Piroxicam Research Articles

The Enhancement of Nasal Drug Absorption From Powder Formulations by the Addition of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose.

For nasal drug absorption, powder formulations can be expected to provide many advantages. The first aim of this study was to examine drug absorption following nasal administration of powder formulations in rats. Pharmaceutical excipients are typically added to most powder formulations. The second aim was to investigate the change in nasal drug absorption of powder formulations in the presence of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). Model drugs used were norfloxacin (NFX), warfarin (WF), and piroxicam (PXC). The absorption from bulk powders is different from that of solutions. The absorption of PXC and WF from powder formulations was enhanced compared to those of the other solutions, while that of NFX, which has a low solubility, was decreased, suggesting that the nasal absorption of many drugs, except poorly soluble drugs, is enhanced when they are administered as powder formulations. CMC-Na enhanced the absorption of NFX and PXC. The presence of CMC-Na slightly decreased the absorption of WF. In vitro transepithelial transport from the powder formulation was not affected by the presence of CMC-Na. Furthermore, the nasal retention of the powder formulation was significantly increased in the presence of CMC-Na. In conclusion, the nasal absorption of many drugs, except those that are poorly soluble, can be increased by administering them as a powder formulation and the nasal absorption of the formulation is enhanced further in the presence of CMC-Na.

Increased localized delivery of piroxicam by cationic nanoparticles after intra-articular injection.

Piroxicam (PRX), a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is prescribed to relieve postoperative and/or chronic joint pain. However, its oral administration often results in serious gastrointestinal adverse effects including duodenal ulceration. Thus, a novel cationic nanoparticle (NP) was explored to minimize the systemic exposure and increase the retention time of PRX in the joint after intra-articular (IA) injection, by forming micrometer-sized electrostatic clusters with endogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) in the synovial cavity. PRX-loaded NPs consisting of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), Eudragit RL, and polyvinyl alcohol were constructed with the following characteristics: particle size of 220 nm, zeta potential of 11.5 mV in phosphate-buffered saline, and loading amount of 4.0% (w/w) of PRX. In optical and hyperspectral observations, the cationic NPs formed more than 50 μm-sized aggregates with HA, which was larger than the intercellular gaps between synoviocytes. In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–24 h) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of PRX after IA injection of the cationic NPs were <70% (P<0.05) and 60% (P<0.05), respectively, compared to those obtained from drug solution. Moreover, the drug concentration in joint tissue 24 h after dosing with the cationic NPs was 3.2-fold (P<0.05) and 1.8-fold (P<0.05) higher than that from drug solution and neutrally charged NPs, respectively. Therefore, we recommend the IA cationic NP therapy as an effective alternative to traditional oral therapy with PRX, as it increases drug retention selectively in the joint.

Determination of piroxicam from rat articular tissue and plasma based on LC-MS/MS.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. To manage OA, in general, oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is used. Recently, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of piroxicam (PX), a long-acting NSAID, by intra-articular (IA) administration in OA was reported, and the possibility that PX is distributed in articular tissues at a certain concentration was raised. Thus, herein, novel LC-MS/MS methods to detect PX in rat articular tissue and plasma are presented. For articular tissue, solvent extraction with acetonitrile for 12h was employed and a protein precipitation method was used for the preparation of a plasma sample. The developed methods were validated by following the FDA guidelines, and the validated methods were successfully applied to a PK study of IA PX. The present study presents, to our knowledge, the first method of determining a drug in articular tissue. Additionally, the level of PX in articular tissue after IA PX administration was experimentally confirmed for the first time using the present methods. Therefore, the present methods provide a new direction for in vivo evaluation for IA PX formulations and contribute to the development of alternative IA PX formulations with better effects for the treatment of OA.

Thermo-sensitive injectable hydrogel based on the physical mixing of hyaluronic acid and Pluronic F-127 for sustained NSAID delivery

The aim of this research is the development of a new type of intra-articularly injectable thermo-sensitive hydrogels for the long-term delivery of Piroxicam (PX). The thermo-sensitive hydrogel was prepared by the simple physical mixing of HA and Pluronic F-127 (HP) in aqueous solution. The addition of high-molecular-weight HA not only enhanced the mechanical strength of the hydrogel but also elicited a sustained drug release. This result could be attributed to the high-molecular-weight HA-assisted inter-micellar packing in the hydrogel inner structure. The critical gelation temperature value of HP hydrogel was considerably lower than native Pluronic F-127. To evaluate the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed after articular-cavity injection of the HP hydrogel in beagle dogs. The HP hydrogel exhibits both sustained drug release behavior and superior bioavailability in physiological conditions. Thus, we believe that the NSAID PX-loaded HP hydrogel could be a promising hydrogel-based drug delivery platform for the treatment of arthritis.

Solid-state, triboelectrostatic and dissolution characteristics of spray-dried piroxicam-glucosamine solid dispersions

This work explores the use of both spray drying and d-glucosamine HCl (GLU) as a hydrophilic carrier to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam (PXM) whilst investigating the electrostatic charges associated with the spray drying process. Spray dried PXM:GLU solid dispersions were prepared and characterised (XRPD, DSC, SEM). Dissolution and triboelectric charging were also conducted. The results showed that the spray dried PXM alone, without GLU produced some PXM form II (DSC results) with no enhancement in solubility relative to that of the parent PXM. XRPD results also showed the spray drying process to decrease the crystallinity of GLU and solid dispersions produced. The presence of GLU improved the dissolution rate of PXM. Spray dried PXM: GLU at a ratio of 2:1 had the most improved dissolution. The spray drying process generally yielded PXM-GLU spherical particles of around 2.5μm which may have contributed to the improved dissolution. PXM showed a higher tendency for charging in comparison to the carrier GLU (⿿3.8 versus 0.5nC/g for untreated material and ⿿7.5 versus 3.1nC/g for spray dried materials). Spray dried PXM and spray dried GLU demonstrated higher charge densities than untreated PXM and untreated GLU, respectively. Regardless of PXM:GLU ratio, all spray dried PXM:GLU solid dispersions showed a negligible charge density (net-CMR: 0.1⿿0.3nC/g). Spray drying of PXM:GLU solid dispersions can be used to produce formulation powders with practically no charge and thereby improving handling as well as dissolution behaviour of PXM.

Optimization of piroxicam tablet formula using flowlac, avicel and compritol by Simplex Lattice Design Method

Piroksikam is non steroid anti inflammation drug (NSAID) with small dose (10-20 mg daily) with a long time (t1/2) elimination. Piroxicam formulation was expected able to yield a good (quality) tablet to physical characteristic standard. Tablet r component was consisted of Flowlac 100 (filler), Avicel PH-101 (binder) and Compritol 888 ATO (lubricant). The research was done with simplex lattice design (SLD) by using 3 component, i.e. Flowlac (A), Avicel (B), and Compritol (C). Seven formula were needed, I,e, F1 (100 % A), F2 (100 % B), F3 (100 % C), F4 (50 % A and 50 % B), F5 (50 % B and 50 % C), F6 (50 % A and 50 % C),dan F7 (33.33% A, 33.33 % B, 33.33 % C). The optimization parameters of piroxicam tablets were flow rate of the tablet mass, tablet hardness, disintegration time, piroxicam content and the dissolution (C45), on SLD model; equations, contour plots, and superimposed of contour plots were obtained, by which the optimum formula was determined. Based on superimposed contour plot optimum formula was obtained with proportion of Flowlac (89.6 %), Avicel (7.4 %) and Compritol (3 %). The result of flowability was 21.46 g/second; hardness (6.46 kg); disintegration time (6.98 minutes); drug content (10.13 mg) and dissolution C45 (7.35 mg) Interaction of Flowlac-Avicel-Compritol could influence the physical properties and the release profile of tablet. Flowlac was the most dominant factor in increasing flowability, hardness and dissolution of tablet. Compritol was the most dominant factor in increating time of disintegration tablet. Key words: optimization; piroxicam; simplex lattice design.

Solubility, solution thermodynamics, and preferential solvation of piroxicam in ethyl acetate + ethanol mixtures

The solubility of piroxicam (PIR) in ethyl acetate (EtOAc)+ethanol (EtOH) mixtures at five temperatures from 293.15K to 313.15K was determined and the solubility data in the binary solvent mixtures at various temperatures was mathematically represented using the Jouyban–Acree model. PIR solubility in mole fraction varied from x3=1.77×10−4 in pure EtOH to x3=4.97×10−3 in pure EtOAc at 298.15K, reaching a maximum x3=5.69×10−3 in the mixture with x10=0.80. Thermodynamic quantities of dissolution and mixing of PIR were calculated by means of Gibbs and van't Hoff equations. Furthermore, preferential solvation parameters of PIR were also derived by means of the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method. The preferential solvation parameter of PIR by EtOAc, δx1,3, is negative in EtOH-rich mixtures but positive in compositions from 0.36 to 0.86 in mole fraction of EtOAc. It is possible that in EtOH-rich mixtures the acidic hydrogen bonding of EtOH with the basic sites of PIR plays an important role in the drug solvation. The greater solvation by EtOAc in mixtures of similar solvent compositions could be owing mainly to polarity effects. Finally, the slight preference of PIR for EtOH in EtOAc-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the common participation of basic sites in both solvents and/or the acidic site of EtOH with the respective functional groups of PIR.

Ethyl cellulose nanoparticles as a platform to decrease ulcerogenic potential of piroxicam: formulation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have long gained significant interest for their use in various drug formulations in order to increase bioavailability, prolong drug release, and decrease side effects of highly toxic drugs. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the potential of ethyl cellulose-based NPs (EC-NPs) to modulate the release and reduce ulcerogenicity of piroxicam (PX) after oral administration. PX-loaded EC-NPs were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using different stabilizers at three concentration levels. Morphological examination of selected formulas confirmed the formation of spherical NPs with slightly porous surface. Formulation containing poloxamer-stabilized EC-NPs (P188/0.2), having a particle size of 240.26±29.24 nm, polydispersity index of 0.562±0.030, entrapment efficiency of 85.29%±1.57%, and modulated release of PX (88% after 12 hours), was selected as the optimum formulation. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated the presence of PX in an amorphous form in the NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the possible formation of hydrogen bond and the absence of chemical interaction. In vivo study, evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters, evaluation of gastric irritation potential, and histological examination were conducted after administration of the selected formulation. Time to reach maximum plasma concentration, tmax, of poloxamer-stabilized EC-NPs was significantly higher than that of Feldene® 20 mg capsules (P≤0.001). Encapsulation of the acidic, gastric offender PX into NPs managed to significantly suppress gastric ulceration potential in rats (P≤0.05) as compared to that of PX suspension. A reduction of 66% in mean ulcer index was observed. In conclusion, poloxamer-stabilized EC-NPs (P188/0.2) had a significant potential of offsetting deleterious side effects common in PX use.

Prostaglandin-targeting agents and spectral heart rate variability in experimental partial bladder outlet obstruction in rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), using spectral analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) in the model of partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in rats treated with selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): piroxicam (PRX) or meloxicam (MLX), and following administration of PGF2a prostaglandin analogue (Enzaprost F5). Neither the use of PGF2a analogue nor of MLX, caused significant changes in the HRV spectrum (except for HRV spectrum total power reduction with MLX). The use of PRX caused reduction of the total power and powers of all components of the HRV spectrum (except for VLF). Moreover, increased nLF and reduced nHF were observed. The obtained results suggest that the total prostaglandin synthesis block with a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (PRX) results in reduced ANS total activity, with decreased parasympathetic activity and a relative sympathetic predominance. The preferential cyclooxygenase-2 block (MLX) caused reduction of the total ANS activity as well, however with no clear disproportion of any part of the ANS. Therefore, prostaglandin synthesis inhibition and associated decrease of parasympathetic activity may constitute an additional and favourable feature of NSAID pharmacodynamics in the treatment of BPH.

Evaluation of Chitosan-Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose as a Single Unit Hydrodynamically Balanced Sustained Release Matrices for Stomach Specific Delivery of Piroxicam

The purpose of investigation is to findout the potential of Chitosan (CH) and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) derivatives loaded with Piroxicam (PRX) for delivering into the stomach by using gastroretention technology. These single unit hydrodynamically balanced system capsules (HBS capsules) were prepared by manuall hand shaking method followed by filling in empty hard gelatin capsule shell. The formulations were evaluated for drug-excipient interaction by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Diffrential thermal analysis (DTA)/Derivative thermo gravimetric analysis (DTG). In vitro buoyancy studies, in vitro characteristics, long term stability studies and curve fitting analysis were also performed. FTIR and TGA/DTA/DTG thermograms represents that the there is no any drug excipient interactions takes place. All the formulations (F1-F12) remained buoyant till the time of drug release without any lag time. Release profile of formulations in HCl; 0.1 mol L-1 shows the release upto 90% without sinking in the dissolution media. Long term stability studies for formulations (F5, F6 and F12) period of twelve months are stable through the period when compared with normal (F5, F6 and F12) without showing any significant difference. The similarity factor value (f2) was found to be 85.45, 88.98, 86.78 respectively for F5, F6, F12 formulations. Curve fitting analysis represents the formulation (F1-F5) shows the zero order kinetics while formulation (F6- F12) followed the Higuchi model on the basis of there r2 value. Our obtained result suggests that CH, HPMC and in combination of HPMC and CH loaded with PRX is an excellent biopolymer for sustained delivery of drug from single unit hydrodynamically balanced system capsule.

Piroxicam /β-cyclodextrin complex included in cellulose derivatives-based matrix microspheres as new solid dispersion-controlled release formulations

AbstractNew formulations capable to enhance piroxicam (PRX) water solubility and at the same time to control and adjust its release have been developed. For this purpose, two methods have been used and combined to achieve this goal, namely complexation and microencapsulation by O/W emulsion solvent evaporation. In order to modify the drug release, first, microparticles composed of pure PRX and ethylcellulose (EC) or mixtures of EC and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were prepared, and then, other micropaticles containing the,β-cyclodextrin/piroxicam (,β-CD/PRX) complex obtained by the solvent evaporation technique and EC or a mixture of EC and HPMC were produced and tested. These formulations were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, optical microscopy, and SEM methods. Drug dissolution tests were carried out in acidic media at pH = 1.2 and 37 °C. Depending on the microparticles composition, their size (dio) ranged between 49 pm and 121 pm and PRXioaded varied from 10.8 % to 27.7 %. The effect of complexation and HPMC polymer on the drug release was investigated; the results demonstrated that the Higuchi’s release constant significantly increased when using the EC/HPMC mixture as a matrix with pure PRX or only EC as a matrix with the ,β-CD/PRX complex. The results are remarkably promising since the combination of these processes provided new SD-CR formulations of piroxicam which enabled simultaneous enhancement and control of its release from the carriers.

Experimental electron densities of neutral and zwitterionic forms of the drug piroxicam

The electron and electrostatic properties of piroxicam (PX) were derived from high resolution X-ray diffraction experiments carried out at 100 K.

Spectroscopic and thermal approaches to investigate the formation mechanism of piroxicam–saccharin co-crystal induced by liquid-assisted grinding or thermal stress

The use of co-crystal technology applied to pharmaceutical industry has recently attracted considerable interest. It is important to better understand the mechanism of co-crystal formation via specific intermolecular interactions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a stepwise mechanism of a co-crystal formation between piroxicam (PIR) and saccharin (SAC) after different grinding and thermal treatments by using spectroscopic and thermal analyses. The physical and ground mixtures of PIR–SAC (molar ratio = 1:1) and their preheated mixtures were analyzed using FTIR, DSC and DSC-FTIR techniques. Typical PIR–SAC co-crystal was prepared by solvent evaporation method. Various PIR–SAC ground mixtures after neat grinding process showed the same FTIR spectra as their physical mixtures, but these ground mixtures might be changed to co-crystals after further thermal treatment. By adding two drops of chloroform into PIR–SAC physical mixture, however, the PIR–SAC co-crystal was gradually formed with the increase in grinding time (>57 min) via inter-/intramolecular N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonding between PIR and SAC. By preheating the PIR–SAC physical mixture over 170 °C, it was also gradually transformed into a co-crystal with temperature. The PIR–SAC co-crystal formation might be possibly attributed to a mobile phase formed between PIR and SAC, leading to a co-crystal formation. This mobile phase could be formed by either solution through a lubricating liquid added during grinding process or eutectic melt via thermal stress. A simultaneous DSC-FTIR technique also directly evidenced the PIR–SAC co-crystal formation via a one-step process. The present study concludes that the chloroform-assisted grinding process or thermal stress easily enhanced a PIR–SAC co-crystal formation via gradual induction of inter-/intramolecular hydrogen bonding between PIR and SAC.

The relevance of piroxicam for the prevention and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer and its precursors.

Piroxicam (PXM), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is an enolic benzothiazine and a potent member of the oxicam series. The drug suppresses the synthesis of proinflammatory enzymes, such as cyclo-oxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and 2), downregulates the production of prostaglandins (PGs) and tromboxanes, and inhibits polyamines production by blocking ornithine decarboxylase induction involved in nonmelanoma skin carcinogenesis. In addition, PXM is able to induce tumor cell apoptosis and suppresses metalloproteinase 2 activities. Skin carcinogenesis is a multistep process in which the accumulation of genetic events leads to a gradually dysplastic cellular expression, deregulation of cell growth, and carcinomatous progression. COX-1 upregulation plays a significant role in PG and vascular epidermal growth factor production supporting tumor growth. Increased level of PGs in premalignant and/or malignant cutaneous tumors is also favored by upregulation of COX-2 and downregulation of the tumor suppressor gene 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. Chemoprevention can be a hopeful approach to inhibit carcinoma occurrence before an invasive tumor develops. The chemopreventive effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on nonmelanoma skin cancers has been established. In this study, we highlighted the different modalities of action of PXM on the pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer, analyzing and evaluating binding modes and energies between COX-1 or COX-2 and PXM by protein–ligand molecular docking. Our clinical experience about the local use of PXM on actinic keratoses and field cancerization is also reported, confirming its efficacy as target therapy.

Synthesis of piroxicam loaded novel electrospun biodegradable nanocomposite scaffolds for periodontal regeneration.

Development of biodegradable composites having the ability to suppress or eliminate the pathogenic micro-biota or modulate the inflammatory response has attracted great interest in order to limit/repair periodontal tissue destruction. The present report includes the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug encapsulated novel biodegradable chitosan (CS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) electro-spun (e-spun) composite nanofibrous mats and films and study of the effect of heat treatment on fibers and films morphology. It also describes comparative in-vitro drug release profiles from heat treated and control (non-heat treated) nanofibrous mats and films containing varying concentrations of piroxicam (PX). Electrospinning was used to obtain drug loaded ultrafine fibrous mats. The physical/chemical interactions were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The morphology, structure and pore size of the materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal behavior of the materials was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Control (not heat treated) and heat treated e-spun fibers mats and films were tested for in vitro drug release studies at physiological pH7.4 and initially, as per requirement burst release patterns were observed from both fibers and films and later sustained release profiles were noted. In vitro cytocompatibility was performed using VERO cell line of epithelial cells and all the synthesized materials were found to be non-cytotoxic. The current observations suggested that these materials are potential candidates for periodontal regeneration.

Towards improved solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs: cryogenic co-grinding of piroxicam with carrier polymers

Amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) open up exciting opportunities in formulating poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the present study, novel catalytic pretreated softwood cellulose (CPSC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were investigated as carrier polymers for preparing and stabilizing cryogenic co-ground SDs of poorly water-soluble piroxicam (PRX). CPSC was isolated from pine wood (Pinus sylvestris). Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used for characterizing the solid-state changes and drug–polymer interactions. High-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the particle size and surface morphology of starting materials and final cryogenic co-ground SDs. In addition, the molecular aspects of drug–polymer interactions and stabilization mechanisms are presented. The results showed that the carrier polymer influenced both the degree of amorphization of PRX and stabilization against crystallization. The cryogenic co-ground SDs prepared from PVP showed an enhanced dissolution rate of PRX, while the corresponding SDs prepared from CPSC exhibited a clear sustained release behavior. In conclusion, cryogenic co-grinding provides a versatile method for preparing amorphous SDs of poorly water-soluble APIs. The solid-state stability and dissolution behavior of such co-ground SDs are to a great extent dependent on the carrier polymer used.

Direct evaluation of molecular States of piroxicam/poloxamer nanosuspension by suspended-state NMR and Raman spectroscopies.

A nanosuspension of piroxicam (PXC) and poloxamer 407 (poloxamer) prepared by the wet milling method was directly evaluated at the molecular level from the viewpoint of both solution and solid phases. (13)C solution-state NMR measurements revealed a reduction in the concentration of dissolved poloxamer in the nanosuspension. Furthermore, the fraction of dissolved poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain, which is the hydrophilic part of poloxamer, was higher than that of dissolved poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) chain, the hydrophobic part. (13)C suspended-state NMR and Raman spectroscopies detected both solid-state PXC and poloxamer involved in the nanoparticles. Interestingly, the coexistence of crystalline and amorphous PXC in the nanoparticle was demonstrated. The yellow color of the nanosuspension strongly supported the existence of amorphous PXC. Changes in the peak intensity depending on the contact time in the suspended-state NMR spectrum revealed that the PEO chain of poloxamer in the nanoparticle had higher mobility compared with the PPO chain. The PEO chain should project into the water phase and form the outer layer of the nanoparticles, whereas the PPO chain should face the inner side of the nanoparticles. Amorphous PXC could be stabilized by intermolecular interaction with the PPO chain near the surface of the nanoparticles, whereas crystalline PXC could form the inner core.

Amorphous solid dispersions of piroxicam and Soluplus®: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of piroxicam recrystallization during storage

The conversion of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from amorphous to crystalline form is the primary stability issue in formulating amorphous solid dispersions (SDs). The aim of the present study was to carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the physical solid-state stability of the SDs of poorly water-soluble piroxicam (PRX) and polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene-glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®). The SDs were prepared by a solvent evaporation method and stored for six months at 0% RH/6°C, 0% RH/25°C, 40% RH/25°C and 75% RH/25°C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with attenuated total reflection accessory (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used for characterizing the physical solid-state changes and drug–polymer interactions. The principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Raman spectra collected during storage. When stored at 0% RH/6°C and at 0% RH/25°C, PRX in SDs remained in an amorphous form since no recrystallization was observed by ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy coupled with PCA and MCR-ALS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy enabled to detect the recrystallization of amorphous PRX in the samples stored at higher humidity.

A glassy carbon electrode modified with MCM-41/nickel hydroxide nanoparticle/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite as a sensor for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, piroxicam, and cefixime

The present work demonstrates that simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), piroxicam (PRX), and cefixime (CEF) can be performed on the composite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (NHNPs), and MCM-41 modified glassy carbon electrode (MWCNTs-NHNPs-MCM-41/GCE). The effect of the composition of MWCNTs, NHNPs, and MCM-41 for the modification of GCE was tested, and the mixture of 5 % NHNPs, 10 % MCM-41, and 85 % MWCNTs was chosen for the fabrication of the sensor. The MWCNTs-NHNPs-MCM-41 composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Under optimum conditions, the application of differential pulse voltammetry method showed the linear relationship between oxidation peak currents, and the corresponding concentrations of DA, PRX, and CEF were 0.2–85, 0.1–70, and 0.1–200 μM with detection limits of 0.07, 0.04, and 0.05 μM, respectively. The proposed method was used in the determination of these compounds in human urine and blood serum samples with satisfactory results.

Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Piroxicam Loaded BSA Nanospheres by Desolvation

Protein nanoparticles offer improved delivery of drugs particularly targeted delivery to specific cells by ligand attachment, sustained and triggered release. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Piroxicam (PRX) is one of the most widely used drug for treating pain and inflammation. But despite its potent analgesic action it has few draw backs like low absorption rate due to poor water solubility and side effects due to non specific inhibition of Cyclooxygenase enzymes. In this context here, we report a new PRX self-assembled nano sphere delivery system developed from bovine serum albumin (BSA) using a very simple, rapid and reliable method, desolvation. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by particle size distribution, zeta potential, polydispersity index, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy and in-vitro release studies. The formulated BSA-PRX nano particles exhibited a uniform spherical shape with an average size of 388.7nm. In vitro release behavior of the drug from BSA conjugate suggests that about 50% of the drug was released during first 3h and 85% after 18h.