Pisum Sativum Research Articles

Εleven Greek Legume Beans: Assessment of Genotypic Effect on Their Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Properties.

Legumes, one of the first crops of humanity, inherently constitute a staple nutritional source for mankind, attracting significant research attention that has been afforded to the development of numerous cultivars. The study herein concerns the exploitation of the nutritional and bio-functional content of beans harvested from eleven Greek cultivars belonging to five different species, namely Cicer arietinum L., Pisum sativum L., Vicia faba L., Lens culinaris L., and Phaseolus vulgaris L. The final goal is to define their varietal identity and correlate their phytochemical content with their potential utilization as functional foods and/or feed of high nutritional value. In this respect, their extracts were screened against the presence of 27 fatty acids and 19 phenolic compounds, revealing the presence of 22 and 15 molecules, respectively. Specifically, numerous fatty acids were detected in significant amounts in all but C. arietinum extract, while significant polyphenolic content was confirmed only in P. vulgaris. Among individual compounds, linoleic acid was the major fatty acid detected in amounts averaging more than 150 mg/g, followed by oleic acid, which was present as a major compound in all extracts. Among the nine polyphenols detected in P. vulgaris, the molecules of genistein (3.88 mg/g) and coumestrol (0.82 mg/g) were the most abundant. Their antioxidant properties were evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, which were highlighted as most potent in both tests of the V. faba extract, while C. arietinum was determined as totally inactive, indicating a potential correlation between the phenolic content of the plant species and antioxidant activity. These results are indicative of the significant advances achieved for the cultivars investigated and reveal their important role as nutritional crops for human and animal consumption.

Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of phytosterols extracted from Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. through different extraction methods

Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of phytosterols extracted from Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. through different extraction methods

Influence of cover crop residue and residual herbicide on emergence dynamics of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in grain sorghum

Abstract A field study was conducted from 2020 to 2023 at Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center near Hays, KS, to understand the emergence dynamics and periodicity of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) as influenced by cover crop (CC) residue and residual herbicide in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The study site was under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sorghum–fallow rotation with a natural seedbank of GR A. palmeri. Treatments included (1) fall-planted CC mixture [winter triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus [Secale × Triticum])/winter peas (Pisum sativum L.)/rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)/radish (Raphanus sativus L.)] after wheat harvest and terminated at triticale heading stage (next spring before sorghum planting) with glyphosate alone or (2) glyphosate plus acetochlor/atrazine, (3) chemical fallow (no CC but treated with acetochlor/atrazine and dicamba before sorghum planting), and (4) nontreated control (no CC and no herbicide). Results indicated that CC terminated with glyphosate plus acetochlor/atrazine had a delayed and reduced cumulative emergence of GR A. palmeri as compared with chemical fallow and CC terminated with glyphosate alone across all 3 yr. Compared with chemical fallow, the CC terminated with glyphosate alone and glyphosate plus acetochlor/atrazine required 66 to 643 and 105 to 1,257 more cumulative growing degree days, respectively, to achieve 90% cumulative emergence of GR A. palmeri across all 3 yr. The combined effect of CC residue with glyphosate plus acetochlor/atrazine reduced the total emergence counts of GR A. palmeri by 42% to 56% and 82% to 94% as compared with chemical fallow and nontreated control, respectively. These results suggest that fall-planted CC combined with a residual herbicide at termination can be utilized for GR A. palmeri suppression in grain sorghum.

Characterization, Bioaccesibility and Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds Recovered from Yellow pea (Pisum sativum) Flour and Protein Isolate.

This study focused on studying the bioaccesible phenolic compounds (PCs) from yellow pea flour (F) and protein isolate (I). Total phenolic contents (TPC), PCs composition and antioxidant activities were analysed in ethanol 60% extracts obtained by applying ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE, 15min/40% amplitude). The preparation of I under alkaline conditions and the elimination of some soluble components at lower pH produced a change of PCs profile and antioxidant activity. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) of both ingredients to obtain the digests FD and ID, notable changes in the PCs concentration and profiles could be demonstrated. FD presented a higher ORAC activity than ID (IC50 = 0.022 and 0.039mg GAE/g dm, respectively), but lower ABTS•+ activity (IC50 = 0.8 and 0.3mg GAE/g dm, respectively). After treatment with cholestyramine of extracts from FD and ID in order to eliminate bile salts and obtain the bioaccesible fractions FDb and IDb, ROS scavenging in H2O2-induced Caco2-TC7 cells was evaluated, registering a greater activity for ID respect to FD (IC50 = 0.042 and 0.017mg GAE/mL, respectively). These activities could be attributed to the major bioaccesible PCs: OH-tyrosol, polydatin, trans-resveratrol, rutin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-gallocatechin gallate for FD; syringic (the most concentrated) and ellagic acids, trans-resveratrol, and (-)-gallocatechin gallate for ID, but probably other compounds such as peptides or amino acids can also contribute.

Evaluation of variation in seedling root architectural traits and their potential association with nitrogen fixation and agronomic traits in field pea accessions

AbstractRoot system architecture (RSA) plays a central role in water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Plasticity and genetic variation in RSA can be used as an adaptive strategy to optimize plant performance under variable environments. We quantified phenotypic variation for seedling RSA among 44 diverse pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes, including breeding lines and germplasm accessions, grown under controlled conditions for 14 days using two‐dimensional hydroponic root imaging. Root image analysis revealed significant genotypic variability among the lines for all root traits, namely root length (RL), root diameter (RD), root volume, root surface area, number of tips, network width (NW), network depth (ND), and network convex area. Significant positive correlations were observed among the evaluated root traits, ranging from 0.5 to 0.9. Pea lines were ranked based on estimated means for root traits, with lines E20, F1, and F8 showing high rankings, while E4 and F5 received low rankings for most traits. To associate root traits with nitrogen (N) fixation and field agronomic performance, we performed redundancy analysis (RDA). The quantified root traits accounted for significant variation in the agronomic traits (R2 = ∼30%, p < 0.001). RDA showed a positive association between lodging susceptibility and root system NW and between plant height and root system ND. RD was positively associated with grain yield and N fixation. N fixation was positively associated with the number of lateral roots. The findings of this study indicate that variation for seedling root traits in pea could aid selection for N fixation and other important agronomic traits.

Estimation of Correlation Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Component Traits in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The present investigation entitled “Estimation of Correlation Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Component Traits in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)” for 10 characters. The experiment comprising of 23 genotypes of pea were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with three replications at Research Farm, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Post Graduate College, Ghazipur, during rabi season of 2017-2018, plant to plant and row to row distance was kept 10 cm and 45 cm, respectively. The maximum positive and significant phenotypic correlation coefficient (0.834) was found between seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant. Positive and significant correlations were observed between seed yield per plant and number of pods per plant, plant height. Positive and significant correlations were also recorded between biological yield per plant and plant height, number of pods per plant. Similarly number of pods per plant had positive and significant correlation with plant height.

Exogenous application of different antagonists and their secretory metabolites to manage root-knot nematodes in pea

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a grain legume, a member of the Leguminosae family. Root-knot nematodes cause severe losses ranging from 15 to 85%. Different species of nematodes including root-knot nematodes reduce the yield of pea significantly. To control root-knot nematodes biological control is a more environment-friendly approach. The main objective of the study is to assess the effect of different antagonistic microbes and their secretory metabolites to manage root-knot nematodes in peas. Through this research, we aim to identify potential biological control agents that can be used as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical nematicides, contributing to sustainable pest management practices in agriculture. For this purpose, firstly, a brinjal seedling was transplanted for inoculum development which was inoculated with infective 2nd stage juveniles of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Department of Plant Pathology research area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF). Then two pea varieties viz. Matar sabaz and Pea-2009 were sown in pots and inoculated with nematode larvae after four weeks of sowing. Moreover, the management of nematodes was done by using the antagonists and their secretory metabolites application. The data of different plant growth and nematode-related parameters was taken and subsequently analyzed using analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD). Results showed that the antagonist’s treatment subsequently controlled root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Maximum plant/shoot length (47 cm), root length (25.25 cm), shoot weight (22.25 g) pod length (8.50 cm), No. of secondary shoots (8) and minimum number of galls (2.5 cluster), was observed in plants treated with Bacillus spp. (T1) while maximum No. of fruits (5.75) was observed in plants treated with Pseudomonas spp. (T2). Similarly, the number of nodules (7.50 clusters) primary shoots (5) Root weight (4.6 g) was observed in plants treated with Enterobacter spp. (T3).

Exogenous ascorbic acid as a potent regulator of antioxidants, osmo-protectants, and lipid peroxidation in pea under salt stress

Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a globally cultivated leguminous crop valued for its nutritional and economic significance, faces a critical challenge of soil salinity, which significantly hampers crop growth and production worldwide. A pot experiment was carried out in the Botanical Garden, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur to alleviate the negative impacts of sodium chloride (NaCl) on pea through foliar application of ascorbic acid (AsA). Two pea varieties Meteor (V1) and Sarsabz (V2) were tested against salinity, i.e. 0 mM NaCl (Control) and 100 mM NaCl. Three levels of ascorbic acid 0 (Control), 5 and 10 mM were applied through foliar spray. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) with three replicates. Salt stress resulted in the suppression of growth, photosynthetic activity, and yield attributes in pea plants. However, the application of AsA treatments effectively alleviated these inhibitory effects. Under stress conditions, the application of AsA treatment led to a substantial increase in chlorophyll a (41.1%), chl. b (56.1%), total chl. contents (44.6%) and carotenoids (58.4%). Under salt stress, there was an increase in Na+ accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the application of AsA increased the contents of proline (26.9%), endogenous AsA (23.1%), total soluble sugars (17.1%), total phenolics (29.7%), and enzymatic antioxidants i.e. SOD (22.3%), POD (34.1%) and CAT (39%) in both varieties under stress. Salinity reduced the yield attributes while foliarly applied AsA increased the pod length (38.7%), number of pods per plant (40%) and 100 seed weight (45.2%). To sum up, the application of AsA alleviated salt-induced damage in pea plants by enhancing photosynthetic pigments, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities, maintaining ion homeostasis, and reducing excessive ROS accumulation through the limitation of lipid peroxidation. Overall, V2 (Sarsabz) performed better as compared to the V1 (Meteor).

Distribution of minerals in the organs of green pea and snap bean plants that could be used in Industry 4.0

Objective: Know the composition of minerals, essential trace elements and toxic trace elements of the organs of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants for their possible use in industry 4.0.
 Design/methodology/approach: The concentration of mineral elements was determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the relationship of the amount of minerals with the flours of the different organs (root, stem, leaves and fruits of peas (P. sativum L.) and green beans (P. vulgaris).
 Results: The leaves represent an important fraction of the dry matter (30-40%) in the plants evaluated and are rich in minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium), essential trace elements (manganese, iron, selenium, zinc) , toxic trace elements (aluminum, strontium, boron, tin, ba-rium) and rare earth elements (cerium, yttrium, lanthanum and neodymium).
 Limitations on study/implications: The production condition of the crops is unknown, on which the content of mineral elements largely depends.
 Findings/conclusions: The organs of pea and snap bean plants represent an alternative as raw material in the production of foods and biomaterials enriched with minerals, essential trace elements, toxic trace elements and rare earth elements, since these accumulate and biocontain -focus on these organs and these plants can be used as indicators or as phytoextractors to be selected as inputs in industry 4.0 processes.

GIS-Based Tool for Pest Specific Area-Wide Planning of Crop Rotation Distance with Land Use Data.

Crop rotation is an important strategy for pest reduction. For mono-, or oligophagous pests that overwinter at a previously infested site, crop rotation means that the pests must find new host crop sites in the following year, and it is more efficient if a pest-specific distance is applied. Here, we report the development of a GIS-based tool for efficient cultivation planning using the example of the pest complex pea moth (Cydia nigricana) and grain and green peas (Pisum sativum). Monitoring data for four consecutive years (2016-2019) from 513 sites were used. Infestation of pea seeds and the distance to the previous year's pea sites were recorded. An adjustable Python script was developed by means of infestation-distance-correlation as a pest and crop-specific minimum migration distance (MD). The output of the tool is a risk map as decision support for cultivation planning. It shows different risk buffers with distances from 1261 m to 1825 m, depending on the cultivation type. The web tool is easily adjustable to other pests and crops anywhere in the world. The tool helps to prevent damages caused by agricultural, mono-, or oligophagous insect pests and consequently reduces pesticide applications for the benefit of the environment and biodiversity.

Enhancing Pisum sativum growth and symbiosis under heat stress: the synergistic impact of co-inoculated bacterial consortia and ACC deaminase-lacking Rhizobium

The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase is a crucial bacterial trait, yet it is not widely distributed among rhizobia. Hence, employing a co-inoculation approach that combines selected plant growth-promoting bacteria with compatible rhizobial strains, especially those lacking ACC deaminase, presents a practical solution to alleviate the negative effects of diverse abiotic stresses on legume nodulation. Our objective was to explore the efficacy of three non-rhizobial endophytes, Phyllobacterium salinisoli (PH), Starkeya sp. (ST) and Pseudomonas turukhanskensis (PS), isolated from native legumes grown in Tunisian arid regions, in improving the growth of cool-season legume and fostering symbiosis with an ACC deaminase-lacking rhizobial strain under heat stress. Various combinations of these endophytes (ST + PS, ST + PH, PS + PH, and ST + PS + PH) were co-inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum 128C53 or its ΔacdS mutant derivative on Pisum sativum plants exposed to a two-week heat stress period.Our findings revealed that the absence of ACC deaminase activity negatively impacted both pea growth and symbiosis under heat stress. Nevertheless, these detrimental effects were successfully mitigated in plants co-inoculated with ΔacdS mutant strain and specific non-rhizobial endophytes consortia. Our results indicated that heat stress significantly altered the phenolic content of pea root exudates. Despite this, there was no impact on IAA production. Interestingly, these changes positively influenced biofilm formation in consortia containing the mutant strain, indicating synergistic bacteria-bacteria interactions. Additionally, no positive effects were observed when these endophytic consortia were combined with the wild-type strain. This study highlights the potential of non-rhizobial endophytes to improve symbiotic performance of rhizobial strains lacking genetic mechanisms to mitigate stress effects on their legume host, holding promising potential to enhance the growth and yield of targeted legumes by boosting symbiosis.

Changes in Photosystem II Complex and Physiological Activities in Pea and Maize Plants in Response to Salt Stress.

Salt stress significantly impacts the functions of the photosynthetic apparatus, with varying degrees of damage to its components. Photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to environmental stresses, including salinity, than photosystem I (PSI). This study investigated the effects of different salinity levels (0 to 200 mM NaCl) on the PSII complex in isolated thylakoid membranes from hydroponically grown pea (Pisum sativum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants treated with NaCl for 5 days. The data revealed that salt stress inhibits the photochemical activity of PSII (H2O → BQ), affecting the energy transfer between the pigment-protein complexes of PSII (as indicated by the fluorescence emission ratio F695/F685), QA reoxidation, and the function of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). These processes were more significantly affected in pea than in maize under salinity. Analysis of the oxygen evolution curves after flashes and continuous illumination showed a stronger influence on the PSIIα than PSIIβ centers. The inhibition of oxygen evolution was associated with an increase in misses (α), double hits (β), and blocked centers (SB) and a decrease in the rate constant of turnover of PSII reaction centers (KD). Salinity had different effects on the two pathways of QA reoxidation in maize and pea. In maize, the electron flow from QA- to plastoquinone was dominant after treatment with higher NaCl concentrations (150 mM and 200 mM), while in pea, the electron recombination on QAQB- with oxidized S2 (or S3) of the OEC was more pronounced. Analysis of the 77 K fluorescence emission spectra revealed changes in the ratio of the light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII) monomers and trimers to LHCII aggregates after salt treatment. There was also a decrease in pigment composition and an increase in oxidative stress markers, membrane injury index, antioxidant activity (FRAP assay), and antiradical activity (DPPH assay). These effects were more pronounced in pea than in maize after treatment with higher NaCl concentrations (150 mM-200 mM). This study provides insights into how salinity influences the processes in the donor and acceptor sides of PSII in plants with different salt sensitivity.

Dryland Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Response to Cropping Systems and Nitrogen Fertilization

Innovative management practices are needed to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector by enhancing soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, which serve as major reservoirs of C and N in the terrestrial ecosystem. The effect of cropping systems and N fertilization rates were examined on soil organic C (SOC) and soil total N (STN) stocks at the 0–120 cm depth from 2011 to 2018 in a dryland farm in the US northern Great Plains. Cropping systems were no-till continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), no-till spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (NTWP), no-till spring wheat–fallow (NTWF), and conventional till spring wheat–fallow (CTWF) and N fertilization rates were 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1 applied to spring wheat. The SOC and STN were greater for NTWP than other cropping systems at most N fertilization rates and depth layers. Increasing N fertilization rate increased SOC at 0–30 cm for NTWP and NTCW, but had a variable effect on STN for various cropping systems and soil depths. The NTWP with 50–100 kg N ha−1 can enhance SOC and STN at 0–30 cm compared to other cropping systems and N fertilization rates in the US northern Great Plains.

Synthesis and electrochemical testing of novel doped polyaniline and biomass‐derived carbon‐based composite for supercapacitors

AbstractThis work reports the synthesis and testing of doped polyaniline (PANI) and Pisum sativum derived activated carbon (PSAC) based composite as efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The structure, morphology, elemental analysis, and surface area of the materials were studied using x‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐rays, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The electrochemical performance of the material was investigated by deposition of it on two different substrates named stainless steel (SS) and stainless‐steel mesh (SS mesh). The PSAC/PANI composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 446 and 517 F g−1 on SS and SS mesh respectively, at the scan rate of 5 mV s−1. The composite material showed higher cyclic stability on SS mesh with 91% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g−1. It delivered a specific energy of 89 and 101 W h kg−1 on SS and SS mesh at a specific power of 5000 W kg−1, respectively.

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) on the Development of Pea crop (Pisum sativum L.)

Microorganisms are of great importance in agriculture in terms of plant nutrients by reducing the need for chemical fertilization. In recent years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been widely used as biological fertilizers (BF) in agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the development of pea plants. Firstly the phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation potentials of the bacteria used in this study were determined. In the study, the effects of 4 different combinations, F1 [(Rhizobium sp. (FR-13) and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (FDG121)], F2 [(Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG-7), Rhizobium sp. (FR-18) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B(FDG-134)], F3 [Arthrobacter oxydans (FDG-72), Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B (FDG-146), Rhizobium sp. (FR-11)] and F4 [Acinetobacter genospecies 9 (FDG-116), Brevibacillus agri (FDG-118), Methylobacterium zatmanii (FDG-123) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup A (FDG-153)] were investigated. Formulations made with bacteria that were found to be the best in terms of the properties specified among these strains were tested against pea plants under greenhouse conditions and their effects on the plant's total fresh and dry weight were investigated. The study was set up to have 3 replications. As a result of the statistical analysis made with the data obtained, the formulations used compared to the control; F2, F3 and F1 applications were important in total fresh weight, respectively, and F2 and F3 applications were important in total dry weight. As a result, these 3 formulations are especially effective on the yield of pea plants and can be used as potential biofertilizers.

N2 Fixation, N Transfer, and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) in Grain Legume-Wheat Intercropping: Impact of N Supply and Plant Density.

Intercropping legumes with cereals can lead to increased overall yield and optimize the utilization of resources such as water and nutrients, thus enhancing agricultural efficiency. Legumes possess the unique ability to acquire nitrogen (N) through both N2 fixation and from the available N in the soil. However, soil N can diminish the N2 fixation capacity of legumes. It is postulated that in intercropping, legumes uptake N mainly through N2 fixation, leaving more soil N available for cereals. The latter, in turn, has larger root systems, allowing it to explore greater soil volume and absorb more N, mitigating its adverse effects on N2 fixation in legumes. The goal of this study was to evaluate how the supply of N affects the intercropping of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) with wheat under varying plant densities and N levels. We measured photosynthetic traits, biomass production, the proportion of N derived from air (%Ndfa) in the shoot of the legumes, the N transferred to the wheat, and the land equivalent ratio (LER). The results revealed a positive correlation between soil N levels and the CO2 assimilation rate (An), chlorophyll content, and N balance index (NBI) in wheat. However, no significant effect was observed in legumes as soil N levels increased. Transpiration (E) increased in wheat intercropped with legumes, while stomatal conductance (gs) increased with N addition in all crops. Water use efficiency (WUE) decreased in faba beans intercropped with wheat as N increased, but it showed no significant change in wheat or peas. The shoot dry matter of wheat increased with the addition of N; however, the two legume species showed no significant changes. N addition reduced the %Ndfa of both legume species, especially in monoculture, with peas being more sensitive than faba beans. The intercropping of wheat alleviated N2 fixation inhibition, especially at high wheat density and increased N transfer to wheat, particularly with peas. The LER was higher in the intercropping treatments, especially under limited N conditions. It is concluded that in the intercropping of wheat with legumes, the N2 fixation inhibition caused by soil N is effectively reduced, as well as there being a significant N transfer from the legume to the wheat, with both process contributing to increase LER.

Chemical Weed Control in Field Pea [Pisum sativum(L.) var arvense

Field pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var arvense] is an important pulse crop mainly grown as a winter vegetable in the plains of north India. The effect of ready-mix application along with various pre- and post- emergence herbicides were evaluated for effective and season long weed control in pea. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin +imazethapyr (ready-mix) at 1250 g ha-1 provided excellent control of Coronopus didymus, Anagallis arvensis and Chenopodium album similar to weed free conditions and resulted in highest yield (1795 kg ha-1) among the herbicidal treatments. Post-emergence (2-4 leaf stage) application of imazethapyr alone and its different ready-mix combinations with imazamox at 60-80 g ha-1 provided 86.0-94.0% control of weeds at 60 DAS and resulted the grain yield ranging 1503-1620 kg ha-1.The maximum weed control index at 30 DAS (91.5%) was recorded with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1250 g ha-1 followed by pendimethalin + imazethapyr (PRE) at 1000 g ha-1 (87.80%). Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) at 1250 g/ha gave the highest net return along with the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (2.36) followed by the same combination at 1000 and 800 g ha-1.

Seed Coating Treatments and Foliar Spray of Micronutrients Enhance Quality of Harvested Seeds in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

To study the effect of different seed coating treatments and foliar application of micronutrients on quality seed production in pea, analysis of harvested seed was done at laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Seeds from field experiment were harvested and were evaluated in the laboratory conditions based on the different parameters. In field experiment, there were seven different treatments comprising, seed coating with Rhizobium, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, iron, zinc, carbendazim along with control and foliar application of micronutrients. From the investigation, it was observed that seed coating with Rhizobium @ 30 g + PSB @ 30 ml kg-1 seed and two foliar sprays of ZnSO4 @ 0.3 % + FeSO4 @ 0.3 % at 50 per cent flowering and 15 days later, significantly improved the germination (96.00 %), seedling length (19.29 cm), seedling dry weight (34.80 mg), SVI-I (1851.62), SVI-II (3341.38), germination in accelerated ageing test and in cold test (77.75 % and 80 %, respectively) and resulted in the lowest EC (16.75 μS cm-1) of harvested seeds. Hence, it was concluded that seed coating with Rhizobium @ 30 g + PSB @ 30 ml kg-1 seed and two foliar sprays of ZnSO4 @ 0.3 % + FeSO4 @ 0.3 % performed best among all the treatments tested for quality seed production and it could be recommended for getting quality seeds in garden pea.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Tracking of Fermentation of Oat and Pea Bases for Yoghurt-Type Products

The fermentation process of plant-based yoghurt (PBY)-like products must be followed for consistency by monitoring, e.g., the pH, temperature, and lactic acid concentration. Spectroscopy provides an efficient multivariate in situ quality monitoring method for tracking the process. Therefore, quality monitoring methods for pea- and oat-based yoghurt-like products using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed and modeled. Plant-based yoghurt (PBY) was formulated by fermenting pea and oat plant drinks with a commercial starter culture based on Lactobacillus and Streptococcus strains. The main variance during fermentation was explained by spectral carbohydrate and protein bands with a notable shift in protein band peaks for the amide II band at 1548 cm−1 to 1576 cm−1. In addition to the identification of changed spectral bands during fermentation, FT-IR efficiently tracked the variation in oat and pea fermentation using pH as the main indicator. Prediction models with an R2 for the predicted value of pH as a fermentation indicator (R2 = 0.941) with a corresponding root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.247 was obtained when compared to the traditional pH method.

Pathotype characterization of Aphanomyces euteiches isolates collected from pea breeding nurseries.

Aphanomyces euteiches Drechsler is an oomycete pathogen that affects legume crops, causing root rot, a severe disease of peas (Pisum sativum L.) worldwide. While significant research progress has been made in breeding pea-resistant varieties, there is still a need for a deeper understanding of the diversity of pathogen populations present in breeding nurseries located in various legume-growing regions around the world. We analysed the diversity of 51 pea-infecting isolates of A. euteiches, which were recovered from four American (Athena, OR; Le Sueur, MN; Mount Vernon, WA; Pullman, WA) and three French (Riec-sur-Belon, Templeux-le-Guérard, Dijon) resistance screening nurseries. Our study focused on evaluating their aggressiveness on two sets of differential hosts, comprising six pea lines and five Medicago truncatula accessions. The isolates clustered into three groups based on their aggressiveness on the whole pea set, confirming the presence of pathotypes I and III. Pathotype I was exclusive to French isolates and American isolates from Athena and Pullman, while all isolates from Le Sueur belonged to pathotype III. Isolates from both pathotypes were found in Mount Vernon. The M. truncatula set clustered the isolates into three groups based on their aggressiveness on different genotypes within the set, revealing the presence of five pathotypes. All the isolates from the French nurseries shared the same Fr pathotype, showing higher aggressiveness on one particular genotype. In contrast, nearly all-American isolates were assigned to four other pathotypes (Us1, Us2, Us3, Us4), differing in their higher aggressiveness on two to five genotypes. Most of American isolates exhibited higher aggressiveness than French isolates within the M. truncatula set, but showed lower aggressiveness than French isolates within the P. sativum set. These results provide valuable insights into A. euteiches pathotypes, against which the QTL and sources of resistance identified in these nurseries displayed effectiveness. They also suggest a greater adaptation of American isolates to alfalfa, a more widely cultivated host in the United States.