PIR Sensor Research Articles

Adaptive FPGA-Based Accelerators for Human-Robot Interaction in Indoor Environments.

This study addresses the challenges of human-robot interactions in real-time environments with adaptive field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based accelerators. Predicting human posture in indoor environments in confined areas is a significant challenge for service robots. The proposed approach works on two levels: the estimation of human location and the robot's intention to serve based on the human's location at static and adaptive positions. This paper presents three methodologies to address these challenges: binary classification to analyze static and adaptive postures for human localization in indoor environments using the sensor fusion method, adaptive Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for the robot to deliver the task, and human-robot implicit communication. VLSI hardware schemes are developed for the proposed method. Initially, the control unit processes real-time sensor data through PIR sensors and multiple ultrasonic sensors to analyze the human posture. Subsequently, static and adaptive human posture data are communicated to the robot via Wi-Fi. Finally, the robot performs services for humans using an adaptive SLAM-based triangulation navigation method. The experimental validation was conducted in a hospital environment. The proposed algorithms were coded in Verilog HDL, simulated, and synthesized using VIVADO 2017.3. A Zed-board-based FPGA Xilinx board was used for experimental validation.

Internet-Based Smart Door Design of Things (IOT) with Visitor Access Controller Indoor

In the era of digital technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become an innovative solution in various sectors, including in access management and room security. This research aims to design and implement an IoT-based smart door system that is able to control visitor access using NodeMCU ESP8266 and send notifications through the Telegram application. The system uses PIR sensors to detect the presence of visitors and servo motors to operate the door automatically. When the number of visitors reaches the maximum set capacity, the system will automatically close the door and send a warning notification to the Telegram bot and activate the buzzer as a warning sign. Thus, this system not only improves the safety and comfort of visitors, but also helps prevent the spread of diseases by limiting the number of visitors according to a safe capacity. The test results show that this smart door system can function well in controlling visitor access and providing real-time notifications when the room capacity is exceeded. The implementation of this system is expected to be applied in various public places to improve security management and visitor capacity effectively.

Machine Accident Analytics and Protection System (MAAPS): An IoT and Data Analytics Based Approach to Enhance Safety in Agricultural Machinery

The agricultural industry is often associated with significant risks, particularly concerning machine-related accidents. This paper presents the Machine Accident Analytics and Protection System (MAAPS), an Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics-based system designed to enhance safety in the operation of chaff cutters. By integrating PIR sensors and RFID technology, MAAPS aims to prevent accidents through real-time monitoring and immediate machine shutdown when safety limits are breached. The findings reveal that a significant percentage of accidents occur during specific time frames, particularly between 3:00 PM and 6:00 PM, and are often associated with operator fatigue. This paper discusses the system's design, implementation, and implications for improving safety standards in agricultural machinery. Key Words: IoT, data analytics, safety, chaff cutter, machine accidents

Analisis Efektivitas Sistem Kendali Otomatis PJU Berbasis IoT Menggunakan Mikrokontroler ESP32 dengan Metode Regresi Linier

Public street lighting (PJU) is essential infrastructure for nighttime security. This research develops an automatic PJU control system based on IoT using light and motion sensors with an ESP32 microcontroller. The system allows for PJU lamp control via a website, providing high flexibility for users. The ESP32 microcontroller is connected to a PIR sensor to detect motion. When the sensor detects movement, the intensity of the PJU lamps is increased, and when no movement is detected, the light intensity is reduced to save energy. Users can control the PJU lamps from any internet-connected device. Testing results show an increase in energy efficiency, with an average power consumption reduction of 13.77 watts and an efficiency increase of 42.67%. An R-squared value of 0.629 indicates that the model is quite good at explaining the variability in power consumption data. This system can automatically turn on street lights and be monitored in real-time, And hopes to contribute to the development of smarter and more efficient street lighting systems.

Development of an IoT-enabled smart baby cradle for enhanced infant monitoring and parental control

raditional infant monitoring systems are evolving into intelligent solutions, offering real-time notifications and automation to cater to the demands of multitasking parents. However, most IoT solutions in parental care focus solely on monitoring, lacking automatic smartphone control. In response to this gap, we developed an IoT-based system for automatic cradle monitoring. This system not only enables smartphone-based monitoring but also allows parents to control the cradle's swing speed and receive notifications through a mobile application. Our solution integrates PIR and sound sensors, an ESP8266 microcontroller, and a Wi-Fi module to create a robust monitoring system that tracks a baby's movements and sounds, sending instant notifications to the smartphone. The user can activate the system and adjust the cradle's motion using a slider based on sensor data. This IoT-enabled smart baby cradle enhances convenience and reduces parental stress, ensuring infant well-being and safety. A survey conducted among Universiti Teknologi MARA instructors revealed that 70% preferred automatic swing cradles over traditional ones, and 80% expressed the need for IoT integration in infant cradles, highlighting the growing demand for such advanced solutions.

Design of a Smart Donation Box Based on IoT

This research, entitled "IoT-based Intelligent Charity Box Design", aims to develop a charity box system that utilizes the Internet of Things (Iot) technology to enhance public participation in charity. In this context, the charity box not only serves as a container for storing donations, but is also equipped with features that can automatically monitor and calculate the amount of money inserted. The system uses the Wemos D1 Mini as a microcontroller connected to the Internet, allowing users to access data in real time through a website. In addition, this smart charity box is equipped with a PIR sensor that detects motion and triggers sound on the DFPlayer, as well as a TCS3200 color sensor that counts the paper money entered. Thus, the research not only offers technological solutions, but also seeks to remind the public of the importance of charity in a more interactive and efficient way. The results of this research are expected to benefit the management of charity funds and raise social awareness in the community.

Design Smart Farming in Rice Field for Monitoring Soil Fertility and Pest Rate Using Internet of Things

Rice fields in Indonesia have a strategic role in providing food for the Indonesian population. The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) noted that domestic rice consumption also continues to increase, 98.35% of households in Indonesia consume rice. There are many influencing factors for production rice such as pest, climate change. The aim to optimize rice production by monitoring soil moisture and soil pH and adding protection features to detect rat pests. This tool was built using an Internet of Things-based system integration method, where the system output can be monitored on the blynk and email applications for the reading history of rat pests if they are caught on camera. The results obtained from the system are Soil moisture sensor readings have a system accuracy of 99% with an error value of 0.01. And the pH sensor reading has an accuracy of 99% with an error of 0.015. The most optimal PIR sensor reading is 1 meter and this data is sent simultaneously with the camera sensor via email. Monitoring data on rice agricultural land by adding rat pest protection features, as well as historical data can be captured wellcan provide a strong basis for the development of more effective and sustainable.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of IoT-Based Automatic Street Lighting Control Using Linear Regression Method

Public street lighting (PJU) is a crucial component of infrastructure that ensures security during nighttime. This research aims to design an automatic PJU control system utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, employing light and motion sensors integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller. The system enables remote control of PJU lamps via a web-based platform, offering significant flexibility for users. The ESP32 microcontroller is linked to a PIR sensor that detects motion, which triggers an increase in the intensity of the PJU lamps. Conversely, when no motion is detected, the light intensity is reduced to conserve energy. Users can manage the PJU lamps from any internet-connected device. Experimental results demonstrate a notable improvement in energy efficiency, with an average reduction in power consumption of 13.77 watts and an efficiency increase of 42.67%. The linear regression model employed yields an R-squared value of 0.629, indicating a reasonably good fit in explaining the variability in power consumption. This system offers real-time monitoring and autonomous operation of street lights, contributing to the advancement of smarter and more efficient PJU systems.

Thermal Image Based Occupant Count Measurement Model using Human Body Temperature for Smart Building

Objectives: The proposed Occupant Count Measurement (OCM) model aims to enhance sustainability, energy efficiency, comfort, and safety in smart buildings by accurately determining occupant count using thermal camera images and body temperature data. Methods: The model leverages real-time thermal camera images without the need for a pre-existing dataset. Key parameters include temperature threshold, occupant motion, size, and shape to ensure accurate occupancy estimation. The K-means algorithm identifies and clusters regions of interest (ROI) in thermal images corresponding to human body temperatures. The model also employs sensors like PIR, RGB cameras, and thermal image sensors. Manual counting serves as a benchmark for comparison. Findings: The K-means algorithm extracts regions with elevated temperatures related to human bodies from thermal images, partitioning them into K-clusters based on temperature ranges and assigning each pixel to one of the clusters. A temperature threshold differentiates human clusters in the thermal image, while connected component labeling refines human object segmentation by identifying blobs, which are then used for occupant counting. The model's precision is assessed using diverse image sensors and compared to the actual number of occupants. The proposed OCM model achieves an accuracy of about 90.2% compared to traditional methods. Novelty: This study introduces an OCM model that uses thermal images to estimate the number of occupants in a room based on their body temperature. The method focuses on detecting and counting occupants by their overall thermal body signature, providing a novel approach to occupant measurement in smart buildings. Keywords: Thermal Images, Segmentation, Occupant Estimation, Occupant Comfort, Smart Building

Sistem Keamanan Rumah Berbasis Internet of Things Menggunakan Metode Rapid Application Development

Conventional home security systems often lack the ability to monitor and respond in real-time, which makes them vulnerable to security breaches and delayed interventions. This research is an Internet of Things (IoT) based home security system that uses hard programming methods. This system consists of hardware that uses Arduino Uno, ESP32CAM and PIR sensor modules to detect movement, an ESP32CAM camera that takes pictures, and an Arduino Uno board that processes and transmits data. ESP32CAM takes images from the PIR sensor and sends them to the cloud server when it detects motion. The smartphone application then allows users to find out about potential disruptions in real-time through photo notifications. The system's ability to provide immediate visual evidence of suspicious activity, allowing for a rapid and informed response, determines the system's effectiveness. This system is also cheap and easy to use, so a wide range of users can use it. The use of easily accessible components and open-source software reduces costs and simplifies setup, enabling widespread adoption of this updated security product

An Electronic Economic Controller for automatically adjusting the intensity of Solar-Powered LED Street Lightning Systems in rural areas

Using photovoltaic energy for street lighting systems is increasing rapidly in rural areas. An economic and smart controller design for automatic intensity control of LED-based street lights is the main challenge. In this work, an electronic-based controller is proposed for controlling the LED light intensity automatically, considering vehicle movement and atmospheric conditions. A HC-SR501 PIR sensor is used for detection of vehicle movements and to assist the controller in making decisions regarding the brightness of the LED. The proposed LED is operated at three different energy levels, such as 0 W, 10 W, and 30 W. In the daytime, the load will remain off, and at night, the LED will operate at two power levels, 33% and 100%, based on the vehicle occupancy rate. In addition, the proposed controller will enhance the battery lifetime. Furthermore, the proposed work ensures significant savings in energy and operating costs and also favors environmental responsibility. GUB JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol 9(1), 2022 P 58-65

Advanced home security: detecting unusual movements using the single shot detector technique

As area surveillance technology, the camera is still suboptimal because it cannot detect suspicious human movement and there is no real-time security alert. Although motion detection is implemented, it is only activated when a person passes the PIR sensor, triggering the camera to capture the object. Due to its lengthy process, it is less effective. This study aims to develop a home surveillance system that uses object detection technology to detect unusual human movements. The system is also equipped with real-time early warning through a Telegram Messenger application. The system is then tested using various parameters that may impact the precision of detection results, including object poses, camera height, and camera distance. The system can detect objects that make unusual movements in 69 images or 57.5% of the tests, based on the analysis of 120 test data. Through the integration of object detection technology and real-time Telegram-based alerts, this home surveillance system significantly demonstrates the capability to accurately identify suspicious human motions thereby enhancing area surveillance effectiveness and adaptability to various environmental conditions.

Adaptive Classroom Berbasis IoT (Internet of Things), Manajemen Penggunaan Air Conditioner (AC) secara otomatis

Temperature and humidity are one of the comfort factors. According to the SNI standard, the comfortable temperature range is at 20.5°C-27.1°C. If the temperature is above 27.1°C, an Air Conditioner (AC) is needed to get the effective thermal comfort. AC installed in each PSTI FT UNRAM classroom is operated manually. This research implements Internet of Things (IoT) for automatic AC usage management. This IoT device is made using PIR sensor and DHT22 sensor, the MQTT protocol for data communication between the IoT device and the web system. Based on the testing scenario for the classroom containing students and the empty classroom that has been done, the IoT device is able to manage the AC usage automatically, so that the classroom can be called adaptive classroom. From the MOS testing that has been done, a value of 4.57 from a scale of 5, the system is feasible to use.

Application of Passive Infrared Sensor to Improve the Quality of CCTV in Maintaining Home Security

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a simulation technology that runs through human intelligence demonstrated by machines or tools. Artificial intelligence can overcome and provide a sense of comfort, especially in the application of CCTV devices that use this passive infrared sensor method. This method can detect thieves or people moving in the area of the house where CCTV is installed, by detecting human objects using IR filters. If it detects an object that has the minimum temperature possessed by humans, it will immediately direct the alarm indicator. With the existence of CCTV that applies AI, it is hoped that human life will be safe, and crime will be reduced in an area, especially quiet areas with high crime rates. The application of Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR Sensor) in this anti-theft CCTV tool can detect and be able to work with a high level of accuracy.

Design Of Automatic Lighting Instructions Based On Pir Gen 3 Sensors for Physics Learning in The Electronics Skills Course

This research produces an automatic light physics demonstration tool based on a PIR sensor in the Electronics Skills course. This type of research is development research which refers to the 4-D model according to Thiagarajan with 4 stages including the definition, design, development and dissemination stages. This research was tested in the Physics Education Study Program. Data collection techniques in this research include observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis. The results of this research obtained several findings including: (1). The product is a PIR sensor-based automatic light electrical circuit demonstration tool; (2). The feasibility test of teaching aids with an average rating of 33.33% Agree (S) and 66.67% Strongly Agree (SS), and the feasibility test of teaching aids with an average rating of 51.85% Agree (S) and 48.15% Strongly Agree (SS). Test the readability of students' responses to teaching aids and teaching aid guides with an average rating of 3% Disagree (TS), 43% Agree (S) and 54% Strongly Agree (SS). Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the PIR sensor-based automatic light electrical circuit teaching aids and guides are suitable for use in physics learning

Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Kebangsaan Berbasis UUD 1945 dalam Penerapan Strategi Manajemen Sekuriti untuk Mencapai Zero Accident: Studi Kasus pada Industri Manufaktur PT Denso Indonesia

In the context of the industrial revolution 4.0 and the introduction of new technology, workplace safety has become a crucial aspect, especially in the manufacturing sector. In facing these challenges, it is important for the manufacturing industry to integrate proactive and integrated safety strategies. Employee safety and welfare is not only a moral responsibility, but also reflects the company's commitment to protecting human assets, in accordance with the values and principles of the 1945 Constitution. This research aims to provide a systematic, factual and accurate picture of strategy implementation safety management at PT Denso Indonesia in achieving Zero Accident, in line with Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 1970 concerning Work Safety. The research results highlight that most work processes at PT Denso Indonesia have a high level of risk, however, the company has adopted safety management strategies to prevent accidents that are detrimental to employees and the company. In implementing this strategy, PT Denso Indonesia prioritizes national values by considering the principles of the 1945 Constitution. Efforts such as Safety Dojo and SCW are used to improve safety, while technology such as PIR sensors are also applied to prevent accidents. Success in achieving Zero Accident is influenced by consistency, employee participation, and strategy integration into a company culture that is based on national values. Thus, safety in the workplace is not only a goal, but also reflects the spirit of harmony between the interests of the company, employees and the nation, in accordance with the principles of the 1945 Constitution.

Smart and Intelligent Weather Adaptive Street Lighting System Using IoT

In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT)- based smart and intelligent weather-adaptive street lighting system containing an Arduino UNO, an ESP 8266, an LDR, a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a PIR, a relay, and a mobile or web application is designed and implemented. This project's primary goal is to create an intelligent and adaptable street lighting system that will guarantee constant lighting for rural residents. This project is to minimize the electricity losses, reduce the manpower used in manually switching on-off the street lights and & energy cost. There are three primary parts to the system: An Arduino NANO, ESP 8266 is a Wi-Fi module for signal transfer and a smart phone that can operate web page servers. These days, consumers are searching for smart systems that require less maintenance and use less energy. This intelligent street light only turns on when needed, and it continues to run on its own subsequent evenings even in the absence of sunlight. Furthermore, an Arduino NANO was used to include a PIR sensor, which detects motion and turns on the lights to bright mode by turning on more lights. Taking those factors into account, these smart streetlights are equipped with an Internet of Things (IoT) powered adaptive system that can detect malfunctions and send message to parent system.

Smart Power Monitoring System Using IoT

The "Smart Power Monitoring System using IoT" constitutes a pioneering solution poised to revolutionize the landscape of power management in both residential and industrial settings. Anchored by the ESP8266 NODEMCU microcontroller, this system seamlessly integrates an array of state-of-the-art sensors and modules, all working in concert to deliver real-time monitoring, controlling capabilities. The predominant objective of this innovative system is multifaceted: to elevate energy efficiency, bolster security measures and enable remote monitoring through the dynamic fabric of the IoT. The ESP8266 NODEMCU, functioning as the system's central hub, orchestrates a symphony of components, including a current sensor for precise power consumption insights and a PIR sensor to intelligently detect human motion for enhanced automation. The inclusion of a GSM module ensures timely communication of critical alerts to users via SMS, underscoring the system's responsiveness. Additionally, a relay module facilitates the remote control of appliances, promoting user-friendly power management. A half-horsepower induction motor acts as a tangible load indicator, providing users with a visual representation of power fluctuations. The system, powered by a stable 9V 1 Amp DC supply, culminates its capabilities by leveraging the “ThingSpeak” platform to graphically display power consumption trends, empowering users to make informed decisions for sustainable and efficient energy practices. In essence, the "Smart Power Monitoring System using IoT" emerges as a comprehensive and forward-thinking solution, poised to redefine the paradigm of intelligent power management. Keywords: IoT technology, real-time monitoring, energy consumption analysis.

Perancangan Sistem Smart Lighting Menggunakan Arduino

<p><em>In Indonesia, many users use electricity for light needs. There are two types of light sources, there is man-made light and there is natural light. The light source also only has two methods, namely turning it on and turning it off. No one can set the conditions for the light, in other words it has to be done manually. Therefore, the cause of electricity waste is manual use. In this case, researchers aim to create a control system for this light. With a system that is able to control the light control system automatically. Through a PIR sensor which will control movement to turn on the lights. The way it works is very easy, if there is movement the light will turn on. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Keywords: Arduino, System, Light</em></p>

IoT Swatch Kisan Protecting Agriculture from Wild Animals

The main aim of this project is to protect the crops from wild animal attacks. The most essential need for all living things is food. Agriculture is the primary source of our food, either directly or indirectly. The security of the agricultural land is crucial today. Animals are frequently destroy crops on farms, resulting in significant losses for farmers. Farmers deal with a new kind of issue every day. An animal detection system has been created to identify the presence of animals in order to address this issue. without injury, issues a warning and directs the animal. The device is set up to scan the entire area continually for any animals. Animals can hear at particular frequencies. A motion detector, an electrical device that uses a sensor to detect nearby motion, is used in this circuit. A system that automates a process or alerts a user to motion in a space frequently includes such a gadget as a part. PIR sensor, power supply, buzzer, resistor, and transistor are the circuit's primary components.