Place Names Research Articles

Intercity networks and urban performance: a geographical text mining approach

ABSTRACT Compared to the burgeoning literature discussing the importance of agglomeration externalities for development, limited attention has been given to network externalities. This is largely due to limited data availability. We propose a general measure to proxy city network externalities based on toponym co-occurrences that indicate the relatedness between cities. This paper extracts intercity relationships based on the co-occurrence of Chinese place names on 2.5 billion webpages. We calculate and map absolute and relative network positions, which we use to explain urban labour productivity. We found that a stronger embeddedness in networks of cities is significantly and positively associated with urban productivity. Smaller cities benefit comparatively more from being well embedded in city networks, suggesting that these relations can compensate for a lack of agglomeration externalities. We also compare the importance for urban performance of city network externalities vis-à-vis agglomeration externalities. City network externalities turn out to be more important in explaining urban performance than agglomeration externalities. This calls for new theorizing on a relational approach to urban and regional development. Rather than stimulating further concentration of urbanization, our findings suggest that fostering relationships between cities is a viable alternative urban development strategy. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda that delves deeper into city network externalities.

Geographical maps meet place names where languages meet dialects: The case of Italian

The goal of this article is to analyse the role of urban place names (‘urbanonyms’) with dialectal origins in the domain of Italian toponomastics. The article offers a gazetteer-based study from which a list of dialectal generic terms is extracted and compiled. From this list, a detailed geographic distributional analysis of these terms is offered, and the dialectal origins of terms are assessed. A questionnaire study is subsequently presented that analyses to what degree Italian speakers may interpret these terms as being dialectal in origin, and to an extent unique to the places they classify. The article concludes by discussing how these findings can inform our understanding of place names, their linguistic properties and their possible dialectal origins.

Anthropocentric features of toponyms in Australia and Oceania as a reflection of the geographical and historical factors of their appearance in the language

Toponyms are a complex system, the semantic and structural features of which reflect the cultural and historical peculiarities of the nation. The toponyms of Norfolk Island stand out from other toponyms of the English language due to the isolated geographical location of the island and its violent history. This article discusses in detail the extralinguistic factors that determine the semantic features of geographical names of Norfolk Island. The historical factors that influenced the creation of a significant number of place names include the fact that the settlement of Norfolk Island was founded as a British penal colony. Other factors include political and economic dependence on the UK, and later on Australia. It is noted that the most important among such factors is the motivation of the residents who inhabited Norfolk Island after its discovery by Captain J. Cook. The historical factors we are considering influence the formation of certain connotations of the toponyms of Norfolk Island and Australia. The article proposes a structural and semantic classification of toponyms of Australia and Oceania. The criteria that served as the basis for describing the classification include the presence of positive or negative stylistic coloring. It is noted that some names change their stylistic coloring. This phenomenon is an example of historical rehabilitation. Among the most common anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of toponyms, we have identified the influence of historical figures on the development of the island and the difficult living conditions of the first settlers. Such factors determine the choice of a toponym and are reflected in the presence or absence of its stylistic coloring.

인공지능 기반 한문 번역을 위한 코퍼스 추출 및 정제 과정

It is fun to imagine how good it would be to be able to translate a lot of Chinese classics by using AI in an era where the field of AI is expanding day by day. This is why commercialization of machine translation called artificial intelligence can drastically reduce the manpower and time spent on classical Chinese translation. To this end, various institutions are improving their performance by developing artificial intelligence Chinese character recognition and Chinese character translation programs. AI-based Chinese character translation, research is concentrated in the field of technology, and there are no reported studies on the corpus extraction process and purification process.
 For deep learning, which trains artificial intelligence, automatic translation data, that is, corpus that connects Chinese text and translations in parallel, must be created. In order to make a corpus, a lot of corpus data is extracted through human translation, and a high-quality corpus is made through refining based on detailed guidelines. Here, we tried to confirm the purification process of how the extracted corpus data were selected.
 As a result of checking the corpus purification process, words such as various titles, items, and names, metrological units or number of people were all excluded. Short sentences containing place names, human names, government posts, places, products, dates, and proper nouns were also removed because they were not appropriate as corpus. In addition, prefixes consisting of one or two letters, such as adverbs, conjunctions, tense, and pronounciation at the beginning of the sentence, were deleted. In the future, it is expected that the time and expense of translation will be greatly reduced if extraction is carried out in consideration of these contents in the construction of corpus for AI-based Chinese character translation.

Памятники армянской архитектуры и топонимики в Греции / The Monuments of Armenian Architectures and Toponymy in the Greece

The article presents the head of a multi-volume atlas of the catalog «The monuments of Armenian architecture and place names abroad». It presents an overview of the history and development of the community, the geography of its settlement, the state of the church, education and Armenian media. The main part of the article is a table-list of Armenian monuments of architecture and toponymy in the Greece, after which a list of literature is given.

Памятники армянской архитектуры и топонимики в Северной Македонии / The Monuments of Armenian Architectures and Toponymy in the North Macedonia

he article presents the head of a multi-volume atlas of the catalog «The monuments of Armenian architecture and place names abroad». It presents an overview of the history and development of the community, the geography of its settlement, the state of the church, education and Armenian media. The main part of the article is a table-list of Armenian monuments of architecture and toponymy in the North Macedonia, after which a list of literature is given.

Place names commemorating Hadrian – an attempt to approximate the scale of the phenomenon

According to Historia Augusta (Vita Hadriani 20, 4), many cities in the Roman Empire were named Hadrianopolis after the emperor Hadrian. The aim of this article is to approximate the number of places named after Hadrian not only Hadrianopoleis mentioned. Cities were named after Roman emperors to commemorate the rulers’ role as the founders or benefactors of localities. This practice deserves special attention. The extent to which Hadrian had been commemorated in place names has not been researched extensively to date, but the approximate number of cities and towns named or possibly named after the emperor was relatively high. The exact number of localities named after Hadrian cannot be determined based on historical sources for a number of reasons, as discussed on the examples of localities such as Turris Tamalleni or Bisica Lucana. However, regardless of these difficulties, research suggests that Hadrian could have been commemorated in the names of up to 15 colonies, 19 municipalities (municipia), 4 localities that were most likely colonies or municipalities, and 43 other localities (mainly peregrine towns), which gives a total of more than 80 place names (the colonies and municipalities whose names commemorate the emperor should be distinguished from those that had been founded by Hadrian). In this article, the localities named after Hadrian were classified based on their legal status and are presented in tables. Particular attention has been paid to the controversies surrounding some of the cities thought to have been named after Hadrian (such as the colonial titulature of Avennio, the modern-day Avignon). The estimated number of localities named or possibly named after Hadrian indicates that these toponyms may have played a significant role in shaping the emperor’s public image.

A study of place names recorded in the Yumongin's 「Yuduryusanrok」

A study of place names recorded in the Yumongin's 「Yuduryusanrok」

ШОТЛАНД ЖӘНЕ ҚАЗАҚ ТОПОНИМИКАЛЫҚ АҢЫЗДАРЫН САЛЫСТЫРМАЛЫ ЗЕРТТЕУ

This study compared place names of Scotland and Kazakhstan, and explored their etymology by means of analyzing their word structure, and by considering toponymic legends related to these particular toponyms. The data of the study are 42 place names (20 Scottish, and 22 Kazakh place names). Using a range of theories and methodologies from folklore studies, linguistics, history, and cultural anthropology, the article identifies common themes, motifs, and narrative structures present in the legends. The analysis reveals several themes that appear in both Scottish and Kazakh toponymic legends, including heroism, bravery and selflessness, remembrance, history and tradition, taboo, respect for ancestors and beliefs, and the idea of sacrifice. Comparative study of motifs in folklore helps understand the similarities and differences between cultures. The narrative structures of toponymic legends in Scotland and Kazakhstan tend to be short and exciting, highlighting the influence of various cultures and languages. Overall, the article provides observations into the societies and cultures in which these legends originated, as well as the ways in which these stories were passed down and preserved over time, and suggests a historical connection between Scotland and Kazakhstan.

Tracking meaning evolution in the brain: Processing consequences of conventionalization

Language users employ creative and innovative means to refer to novel concepts. One example is place-for-event metonymy as in “How many bands played at Woodstock?” where the place name is used to refer to an event. We capitalize on the observation that place-for-event metonymy can on the one hand result in the conventionalization of the event reading (as is the case for “Woodstock”) but on the other hand can also be relatively short-lived as a function of the socio-cultural or historical impact of the respective event (e.g., “Egypt” to refer to one of the sites of the Arab Spring). We use place-for-event metonymy as a test case to tap into discrete stages of conventionalization and compare the processing of the place and the event reading of particular expressions, with ratings of the degree of conventionalization as predictors. In an event-related potential (ERP) reading study, we observed a modulation of the Late Positivity between 500 and 750 ms post-onset by condition (event vs. place reading) and degree of conventionalization. The amplitude of the positivity was most pronounced for event readings with a low degree of conventionalization (similar to previous findings from ad-hoc metonymy). Interestingly, place readings with a high degree of (event) conventionalization also evoked a pronounced positivity. The Late Positivity is viewed to reflect processing demands during reconceptualization required for proper utterance interpretation. Overall, the data suggest that stages of meaning evolution are reflected in the underlying neurophysiological processes.

Landscape domains and information surfaces: Data collection, recording and citation using decimal latitude‐longitude geolocation via the FAIR principles

AbstractThere is a need for geomorphology to integrate better with related disciplines, especially in Critical Zone science. To help satisfy this integration, geomorphology's knowledge‐base should extend into biotic as well as geological processes via ‘open data’. To aid information exchange between disciplines, the use of decimal latitude‐longitude (dLL) topographic geo‐referencing is advocated to identify locations of investigations, images and data in accord with the FAIR principles for data: findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability. While local place names (toponyms) have their uses, they do not provide good location information. Identification of detailed locations using dLL referencing should be used in written, especially published, reports of investigations. Author‐date citations are traditionally used to identify geomorphic knowledge, which can be enhanced when linked to dLL‐specified locations and data such as sample sites and laboratory data. Ways in which dLL specifications might be used in geomorphology and associated disciplines are explored and some geomorphological problems associated with ‘steepland’ landscape domains are presented. Examples show how dLL data can be incorporated into the literature, whereby authors can help provide and develop geomorphic ‘information surfaces’ by using geo‐referencing to enhance ‘open’ science via the FAIR principles.

Achaemenid Settlement in Shiraz Plain: Tol-e Sefid Sadra

Shiraz plain is one of the most important plains adjacent to Persepolis. Tirazziš place have been mentioned in the Persepolis Archives many times. For further research on the place name of modern Shiraz with what is mentioned in the Achaemenid’s Archives, it was necessary to carried out an archeological survey in this plain. Objective and methodical archeological researches had not been carried out in the Shiraz plain until 2008. In the process of this new methodical archaeological survey, one of the most important ancient sites of the Achaemenid and Post-Achaemenid periods was identified in the Shiraz plain. According to the ceramic documents, this site was inhabited in the Achaemenid and Post-Achaemenid periods. Shiraz is mentioned in the Persepolis Archives under the Elamite form Tirazziš. This site attests to the situation of the Shiraz plain in the Achaemenid and Post-Achaemenid periods. The introduction of this ancient site provides a new perspective to understand the relationship between the Shiraz plain in the Achaemenid period and its connection with Persepolis.

Development of a Japanese 'GIS place name dictionary' as a basis for interdisciplinary research

Development of a Japanese 'GIS place name dictionary' as a basis for interdisciplinary research

Space, Place, Narratives – Toponym registries and atlases as resources for historical place names research

Space, Place, Narratives – Toponym registries and atlases as resources for historical place names research

Am I Crossing a Border? Spatial Regionalization and Route Choice Depends on Perceived Landmark Categorization

ABSTRACT We investigated the role of semantic similarities of place names in forming larger regions. The environment´s place names allowed two alternative semantic categorizations corresponding to two equally valid regionalizations. In a priming phase, participants were biased to one or the other categorization scheme. Region perception was assessed by having participants choose between two equidistant routes crossing different numbers of region boundaries. Participants selected routes with a lower number of region crossings according to the primed categorization in 61% of all cases. The results show that perceived semantic similarity of place names affects route choice and the formation of spatial regions.

Evaluating the inclusion of Inuvialuktun place names in online maps

Place names, also known as toponyms, are a fundamental part of our cultural and geographical environment. Like many Indigenous groups, Inuvialuit in what is now northwestern Canada use place names to describe the landscape, guide and warn travellers, and convey important cultural information (Hart 2011, 9). Many efforts are underway to document, restore and promote the use of Indigenous toponyms in Canada, including their submission to provincial and territorial naming authorities (Inuit Heritage Trust 2016). A related means of raising the profile of Inuvialuit place names is their inclusion on maps that are readily accessible to the public. In their ten calls to action for natural science researchers working in Canada, Wong et al. (2020) underscore the need for Indigenous place names to be incorporated, with permission, in maps and text associated with scientific research to recognize the stories and Indigenous Knowledge behind the names (777). This paper is a step in addressing this call to action by presenting the results of an analysis of Inuvialuktun-language place names in the Tuktoyaktuk area. The analysis examines how readily the names are identified in official, and popular non-official sources and discusses implications for promoting Indigenous Knowledge more broadly.

Place Naming and Place Making: The Social Construction of Rural Landscape

A social constructivist approach has been applied in our case study analysis in order to explore the sense of place and the perception of landscape of local inhabitants. Fieldwork was carried out in three rural Hungarian microregions selected on the basis of a typology developed through statistical analysis. The central question of the study assumes that the way people name the place where they live is an expression of their sense of place and that it is related to their perceptions about narrower locality and also the general attitudes they have towards the rural or urban landscape. To prove this hypothesis, we examined, in three microregions, how people name their own living area, how they relate to the countryside and rural way of life, and how they describe their own locality in their own words (positive and negative aspects). Based on analyses, three different landscape perception types were outlined and were seen to be interconnected with three ways of place naming: (i) a “close-to-nature” perception in relation to geographical place names; (ii) a “cultural-historical” identification in connection with cultural names and (iii) “lifestyle-service” focused landscape perception linked to administrative place naming.

VOLYN FOLK GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS FOR DENOTING SWAMP: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES

The article is devoted to the study of folk names of bogs in Volyn region. The folk names of bogs collected by the author and published in the dictionary reflect the attitudes and perceptions of the local population, and also contain important information about the characteristics and features of bogs. The study of such names can contribute to the preservation of the cultural heritage associated with natural objects, enrichment of scientific terminology, and understanding of lexical and semantic features of the linguistic worldview. These names may contain valuable information about local conditions, flora, geographical features and ecological status of the bogs, which contributes to deeper understanding of the relationship between humans and the natural environment. In addition, the folk names of bogs can serve as additional sources of information for classifying and identifying different types of bogs in Volyn Polissia, as well as identifying local terminological variations and features. The linguistic approach helps to identify local terminological variations and features that are reflected in the lexical composition and semantics. The study is relevant for understanding the lexical fund, linguistic diversity and cultural heritage associated with the Volyn thelmography. The sphere of functioning, semantic shifts and peculiarities of the meaning of thelmographic terms influence the area of distribution of folk geographical terms. This lexical class is based on well-known terms, mainly of Proto-Slavic origin, which have wide semantic possibilities. In the studied area, folk geographical terms for swamps are represented by semantic, phonetic and grammatical variants and derivatives. The core of the analyzed lexical class is well-known terms, mostly of ProtoSlavic origin: брід, болoто, гать, гребля, трясовuнa, etc., which are characterized by wider semantic possibilities. In many subdialects, these lexemes are represented by dialectal phonetic variants: трасовuнa, трасовuско, грaбля, etc. Folk geographical terminology, in comparison with other language layers, is not characterized by imagery or emotionally expressive means. This folk geographical terminology, which partially leaves a trace in place names, is one of the oldest in origin. In addition to linguistic research, the study of folk geographical terminology can be useful for natural, historical, ethnological and other sciences.

The Etymo-Morphological Analysis of Some Mis-Pronounced Selected Yoruba Place Names in Modern Cities; Constituent Interrogatives in Yoruba: A Minimalist Description [In English

The Etymo-Morphological Analysis of Some Mis-Pronounced Selected Yoruba Place Names in Modern Cities; Constituent Interrogatives in Yoruba: A Minimalist Description [In English

Ethnobotany of spring waters based on species toponymy on the east slope of Mount Ijen, Banyuwangi District, Indonesia

Abstract. Najih RR, Batoro J, Hakim L. 2023. Ethnobotany of spring waters based on species toponymy on the east slope of Mount Ijen, Banyuwangi District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3860-3871. Some spring waters in Banyuwangi are unique in terms of toponymy (place name), where local communities give names to springs based on plant species around the springs. This research aimed to (i) understand the names of the plants used as the design names for the springs, (ii) understand the plants in the offerings of the springs and (iii) explain the use of plants around the springs on the East Ijen Slopes, Banyuwangi District, Indonesia. A field study was conducted on the slopes of Mount Ijen. Research data were obtained from 50 informants through semi-structured interviews. This study used descriptive analysis and Relative Frequency of Citations (RFC). There were five toponymy species of springs, namely Pangium edule Reinw, Planchonia valida (Blume) Blume, Terminalia sp., Ganophyllum falcatum Blume, and Garcinia tetranda Pierre. Offerings dishes of springs were Pecel Pitik, Tajin Suro, Tajin Jenang Limo, and Tumpeng Serakat. There are 43 species of plants around the springs within 21 families. Plants with the highest RFC values were Gigantochloa apus (Schult. f.) Kurz ex Munro (0.62), followed by Ficus benjamina L. (0.4) and S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq (0.32). In terms of utilization, the toponymy species did not have the highest RFC value. Species with low RFC values have a greater possibility of extinction than other species.