Pistacia Khinjuk Research Articles

Control of hyperhydricity of Pistacia khinjuk stocks in vitro shoots

Hyperhydricity is the most extensive physiological disorder during in vitro propagation. This disturbance can induce anatomical, morphological and physiological problems that cause serious damage. The factors that cause hyperhydricity are the composition of nutrient media and cultures conditions. To reduce the hyperhydricity of Pistacia khinjuk, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), calcium chloride (CaCl2·2H2O), cytokinins of meta-topolin (mT) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at different concentrations were investigated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The lowest percentage of hyperhydricity (34.30%) were obtained from the medium containing 1650 mg/L NH4NO3, 110 mg/L CaCl2·2H2O and1 mg/L mT; the highest percentage of hyperhydricity (68.42%) were obtained from the medium containing 206.25 mg/L NH4NO3, 440 mg/L CaCl2·2H2O and 0.5 mg/L BAP. The maximum average number of shoots per explant (2.45), average shoots length (18.47 mm) and proliferation rate (85%) were obtained from the medium containing 1650 mg/L NH4NO3, 110 mg/L CaCl2·2H2O of MS and 1 mg/L mT. In addition, when soluble protein (2.12 mg/g) and total chlorophyll a, b (0.96 mg/g) value of normal (non-hyperhydric) shoots were higher than hyperhydric shoots, carotenoid (11.75 µg /g) and water content (78.70%) value of normal shoots were lower than hyperhydric shoots. This study concludes that the hyperhydricity percentage of in vitro P. khinjuk shoots was reduced (12.8%) on modified MS medium with NH4NO3, CaCl2·2H2O and mT according to standard MS medium.

Warm Index and Growing Degree Days as Indicators of Climate Changes for Growth of Quercus Eagilops and Pistacia Khinjuk Trees in the Dohuk Region

Warm Index and Growing Degree Days as Indicators of Climate Changes for Growth of Quercus Eagilops and Pistacia Khinjuk Trees in the Dohuk Region

Antibacterial and Wound Healing Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella variicola

The increase in antimicrobial resistance and the absence of novel antibiotic development cause problems in controlling infections for wound healing. Antibacterial properties of nanomaterials have emerged as a potentially effective approach in the pursuit of superior alternatives, nevertheless, the toxicity associated with higher concentrations has emerged as a significant obstacle. According to this study, green nanoparticle synthesis is demonstrated to be both economical and biocompatible on account of the bioactive compounds present. In the present work, silver nanoparticles prepared by using Pistacia khinjuk gum, then, nanoparticle-based cream was prepared and compared with Fusidin and Vaseline creams via assessment in vitro antibacterial and in vivo wound healing activity on Wistar albino rats infected with multi drug resistant Gram negative bacteria which was newly recorded in Iraq, namely Klebsiella variicola. The findings revealed that the application of nanoparticle cream resulted in more rapid and effective wound healing (11 days), demonstrating a significant synergistic effect in comparison to Fusidin (16 days), Vaseline (20 days), and the untreated control group rats (32 days). The results indicated that green nanoparticles proved to be a significant strategy in the fight against multidrug resistant bacteria, without any toxicity concerns.

Comparative Study on Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Male and Female Pistacia Khinjuk Leaf Extracts: Enhanced Efficacy of Female Leaf Extracts

AbstractThis study aims to uncover the potential differences in bioactive compounds present in leaf extracts obtained from female and male individuals of Pistacia khinjuk, abundantly found in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey, and their roles in influencing the properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Results obtained through TEM and SEM imaging techniques determined the morphology and size of AgNPs synthesized from female (FL‐AgNPs) and male (ML‐AgNPs) leaf extracts. Additionally, FTIR spectrum analysis demonstrated the chemical composition of the FL‐AgNPs, ML‐AgNPs, and the extracts. Zeta potential and zeta sizer analyses revealed differences between nanoparticles obtained from female and male plants. The total phenolic content of leaf extracts from female plants is significantly higher than that obtained from male plants (female plants: 30.68±0.26 mg GAE/g, male plants: 24.22±0.37 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, FL‐AgNPs (43.2±2.64 mg GAE/g) exhibit higher antioxidant activity compared to ML‐AgNPs (31.7±1.16 mg GAE/g). ICP‐MS analyses indicate that FL‐AgNPs are synthesized with higher efficiency compared to ML‐AgNPs (FL‐AgNPs: 99.90±0.106 %, ML‐AgNPs: 94.99±0.079 %). Finally, the antibacterial efficacy of FL‐AgNPs and ML‐AgNPs nanoparticles was evaluated agar well diffusion method against the pathogen Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus]

Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer

Abstract Prostate cancer is a cancer prevalent form characterized by serious clinical symptoms. The discovery of a novel supplement or medication for prostate cancer within the realm of chemotherapeutic drugs holds significant value. Our research involved the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) infused with Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract to explore their potential anti-prostate cancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. The green-formulated CuNPs were characterized by TEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FE-SEM, FTIR. The FE-SEM and TEM findings prove the spherical structure with a size of 10–70 nm. The DPPH assay was carried out to examine the effectiveness of antioxidants. CuNPs exhibited the ability to inhibit 50% of DPPH at 215 µg/mL. To assess the anti-prostate cancer properties of CuNPs, an MTT assay was performed on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 cells. CuNPs exhibited remarkable efficacy in inhibiting prostate cancer growth, while demonstrating negligible toxicity towards normal cells. The LNCaP clone FGC cell line displayed the most potent anti-prostate cancer effects of CuNPs. IC50 of CuNPs was 322, 365, 247, and 273 on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 prostate cancer cells. CuNPs containing Pistacia khinjuk were found to possess noteworthy anti-prostate carcinoma characteristics and presented excellent antioxidant potentials, as highlighted by this study.

Chemical Profiling and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Essential Oil Isolated from Pistacia khinjuk Leaves: Insights On GC-MS Analysis and Skin Aging-Relevant Enzymes.

Pistacia khinjuk is a species of flowering plants belonging to family Anacardiaceae, with promising pharmacological activities like antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial. This study aimed to investigate the GC-MS chemical composition of essential oil isolated from Pistacia khinjuk leaves and its inhibitory properties against aging-relevant enzymes such a collagenase and elastase. The isolated oil showed predominance of β-cadinene (15.34 %), γ-amorphene (8.50 %), α-cadinol (8.14 %), τ-cadinol (7.57 %), (E)-β-caryophyllene (5.77 %), α-pinene (4.70 %), phytol (4.57 %), α-muurolene (3.30 %), (+)-epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (3.21 %), and cubenene (3.16 %). Further, it showed remarkable inhibitory activities against collagenase and elastase with IC50 values of 15.61±0.69 and 41.12±2.09 μg/mL, respectively compared to epigallocatechin gallate (IC50=29.52±1.3 μg/mL and 26.86±1.37 μg/mL). as a conclusion, the leaf oil is recommended for topical cosmetic preparations to retard skin aging symptoms such as wrinkles. However, the bioavailability assessment and toxicological profile should be considered in the future studies.

Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk

Medicinal plants are renowned for their various therapeutic properties, including antibacterial and antifungal activities. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of P. atlantica and P. khinjuk. Hydroalcoholic extracts of P. atlantica and P. khinjuk were prepared to assess their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Standard strains of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aspergillus flavus were utilized for the evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities. The inhibitory effects of the extracts on the growth of bacterial and fungal strains were evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) through a 96-well microplate analysis following CLSI guidelines. Our findings revealed that the MICs and MBCs of P. atlantica and P. khinjuk for bacterial strains ranged from 0 to 64 mg/mL. Additionally, the MIC and MFC values for fungal strains ranged from 16 to 64 mg/mL. The results indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia were the most sensitive bacterial strains to P. atlantica. Furthermore, Aspergillus flavus was identified as the most sensitive fungal strain to P. atlantica. In conclusion, these findings suggest that P. atlantica and P. khinjuk possess antibacterial and antifungal effects. The paper argues that these plant extracts could be used as a supplementary treatment alongside conventional antibacterial and antifungal drugs.

Mapping Impacts of Climate Change on the Distributions of Two Endemic Tree Species under Socioeconomic Pathway Scenarios (SSP)

Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt and Pistacia khinjuk Stocks are two important endemic tree species inhabiting mountainous regions in Iraq. Their cultural, medical, and ecological benefits have captured the interest of this study. Numerous researchers have revealed how and to what extent global climate change alters species’ habitats and distribution. This approach aims to quantify the current and future distribution of these tree species in the region and to provide baseline data on how Pistacia respond to the changing environment. Three socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSP 126, 245, and 585) in two general circulating models (GCMs), MIROC-ES2L and BCC-CSM2-MR, have been utilized to examine the probable future geographical shift of these species during different time periods (2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100). This study used the MaxEnt model and geospatial techniques for: (i) anticipating the present level of distributions and assessing the impact of climate change on these species’ possible future distributions; (ii) estimating the areas of species overlap; and (iii) finding the most significant environmental variables shaping their distributions, according to 11 environmental variables and 161 known localities. The findings revealed that 30 out of 36 modeling results showed range expansion in both the MIROC-ES2L and BCC-CSM2-MR models with 16/18 for P. eurycarpa and 14/18 for P. khinjuk. The overall species range expansions and increase in habitat suitability (mainly in the north and northeast) were related to precipitation during the wettest months, topography, and soil type structure (i.e., Chromic Vertisols, Lithosols, and Calcic Xerosols). These recent discoveries provide priceless new information for forestry management efforts and the conservation plan in Iraq, particularly in the overlapping areas in the mountainous regions and highlands. Geospatial approaches and correlation-based modeling are effective tools for predicting the spatial pattern of tree species in the mountain environment.

Determination of Somaclonal Variation by ISSR Marker in Micropropagated Female Buttum (Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) Tree

Bitkilerde, biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnç istenenilen karakterler olup, mikroçoğaltım teknikleri ile elde edilen klonlarda bu genetik özelliklerin kaybolması istenmez. Mikroçoğaltım teknikleri ile klonlanmış bitkilerin genetik kararlılığını bilmek, ticari üretimde güvenli kullanımları hakkında önemli bir bilgi vermektedir. Bu çalışmada buttum (Pisatacia khinjuk Stoks ) dişi ağaçlarından (Ağaç1 ve Ağaç2) alınan sürgünler 5., 10., 15., 20. ve 24. alt kültürlerde anaç olarak kullanılmıştır. Donör bitkilerde (Ağaç 1 ve Ağaç 2) ve bunlardan alınan örneklerin rejeneresayon yoluyla elde edilen klonlarında somaklonal varyasyonun belirlenmesi için basit dizi tekrarı (ISSR) moleküler markörleri kullanılmıştır. Sürgün çoğalması, 2 mg/L 6-benziladenin (BA) içeren Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ortamında sağlanmıştır. Sürgünler, 2 mg/L 1-Naftalinasetik asit (NAA) içeren MS ortamında köklendirilmiştir. Seçilen 20 adet primer kullanılarak 675'i polimorfik (%72) olmak üzere toplam 925 bant elde edilmiştir. Polimorfizm oranı %36 (UBC841) ile %98 (UBC855) arasında değişmiştir. Benzerlik oranı, Ağaç 1 ile mikro-çoğaltılmış klonları arasında %74-79, Ağaç 2 ile mikro-çoğaltılmış klonları arasında %78-82 aralığında bulunmuştur.

Nutritional prospects of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai Balochistan, Pakistan

The aim of this research work was to evaluate the nutritional worth of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai, Balochistan. Five wild edible medicinal plants (WEMPs) viz., Ficus carica L., Morus alba L., M. nigra L., Olea ferruginea Royle and Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were collected from study area. Proximate and mineral composition of leaf and fruit samples were quantified. Proximate composition revealed that leaf samples contained significant amount of dry matter, ash and protein content in O. ferruginea and fat content and Crude fiber in F.carica, Total carbohydrates and Organic matter in P. khinjuk comparatively. Further data highlighted fruit samples as rich source of organic matter, fat content and total carbohydrate (F.carica), Dry matter (P. khinjuk), Ash and protein content (M. alba) and Crude fiber (M. nigra). Similarly, mineral composition revealed a wide variability of macro and micronutrients in leave and fruit samples of selected WEMPs. The overall results obtained in this study have showed that F. carica and M. alba. may serve as good source of many important macro-nutrients viz., N, Ca, K, Mg, S and P. Whereas, M. alba followed by M. nigra may be considered as an excellent source of essential micro nutrients including Al, B, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn. Each selected wild plant manifested variable levels of mineral and proximate compositions representing that all the investigated WEMPs are rich source of nutrients that can fulfil the needs of nutrition while M. alba, M. nigra and F. carica are rich and easily available sources of essential nutrients for human diet.

Nutritional Value of Pistacia Khinjuk Hull and Kernel Oil

Pistacia khinjuk is a deciduous tree of cashew family Anacardiaceae. It is an important medicinal plant that has various pharmacological properties in folk and modern medicine including antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anticholinesterase, antiinflammatory and antiasthmatic. Pistacia khinjuk fruit has potent bioactive phytocompounds significantly present in essential oil having antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antileishmanial and functional potential. Pistacia khinjuk fruit essential oil possesses good therapeutic capability as it has a crucial role in numerous diseases. The main purpose of this review study was to report Pistacia khinjuk characteristics, their composition, bioactive potential and key role in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Evaluation of genetic diversity and Gene-Pool of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Based On Retrotransposon-Based Markers

Pistachio genetic variety includes a wide range of female variations and male genotypes, and Iran is regarded as one of the critical sites for this diversity in the world. The genus Pistacia consists of eleven species that only have edible nuts and are commercially important. Four important species of pistachios include Pistacia vera, P. khinjuk Stocks, P. eurycarpa Yalt. (P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica Zoh.), and P. atlantica Dsef are found in Iran. Genetic diversity is one aspect of biological diversity that is extremely important for conservation strategies, especially in rare and narrowly endemic species. In Iran, there is no knowledge concerning the genomic organization of the population, genetic diversity, or phenotypic variations of the species. Pistacia khinjuk has eight distinct regional populations, all of which were studied for genetic variation and demographic organization because of the species’ therapeutic value. For this reason, we employed six inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) indicators and 15 mixed IRAP indicators to highlight genomic variation in this plant both within and across populations in this study. It was discovered that 73% of overall genomic variability was related to within-population variety and 27% was attributable to inter-population genomic divergence using the AMOVA test among the examined populations (PhiPT = 0.49, P = 0.010). It was discovered by the Mantel analysis that there was a substantial positive association between genomic isolation and geographic distance among the tested populations. STRUCTURE analyses and population assignment tests revealed some degree of gene flow among these populations. There was consistency between the MDS plots of communities and the NJ grouping of molecular information. Based on (IRAP) indicators, these findings demonstrated that regional communities of the plant Pistacia khinjuk are well distinct.

PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM (PISTACIA KHINJUK PEELS) AND STUDY ITS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

When preparing activated carbon, the necessary and appropriate raw materials that are available locally must be selected. we have been using Pistacia Khinjuk peels of a hard nature, which contain a large proportion of lignin and oxygen components, The hydrogen was removed from its composition using varying proportions of potassium hydroxide and under the same conditions. The study proved that increasing the base leads to the production of good types of neutral nature, The properties of activated carbon were determined by measuring the external and internal surface area, where some models showed an advantage over commercial models in terms of adsorption, low density, low ash content and Humidity.

Human immunodeficiency virus: The potential of medicinal plants as antiretroviral therapy.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is fast becoming widespread in the world with 37.7 million people living with HIV in 2020. Antiretroviral therapy involving chemical drugs has declined acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related mortality and improved the life quality of AIDS/HIV sufferers. However, the emergence of drug resistance and side effects are the main obstacles for the long-term use of these chemicals as antiretroviral therapy. Recently, a lot of emphasis is being put on finding naturally occurring drug candidates that show activity against HIV and can be potentially used as antiretroviral therapy. In this study, different medicinal plants, Pistacia khinjuk, Teucrium stocksianum, Uncaria tomentosa, Pistacia integerrima, Trigonella gharuensis, and Artocarpus lakoocha, were explored for their anti-HIV potential. Syncytium and p24 assays were performed to determine antiviral activity, while the MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxicity. Results showed that extracts from all six plants inhibited HIV replication in vitro. Also, extracts from Pistaciakhinjuk, Teucrium stocksianum, Uncaria tomentosa, and Pistacia integerrima showed low cytotoxicity with a 50% cytotoxicity concentration value of >200 μM. Results of this study indicate that there is potential in these natural extracts to become candidate drugs to be used as complementary and alternative medicine for HIV infection.

Traditional botanical flora of medicinal plants in the treatment of kidney stones in Iran

Medicinal plants have long been considered for the treatment of many diseases among Iranians and in recent years the use of medicinal plants has increased. In traditional Iranian medicine, many plants have been described to eliminate kidney stones, dissolve kidney stones or prevent stone formation. Based on the results Medicinal plants Cichorium intybus L. Biarum straussii Engl., Tribulus terrestris L., Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L., Anchusa italic, Alhagi maurorum, Achila mellifolium, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus., Adiantum capillus- Veneris L., Pistacia khinjuk, Acanthophyllum khuzistanicum Rech. F., Malva parviflora L., Allium iranicum (Wendelbo Wendelbo), Centaurea solstitialis L., Cerasus vulgaris Miller, and etc. are medicinal plants that are used in different parts of Iran used to treat kidney stones. It was found that plant families including Fabaceae (10 plants), Asteraceae (10 plants), Brassicaceae (6 plants) and Zygophyllaceae (6 plants) have the most medicinal plants in the discussion of medicinal plants affecting kidney stones and parts such as leaf (27%), fruit (15%), aerial parts (15%) and flower (14%) are the most plant organs that are used in this area for the treatment of kidney stones. The great tendency of people in the knowledge of ethno-botany and plant flora in traditional medicine is evident in the use of medicinal plants and the historical history of the use of medicinal plants. Iranian ethno-botanical knowledge can play a good role in presenting pure ideas of traditional medicine for modern medicine.

Photochemical synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles using Pistacia khinjuk leaves extract (PKL@AgNPs) and their applications as an alternative catalytic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents

AbstractIn recent decades, antimicrobial resistance of different bacteria against various antibiotics and contamination of water resources by various dyes has been one of the most important human problems. Therefore, in this research, biogenic silver nanoparticles were synthesized using nontoxic and rapid approach using Pistacia khinjuk leaves extract (P. khinjuk) as compatible and safe reducing agent (PKL@AgNPs). Nanoparticle optimization experiments were performed at different times, temperatures and concentrations in order to achieve the most optimal conditions. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized in terms crystalline, morphology and structural. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) spectra showed that the phenol compounds present in the P. khinjuk leaves extract were responsible for silver ion (Ag+) reduction and stabilization of AgNPs (Ag0). X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis results revealed that the product were face‐centered cubic structure, homogeneous, uniformly, oval‐like and spherical morphology with size of about 35–45 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of the methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) as hazardous contaminants. The degradation efficiency of PKL@AgNPs for MB and MO pollutants were 93.2% and 85.37% under UV and 75.18% and 70.03% under sun‐light irradiations, respectively. Furthermore, the PKL@AgNPs showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.58, 0.58, 0.58, 1.17, 2.34, 1.17, and 0.15 μg ml−1, respectively. The antioxidant activity of PKL@AgNPs was calculated and the results revealed that the percentage of DPPH inhibition increased (3.8% to 69.9%) with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles. Also, the PKL@AgNPs also revealed significant anticancer activity on k562 as a human leukemia cancer cell line (IC50 = 2.69 μg ml−1). All these investigations revealed that silver nanoparticles synthesized by natural extract have the potential to use as low‐cost and efficient nanoparticles for environmental and biomedical applications.

Optimization of phenol compound extraction and antioxidant activity of Pistacia khinjuk fruits by ultrasonic waves based on a Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of phenol compound extraction and antioxidant activity of Pistacia khinjuk fruits by ultrasonic waves based on a Response Surface Methodology

Evidence of Alectoris chukar (Aves, Galliformes) as seed dispersal and germinating agent for Pistacia khinjuk in Balochistan, Pakistan

Seed dispersal is a key process for the distribution of wild fruit plants in forests and/or rangeland. The ecological role of Alectoris chukar as a seed dispersal agent was hardly known to date, though its diet consists of herbs, shrubs, and fleshy fruits of wild plants. Here we report the first evidence of seed dispersal and germination of wild pistachio plant (Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) favored by Alectoris chukar from the district Killa Saifullah and Pishin in Balochistan, Pakistan. Fecal droppings of Alectoris chukar were collected by a suitable sampling method from August to September 2020. Fecal droppings were kept in plastic bags, and later washed thoroughly, identified, and counted for Pistacia khinjuk seeds, which have a characteristic rounded and tough seed coat easily distinguishable from other seeds. Out of a total of 840 fecal samples collected, 557 were identified as Pistacia khinjuk seeds. A comparative germination trial was carried out for pistachio seeds both from Alectoris chukar fecal droppings and manually collected from mother trees in the forest. After passing through the chukar gut, the seeds were still viable and showed a faster germination rate as compared with seeds collected from mother trees and directly sown in the soil. The results revealed that Alectoris chukar is an important spreading and germinating agent for seeds of pistachio plants in suitable habitats and could contribute in the long term to modify the ground vegetation of (sub)arid regions depending on its dietary preferences.

Increasing the production of some specific cytotoxic triterpenoids and evaluation of the morpho-physiological response associated with in vitro salt stress in Pistacia khinjuk Stocks.

Increasing the production of some specific cytotoxic triterpenoids and evaluation of the morpho-physiological response associated with in vitro salt stress in Pistacia khinjuk Stocks.

Determination of Enzyme Inhibition Potential and Anticancer Effects of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Raised in In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions

In this study, antihypertensive, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of in vivo (male and female) and in vitro samples (root, stem and leaf parts) of the Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were investigated comparatively. In this context, in vitro shoot cultures were obtained from germinated mature seeds. Then, the juvenile shoots were proliferated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). In terms of anticancer activity, the whole of the samples studied was found to have apoptotic effects against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HT-29 (colon cancer) cell lines. The extracts obtained from in vivo female root parts showed better cytotoxicity than all the other tested extracts on MCF-7 (IC50: 31.86 ± 1.40 µg/mL) and HT-29 cell series (IC50: 59.60 ± 0.69 µg/mL). Even though all the samples showed a strong butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (BChE) activity, it was detected that none of the samples had shown acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (AChE). It was also determined that in vivo leaf samples of female trees had the highest BChE activity (Inhibition%: 75.20 ± 1.50). All the samples showed a low-moderate level of urease and tyrosinase enzyme activity, while in vivo samples showed a significant level of the elastase enzyme activities (Inhibition%: 58.72 for female root extracts; 58.25 for female leaf extracts, at 50 µg/mL concentration), and they were more active than the standard oleanolic acid (Inhibition%: 39.46 ± 0.52). The antihypertensive activities as the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) of in vivo samples (Inhibition%: 95.88 for female stem extracts; 95.18 for female root extracts) were detected as close to the standard (Inhibition%: 96.64 ± 1.85) used. In general, it can be stated that in vivo samples had higher biological activities compared to in vitro ones. Consequently, according to our results, it was concluded that in vitro stem parts of khinjuk pistachio could also be evaluated as an alternative new antihypertensive, antielastase and anticancer agent source.