prevent crime at these hot spots, then we might be able to reduce total crime.OBJECTIVESTo assess the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e., crime moving around the corner) or diffusion (i.e., crime reduction in surrounding areas) of crime control benefits.SEARCH STRATEGYA keyword search was performed on 15 online abstract databases. Bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of police crime control programs were reviewed and forward searches for works that cited seminal hot spots policing studies were performed. Bibliographies of past completed Campbell systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts and hand searches of leading journals in the field were performed. Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were obtained.SELECTION CRITERIATo be eligible for this review, interventions used to control crime hot spots were limited to police enforcement efforts. Suitable police enforcement efforts included traditional tactics such as directed patrol and heightened levels of traffic enforcement as well as alternative strategies such as aggressive disorder enforcement and problem‐oriented policing. Studies that used randomized controlled experimental or quasi‐experimental designs were selected. The units of analysis were limited to crime hot spots or high‐activity crime “places” rather than larger areas such as neighborhoods. The control group in each study received routine levels of traditional police enforcement tactics.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS19 studies containing 25 tests of hot spots policing interventions were identified and full narratives of these studies were reported. Ten of the selected studies used randomized experimental designs and nine used quasi‐experimental designs. A formal meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects in the eligible studies. Random effects models were used to calculate mean effect sizes.RESULTS20 of 25 tests of hot spots policing interventions reported noteworthy crime and disorder reductions. The meta‐analysis of key reported outcome measures revealed a small statistically significant mean effect size favoring the effects of hot spots policing in reducing citizen calls for service in treatment places relative to control places. The effect was smaller for randomized designs but still statistically significant and positive. When displacement and diffusion effects were measured, unintended crime prevention benefits were associated with the hot spotsAUTHORS' CONCLUSIONSThe extant evaluation research provides fairly robust evidence that hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy. The research also suggests that focusing police efforts on high‐activity crime places does not inevitably lead to crime displacement and crime control benefits may diffuse into the areas immediately surrounding the targeted locations.

O'Neill's “Damned Unconventional” Play from the Prohibition Years: “Anna Christie”

O'Neill's “Damned Unconventional” Play from the Prohibition Years: <i>“Anna Christie”</i>