PL Levels Research Articles

Lipid Profiles in By‐Products and Muscles of Three Shrimp Species (Penaeus monodon, Penaeus vannamei, and Penaeus chinensis)

AbstractTo better understand the health benefits of lipids in shrimp and evaluate their potential value, a comprehensive analysis of lipid profiles in by‐products (head and body carapace) and muscles of shrimps Penaeus monodon, Penaeus vannamei, and Penaeus chinensis is performed. Results show that freeze‐dried muscles of these shrimps contain 3.83%, 4.39%, and 2.93% of lipids, respectively, while the corresponding by‐products contain 4.69%, 5.89%, and 5.39% of lipids, respectively. The total lipids comprise glycerophospholipid (PL, 54.86–77.29%), cholesterol (12.67–18.79%), triacylglycerol (1.28–7.02%), diacylglycerol (0.27–1.58%), monoacylglycerol (0.32–3.04%), and free fatty acid (FFA, 2.84–20.58%). Further, PL contains cholineglycerophospholipid (PLCho, 49.75–66.99 mol%), ethanolamineglycerophospholipid (PLEtn, 14.02–28.16 mol%), serineglycerophospholipid (PLSer, 4.85–12.66 mol%), inositolglycerophospholipid (PLIns, 4.36–15.63 mol%), and cholinelysoglycerophospholipid (LPLCho, 2.07–6.35 mol%). Lipids are abundant in polyunsaturated FA (36.55–42.72% of total FA), among which eicosapentaenoic acid (6.38–11.59% of total FA), and docosahexaenoic acid (7.63–12.08% of total FA) are dominant. About 200 species of PL belonging to PLCho, PLEtn, PLIns, LPLCho, lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine (LPLEtn), and lysoglycerophosphoserine (LPLSer) are characterized. Moreover, the by‐products contain higher amounts of astaxanthin than the muscles. Considering high level of PUFA enriched PL, shrimp by‐products can serve as a source for nutritional lipids.Practical Applications: This study presented a comprehensive analysis of the lipid profiles in by‐products (head and body carapace) and muscles of shrimps Penaeus monodon, Penaeus vannamei, and Penaeus chinensis. The results obtained justified the use of by‐products in shrimp processing, indicating that by‐products can be used for commercial exploitation and production of value‐added products due to PUFA‐enriched PL, especially EPA and DHA.

Effects of prolactin on the results of echocardiography and daily multichanel intraluminal impedans-pH-monitoring of the esophagus of patients with stable angina of effort and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the dynamics of treatment

Objective — to establish the effect of complex therapy with the addition of meldonium on the results of echocardio­graphy, daily multichanel intraluminal impedans-pH-monitoring (DMII-pH-M) of the esophagus and serum prolactin level in patients with stable angina of tension (SAT) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the conditions of comorbidity.Materials and methods. The study included 88 patients with SAT I—II FC with comorbid endoscopically positive GERD, which was divided into 2 groups: in group 1 (43 persons) received treatment: antiaggregant (clopidogrel), β-blocker (bisoprolol), statin (rosuvastatin), prolonged Nitric Oxide Donors donor and nitroglycerin in angina pectoris, proton pump inhibitor (rabeprazole), prokinetic (domperidone) and antacid as needed. Patients in group 2 (45 subjects) received basic therapy with SAT and GERD, with the exception of prokinetics and NO donors, only nitroglycerin, if necessary, and additionally meldonium capsules 500 mg 2 g/d for 30 days. Echocardiography, DMII-pH-M of the esophagus were performed in all patients enrolled in the study and serum levels of prolactin were determined before and at day 30 of treatment.Results and discussion. Blood serum of patients with SAT with comorbid GERD remains high when prokinetic is received and adversely affects the overall contractility of the myocardium of the left ventricle, esophagitis regression, confirmation is correlated0 (r = –0.73) between the serum PL level and emission fraction of left ventricle; MNBI (mean nocturnal baseline impedance) (r = –0.71) in group 1 and (r = –0.7) in group 2. Against the background of correction of baseline therapy for SAT and GERD with cancellation of prokinetic intake and, with additional prescription of meldonium, we observed a statistically significant (р < 0.05) decrease in prolactin level (OR = 3.9609, 95 % CI 1.1761—13.3398, p < 0.0263), decrease in total number of refluxes per day (OR = 14.1, 95 % CI 4.9739—40.2144, p < 0.0001) (р < 0.05), increase of PSPW (postreflux swallow induced peristaltic wave) (OR = 3.9, 95 % CI 1.5845—9.4767, p < 0.003) (р < 0.05), MNBI (р < 0.05) and emission fraction of left ventricle (OR = 4.2, 95 % CI 1.4802—12.2029, p = 0.0072) (p < 0.05), compared with group 1.Conclusions. The correction of the basic therapy of the SAT and GERD with the prokinetics’ cancellation and the additional use of meldonium resulted in the decrease of serum prolactin levels, which closely correlated with the main indicators of echocardiography and DMII-pH-M, manifesting in an increase in the general contractility of the left myocardium ventricle and lower esophageal sphincter, increasing of the kinetic function of the esophagus and improving the regenerative capabilities of its mucous membrane.

Biochemical studies evaluating the chemopreventive potential of brucine in chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis of rats

The present study was aimed to investigate the dose dependent chemopreventive activity of brucine against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in rats. The mammary tumor was induced by a single dose of DMBA (25 mg/rat) injected subcutaneously near the mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and increase in tumor incidence, the total number of tumors, and tumor volume in DMBA alone injected rats and also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX, and GSH) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes were noticed in the liver and mammary tissues. Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL, and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decrease in the levels of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissues were observed. Oral administration of brucine in different doses (2, 4 and 8 mg/kg bw) inhibited the tumor incidence and restored the levels of biochemical markers near to normal in dose responsive manner. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. The results suggest that brucine at a dose of 8 mg/kg bw shows more significant chemopreventive activity in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.

Machine safety - determination safety integrity level

The article presents a method for determining machine safety by calculating the safety integrity level (SIL). Problems of machine safety were presented in the context of applicable legal regulations and international standards. On the basis of the literature and standards, methods for determining the safety integrity level, quantitative measures used within the PN EN 62061 standard and basic concepts related to functional requirements have been presented. In addition, the author compares the method of determining the SIL level from the PL level of safety assurance. The article is a continuation of the author's previous publication on machine safety.

Photodynamic diagnosis of visceral pleural invasion of lung cancer with a combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid and autofluorescence observation systems

BackgroundVisceral pleural invasion (PL) is a prognostic factor in lung cancer. In the lung, lymph flows along the pleura, in addition to the flow toward the pulmonary hilum just as the pulmonary arteries and veins run toward it. Even with the same tumor diameter, a PL1 or higher level of pleural invasion is indicative of a more advanced disease stage. Final diagnosis based on the PL level is made by pathological examination of excised specimens. However, if an intraoperative diagnosis can be established, proper selection of the surgical procedure can be made, and unnecessary surgeries for disseminated lesions can be avoided. We investigated optical diagnostic techniques for identifying the presence or absence of visceral pleural invasion in lung cancer by capitalizing on the phenomenon of 5-amino-levulinic acid (5-ALA) being metabolized to a photosensitizing substance or protoporphyrin IX within malignant tumors, generating red luminescence in response to excitation light. MethodThis study included 38 patients with primary lung cancer who underwent surgery. They received 5-ALA (20mg/kg) orally 4h before surgery and then we assessed the presence or absence of pleural invasion using an autofluorescence observation system. At visceral pleural invasion sites, we were able to confirm tumor sites visualized in red with a clear border in contrast to the green autofluorescence generated in normal tissues. ResultRed luminescence could be confirmed in 100% of PL1-PL3 patients (14/14) and 41.6% of PL0 patients (10/24) with primary lung cancer. PL0 patients in whom visualization was possible were preoperatively diagnosed as having PL1 and many of them showed vascular channel invasion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of this diagnostic technique were 100%, 58.0%, 63.1%, and 100%, respectively. Red fluorescence emission was observed significantly more often in pleural invasion cases. ConclusionAccurate intraoperative diagnosis for visceral pleural invasion in lung cancer may contribute to determining the indications for limited operations such as segmental resection. In addition, accurate local diagnosis has the possibility of being applicable to photodynamic therapy.

(Invited) Photoluminescnece Brightening in Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are fundamentally interesting and technologically relevant materials with size tunable absorption and emission across a range of visible and near infrared wavelengths. However, several important aspects of their photophysical properties are not known in enough depth to predict how SWNTs will behave as part of larger integrated nanosystems. In particular, simple concepts such as the fundamental factors that affect photoluminescence efficiency (PL QY) are not well understood for SWNTs. We recently found that for DNA-wrapped SWNTS, the SWNT PL QY can be increased substantially in the presence of small amounts of mildly reducing molecules such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and Trolox. We will present comprehensive studies of the molecular-induced changes in PL from SWNTs suspended in several other commonly used surfactants. For example, upon addition of the reducing agents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) wrapped SWNTs showed a 4-fold PL intensity increase while sodium cholate (SC) wrapped SWNTs showed PL decrease by ~45%. Minimal change in PL was observed for SWNTs dispersed in sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium deoxycholate (DOC). By using a state-of-the art NIR sensitive APD, we were able to acquire time resolved PL data from each sample. For SWNTs that were brightened (darkened), the non-radiative rate decreased (increased) and the radiative rate increased (decreased). Our preliminary conclusion is that adding the reductants causes a change in the molecular structure of the surfactant on the SWNT, which changes the local dielectric constant as well as the interaction of the exciton with the molecular orbitals of the surfactant. We will also present recent data on the PL brightening of individual SDS wrapped SWNTs, whereby we found the PL efficiency enhancement varied substantially among individual nanotubes, with some brightening by up to 6.5 times while others brightened by only 16%. Studies of NTs longer than the diffraction limit reveal the surprising finding that upon adding the reductants, the NTs brightened uniformly, as determined from the PL image. Since non-uniform brightening would result from consecutive interactions with individual point defects, the observation of uniform PL brightening is consistent with the interpretation that the reductants are causing changes in the local SWNT environment. Further, single step brightening across the entire NT followed by a constant, nonblinking PL level suggests the brightening effect could be due to as little as a single molecule interacting with the NT.

A relevância dos gastos com P&D para o mercado Brasileiro de capitais: um estudo com distribuidoras de energia elétrica no período de 2002 a 2009

This article aims to analyze the value relevance of R&D expenditures for the capital market of companies from the electricity distribution sector in the period 2002-2009. Positivist and empirical research was conducted with non-probabilistic sampling procedure, with a naturally restricted universe since the companies were chosen from a list of electricity distribution companies traded on Sao Paulo Stock Exchange. A regression analysis (pooling) of R&D expenditures as function of the market value of the companies under analysis was applied, with control variables as the net income (LL) and equity (PL). The results show that the information of R&D expenditures is relevant to the capital market when analyzed separately. When this information is regressed with the control variables LL and PL it is observed that despite the improvement in the adjusted R², the variable R&D is not significant at 5%. A comparison of this regression with a regression of market value factoring only the control variables it is perceived that the Wald's test is not captured marginal gain in the informational level of LL and PL with the addition of R&D expenditures information. It is concluded that the R&D expenditures information does not add marginal informational content in an attempt to explain the market value of companies from their financial information of LL and PL.

Effect of changes in lipid classes during wilting and ensiling of red clover using two silage additives onin vitroruminal biohydrogenation

SUMMARYAlthough forage lipid is generally rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), recovery of these fatty acids (FA) in milk and meat of ruminant origin is generally low, due to microbial biohydrogenation (BH) taking place in the rumen. Since lipolysis is a prerequisite for BH, the latter process is expected to be enhanced when (conserved) forages contain lower levels of esterified FA (particularly polar lipids; PL). However, this was not observed in former studies with red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.). Furthermore, red clover inclusion in the herbivore's diet was associated with decreased rumen BH as compared with other forages. Differences in plant lipase activity during wilting and ensiling has been attributed to changes in disappearance from the PL fraction, but a potential role of microbial lipasesin silohas not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to assess whether BH of red clover FA is linked with PL levels of the (conserved) starting material and to clarify the possible role ofin silomicrobial activity on PL disappearance. In order to obtain sufficient variation in forage PL and microbial activity, laboratory-scale silages were made by wilting and ensiling damaged or undamaged red clover using molasses or formic acid as ensiling additive, while perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) was used as a control. Distribution of lipids within three lipid fractions (PL, free FA and neutral lipids) in forages was determined and BH calculated after 24 hin vitrorumen incubation. Results indicated microbial lipases in silages did not enhance FA disappearance from the PL fraction. A gradual decrease of FA in the PL fraction upon conservation was found, both in red clover and ryegrass, irrespective of the degree of damage. In red clover PL losses started from the wilting phase, while substantial PL disappearance from ryegrass only started upon ensiling. Proportions of PUFA remaining in the PL fraction after wilting and ensiling of red clover were positively correlated with PUFA BH, while this effect was not observed for ryegrass. Red clover PUFA seemed to be partially protected against ruminal BH, while disappearance of FA from the PL fraction did not seem to be hampered. Results indicated the encapsulation mechanism as a consequence of protein-bound phenol formation induced by polyphenol oxidase is still the most probable hypothesis to explain red clover's increased flow of PUFA across the rumen.

Diallyl trisulfide ameliorates arsenic induced dyslipidemia in rats

The efficacy of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) against arsenic (As) induced dyslipidemia in the plasma and livers of rats was studied. Oral administration of As [5 mg/kg of body weight (BW)/day] for 4 weeks showed significant (p<0.05) increases in TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, FFA, PL, and TG levels and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in the plasma and liver, with significant (p<0.05) reductions in levels of HDL-C hepatic ubiquinones and activities of LCAT and LPL in the plasma and liver. Oral administration of DATS (80 mg/kg of BW) for 4 weeks in As intoxicated rats significantly (p<0.05) reduced plasma and liver TC, FFA, TGs, VLDL-C, and LDL-C levels, and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, and significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of LCAT and LPL and the levels of HDL-C and ubiquinone in the livers of rats. DATS protects against As-induced dyslipidemia in rats.

Dose response chemopreventive potential of allyl isothiocyanate against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats

The present study aimed to investigate the dose response chemopreventive potential of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Mammary tumor was induced by a single dose of DMBA (25mg/rat) injected subcutaneously near mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and increased in total number of tumors, tumor incidence and tumor volume in DMBA-induced rats. We also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes noticed in liver and mammary tissues of DMBA-induced rats. Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decreased level of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissue. Oral administration of AITC different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kgbw) inhibited the tumor incidence and restored levels of biochemical markers. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. These results suggested that AITC at a dose of 20mg/kgbw significantly exert chemopreventive potential against DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.

Biphasic Influence of Bulk Anionic Phospholipids for PIP2 Gating of Kir2.1 Channels through Binding to Two Distinct Sites

Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels regulate cell excitability and potassium homeostasis. Our recent analyses show that Kir2.1 channels have a distinct (‘Secondary’) anionic phospholipid (PL(-)) binding site, in addition to the crystallographically determined (‘Primary’) PIP2 activating site. Docking results suggest that PL(-)s can bind to either site and therefore might compete with PIP2 at the ‘Primary’ site and inhibit. To test this prediction we performed the following assays with purified human Kir2.1 channels reconstituted in liposomes. First, Kir2.1 activity was measured with a fixed PIP2 content and with increasing content of various PL(-)s. At higher PL(-) levels, inhibition was observed that correlated well with predicted affinity at the ‘Primary’ site. The ‘Secondary’ site is generated by residues K64 and K219. K64C mutant channels are insensitive to PL(-) and only weakly PIP2-activated, but high PIP2 sensitivity is regenerated by tethering of K64C to the membrane by decyl-MTS modification. Inhibition by PL(-)s was more potent in decyl modified ‘Secondary’ site single (K64C) and double (k64C/K219A) mutant channels. It's likely that PL(-) binding at the ‘Primary’ site is augmented in these mutants as a consequence of increased effective PL(-) in the membrane as well as reduced electrostatic repulsion from the PL(-) at the ‘Secondary’ site. Finally PIP2 sensitivity was measured in the presence of increasing PL(-)s. The apparent PIP2 Kd was left-shifted at low PL(-) (as expected for the activatory effect at the ‘Secondary’ site), but shifted back to the right at higher PL(-)s, consistent with an inhibitory effect of bulk PL(-) at the ‘Primary’ site, if present at high enough levels in the membrane. Such interplay between PIP2 and other PL(-)s on Kir2.1 channel gating can be predicted by a mechanistic two-site binding model.

Reduction in tissue plasmin: a new mechanism of action of narrowband ultraviolet B in psoriasis.

Plasmin (PL) is a potent inflammatory cell activator, and ultraviolet (UV)B has immunomodulatory effects on cutaneous inflammatory responses. There are no previous studies comparing the effect of narrowband (NB)-UVB on tissue PL levels in psoriasis. To estimate the possible role of PL in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and to evaluate the effect of NB-UVB on tissue PL in psoriasis. This case-control study enrolled 21 patients with psoriasis and 20 clinically healthy volunteers matched for age and sex. Patients underwent 24 sessions of NB-UVB radiation. Biopsy samples using a 4 mm punch were taken from all patients before and after treatment and from the controls for estimation of tissue PL level by ELISA. Tissue PL was significantly upregulated in psoriasis before treatment (mean ± SD 1.73 ± 1.23 ng/mg protein) compared with controls (0.21 ± 0.15 ng/mg protein) (P < 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation (P = 0.02) was found between the tissue PL before treatment and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. Patients received 24 sessions of NB-UVB, with a mean cumulative dose of 23.25 ± 8.14 mJ/cm(2) . Tissue PL levels were reduced by a mean of 30.3% post-treatment compared with baseline (P < 0.001). The reduction in Pl levels was significantly correlated with the cumulative dose of NB-UVB, and with the percentage reduction in PASI (P < 0.001). Our study highlights the possible role played by tissue PL level in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. PL level appears to reflect disease severity, and is a possible marker of therapeutic efficacy of NB-UVB on psoriatic skin.

Effects of phospholipid addition to diets with different inclusion levels of fish oil on growth and fatty acid body composition of juvenile swimming crabPortunus trituberculatus

Six experimental diets were designed with two phospholipid (PL; 0% and 1.5%) and three fish oil levels (0%, 1% and 3%) to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and PL levels on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Diets were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous and each diet was fed to triplicate groups (initially weight, 24.88 ± 0.04 g per crab) for 59 days. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with dietary PL addition to 0% fish oil-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). On the other hand, WG and SGR decreased with dietary PL addition to 3% fish oil diets (P < 0.05). Crabs fed PL supplemented diets had higher haemolymph low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and muscle crude lipid levels (P < 0.05) than crabs fed a none PL supplemented diet. The percentage of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA; % total FA) in both polar and neutral lipids fractions of muscle tissue only increased in case of PL addition to 0% and 1% fish oil-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). HUFA levels in the neutral lipids fraction of the hepatopancreas increased by dietary PL addition at each dietary fish oil level (P < 0.05). In this study, both dietary fish oil and PL addition contributed to a high n-3/n-6 ratio in muscle and hepatopancreas of P. trituberculatus. In conclusion, PL addition is only meaningful with fish oil-deficient diets, in which case it enhanced lipid transport and HUFA absorption efficiency, hence improving the nutritional value of the diet.

Changes of PACAP level in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with severe traumatic brain injury

PACAP has well-known neuroprotective potential including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its level is up-regulated following various insults of the CNS in animal models. A few studies have documented alterations of PACAP levels in human serum. The time course of post-ictal PACAP levels, for example, show correlation with migraine severity. Very little is known about the course of PACAP levels following CNS injury in humans and the presence of PACAP has not yet been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects with severe TBI (sTBI). The aim of the present study was to determine whether PACAP occurs in the CSF and plasma (Pl) of patients that suffered sTBI and to establish a time course of PACAP levels in the CSF and Pl. Thirty eight subjects with sTBI were enrolled with a Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8 on admission. Samples were taken daily, until the time of death or for maximum 10 days. Our results demonstrated that PACAP was detectable in the CSF, with higher concentrations in patients with TBI. PACAP concentrations markedly increased in both Pl and CSF in the majority of patients 24–48h after the injury stayed high thereafter. In cases of surviving patients, Pl and CSF levels displayed parallel patterns, which may imply the damage of the blood–brain barrier. However, in patients, who died within the first week, Pl levels were markedly higher than CSF levels, possibly indicating the prognostic value of high Pl PACAP levels.

Genetic variants in desaturase gene, erythrocyte fatty acids, and risk for type 2 diabetes in Chinese Hans

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the association of the genetic variants in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster with erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), and their relation to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Han Chinese. MethodsSeven hundred and fifty-eight patients with T2DM and 400 healthy individuals were recruited. The erythrocyte PLFA and single-nucleotide polymorphism were determined by standard method. ResultsMinor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes of rs174575 and rs174537 had lower PL 20:4 ω-6 levels in healthy individuals. Minor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes of rs174455 in FADS3 gene had lower levels of 22:5 ω-3, 20:4 ω-6, and Δ5desaturase activity in patients with T2DM. Erythrocyte membrane PL 18:3 ω-3 (P for trend = 0.002), 22:5 ω-3 (P for trend < 0.001), ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (P for trend < 0.001), and ω-3:ω-6 (P for trend < 0.001) were significantly inversely associated with risk for T2DM. ConclusionGenetic variants in the FADS gene cluster are associated with altered erythrocyte PLFAs. High levels of PL 18:3 ω-3, 22:5 ω-3, and total ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid were associated with low risk for T2DM.

Antimicrobial delivery systems based on electrostatic complexes of cationic ɛ-polylysine and anionic gum arabic

ɛ-Polylysine (ɛ-PL) is a potent food-grade cationic antimicrobial but its application within foods and beverages is currently limited because of its tendency to associate with anionic substances, thereby increasing product turbidity or forming sediments. In this study, we examined a potential means of overcoming these problems by forming electrostatic complexes between cationic ɛ-PL and anionic gum arabic (GA). The nature of the complexes formed depended on the mass ratio of gum arabic-to-ɛ-PL (RGA–PL), since this determined their electrical charge, aggregation stability, and antimicrobial efficacy. The electrical charge on the complexes went from positive to negative with increasing RGA–PL, with the point of zero charge being around RGA–PL ∼15. Soluble complexes were formed at low and high RGA–PL levels, but insoluble complexes were formed at intermediate levels (i.e. 5 < RGA–PL < 25). The antimicrobial activities of the ɛ-PL–GA complexes were investigated in a model beverage system against two acid resistant spoilage yeasts: Zygosaccharomyces bailii (ZB) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC). In general, the antimicrobial efficacy of ɛ-PL decreased with increasing amount of GA, and this effect also depended on microorganism type, with SC being less sensitive to increased levels of gum arabic than ZB. Finally, we showed that certain ɛ-PL–GA complexes (15 μg/mL ɛ-PL; RGA–PL ≥ 20) could be incorporated into model beverages without adversely affecting their appearance or physical stability. This work has shown that the function of a cationic antimicrobial (ɛ-polylysine) can be improved by incorporating it within electrostatic complexes using a food-grade anionic biopolymer (gum arabic).

608 PROBE ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION-MASS SPECTROMETRY AND BAYESIAN STATISTICS: A POTENTIAL OF NOVEL CANCER DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

You have accessJournal of UrologyKidney Cancer: Basic Research (IV)1 Apr 2013608 PROBE ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION-MASS SPECTROMETRY AND BAYESIAN STATISTICS: A POTENTIAL OF NOVEL CANCER DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Takashi Yamagishi, Kentaro Yoshimura, Hidenori Zakohji, Takayuki Tsuchida, Mizuya Fukasawa, Kunio Tanabe, Kenzo Hiraoka, Sen Takeda, and Masayuki Takeda Takashi YamagishiTakashi Yamagishi Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , Kentaro YoshimuraKentaro Yoshimura Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , Hidenori ZakohjiHidenori Zakohji Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , Takayuki TsuchidaTakayuki Tsuchida Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , Mizuya FukasawaMizuya Fukasawa Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , Kunio TanabeKunio Tanabe Shinjuku Tokyo, Japan More articles by this author , Kenzo HiraokaKenzo Hiraoka Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , Sen TakedaSen Takeda Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author , and Masayuki TakedaMasayuki Takeda Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.159AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is an ambient ionization technique that uses a very fine acupuncture needle for ionization. PESI has several unique advantages; requiring only small amount of sample (pL level), no need of particular pre-treatments, and immediate acquisition of a mass spectra [K. Hiraoka, 2007]. To analyze the obtained mass spectra, we employed the dual penalized logistic regression machine (dPLRM), which is a Bayesian inference-based learning machine and automatically give a probabilistic prediction by referring the training data set [K. Tanabe, 2001]. This method can easily discriminate a constellation of cancer-specific spectrum from whole spectra. Hence, the combination of PESI and dPLRM will be a novel, simple, rapid and easy method for cancer diagnosis [S. Takeda, 2012]. METHODS Samples were obtained from 51 patients (male 35, female 25, unknown 1, mean 61.9 years) with full informed consent of each patients, and Ethical Committee Approval of University of Yamanashi, School of Medicine. All specimens were obtained from resected kidney tissues after surgery, snap frozen, and stored in −80 Celcius degree. We used 32 cancerous regions and 19 noncancerous regions. All cancerous specimens had pathological diagnosis of clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). These tissue specimens were measured by PESI mass spectrometry (PESI-MS) without any pretreatments. RESULTS All ccRCC tissues in the current study showed typical pathological feature; a well-known lipid storage in the cytoplasm. We could successfully obtain distinct profiles of lipids in cancerous region, in which triacylglycerol (TAG) dominated, as confirmed by PESI mass spectra. By analyzing these spectra with dPLRM, we obtained complete coincidence with pathological diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the usefulness of PESI-MS combined with dPLRM to the diagnostics of RCC as a rapid screening technique. For higher accuracy of judgments, further study with a large number of samples is now under way. © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4SApril 2013Page: e248-e249 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Takashi Yamagishi Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Kentaro Yoshimura Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Hidenori Zakohji Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Takayuki Tsuchida Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Mizuya Fukasawa Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Kunio Tanabe Shinjuku Tokyo, Japan More articles by this author Kenzo Hiraoka Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Sen Takeda Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Masayuki Takeda Chuo-city Yamanashi, Japan More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Effect of dietary phospholipid sources and levels on growth performance, enzymes activity, cholecystokinin and lipoprotein fractions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean lecithin (SBL) and chicken egg lecithin (EGL) on growth performance; pancreatic and intestine enzymes, cholecystokinin (CCK) and lipoprotein fractions of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) fry. Seven isonitrogenic and isolipidic diets were prepared by replacing 0 (as a control), 2%, 4% and 6% soybean and chicken egg lecithin instead of soybean oil in diets. Trout fry with initial average weight of 120 ± 4.08 mg, were randomly distributed in 21 90 L tanks. Triplicate groups (165 fish for each tank) of fry were fed each diet to visual satiation at six meals per day for 40 days. Dietary supplements of 2% and 4% chicken egg lecithin led to increase in fry final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate suggesting that moderate PL levels are needed during this stage of rainbow trout. Also 2% chicken egg lecithin caused significantly higher activity of amylase, lipase, phospholipase A2, alkaline phosphatase (AP), aminopeptidase-N (AN) and lower activity of leucine alanine peptidase (leu-ala) in the digestive tract of fry than those in control group. Furthermore, fry fed 2% chicken egg lecithin had a higher ratio of AN/leu-ala and AP/leu-ala than that in the control group. Chicken egg lecithin increased significantly cholecystokinin (CCK) and chylomicron fractions of fry compared to control group. It is noteworthy that soybean lecithin had moderate effect on final growth, weight gain and specific growth rate of fry and induced significantly higher activity of amylase, lipase, phospholipase A2 and secretion of CCK compared to control group. The results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation 2% chicken egg lecithin indirectly through some biochemical parameters improves growth performance of rainbow trout fry.

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A study was carried out to determine the influence of dietary phospholipidsbiochemical factors&nbsp;parameters of beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Juveniles were fed formulated diet with four varying dietary levels of PL, that is, 0 (D1), 2 (D2), 4 (D3) and 6% (D4). At the end of the experimental period (56 days), there were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) found for hepatic enzymes among treatments. The enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was highest in fish fed diet D2, while the lowest was found in fish fed diet D1 with values of 46.07 and 24.70 (IU/L), respectively. The enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was found highest in fish fed diet D3 and lowest was found in fish fed diet D2 with values 16.43 and 12.47 (IU/L), respectively. The enzyme lipase was found to be highest in fish fed diet D4, while the lowest was shown in fish fed diet D3 with values of 32.47 and 29.03 (IU/L), respectively. Among the biochemical factors, there was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) observed in blood sugar, in which case, the highest reading was found in fish fed diet D3 with amount of 83 mg/dl and the lowest amount was found in fish fed diet D2 with a value of 46 mg/dl. However, the other biochemical parameters such as cholesterol and triglyceride did not showed significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. The triglyceride values&nbsp; ranged from the highest and lowest values were found in fish fed diets D4 and D2 with values of 349.33 and 263.00 (mg/dl), respectively. The cholesterol values which ranged from the highest to lowest were found in fish fed diets D4 and D2 with values of 121.67and 104.67 (mg/dl), respectively. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;&nbsp;Phospholipids, sturgeon fish,&nbsp;Huso huso,&nbsp;biochemical factors.

Physicochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Electrostatic Complexes Based on Cationic ε-Polylysine and Anionic Pectin

ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) is a food-grade cationic antimicrobial that is highly effective against a wide range of food pathogens and spoilage organisms. However, its application within foods and beverages is currently limited because of its tendency to associate with anionic substances, thereby increasing product turbidity or forming sediments. In this study, we examined a potential means of overcoming these problems by forming electrostatic complexes between cationic ε-PL and anionic pectin. The nature of the complexes formed depended on the mass ratio of pectin to ε-PL (R(P-PL)), since this determined their electrical characteristics, aggregation stability, and antimicrobial efficacy. The electrical charge on the complexes went from positive to negative with increasing R(P-PL), with the point of zero charge being around R(P-PL) ∼ 8. Soluble complexes or stable colloidal dispersions were formed at low and high R(P-PL) levels, but insoluble complexes were formed at intermediate levels (i.e., 4 ≤ R(P-PL) ≤ 16). The complexes maintained good antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration of ε-PL < 10 μg/mL) at R(P-PL) ≤ 20 against two acid resistant spoilage yeasts: Zygosaccharomyces bailli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we showed that certain ε-PL-pectin complexes (10 μg/mL ε-PL; R(P-PL) ≥ 2) could be incorporated into green tea beverages without adversely affecting their appearance or physical stability. This work has shown that the function of a cationic antimicrobial agent (ε-polylysine) can be improved by incorporating it within electrostatic complexes using a food-grade anionic biopolymer (pectin).