Piper Trilinear Diagram Research Articles

Hydrogeochemistry and Health Risk Assessment of groundwater and surface water in fluoride affected area of Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri District, Telangana State, India

Water is an indispensable and crucial component of the life sustenance system. According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), groundwater in 276 Districts in 20 States is contaminated with Fluoride. Considering the fact that Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district’s majority depend on groundwater for drinking. Fluoride a menace to this source is a cause for concern. This study was carried out to understand the fluoride contamination and its health risk assessment. For this study 47 (28 groundwater, 19 surface water) and 45 (28 groundwater, 17 surface water) samples were collected during pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively and were analysed for fluoride and other major ions. The water quality analysis data shows a higher concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water samples which ranges from 0.43–2.93 to 0.37–3.48 mg/L for pre-monsoon while 0.60–3.56 mg/L and 0.90–3.21 mg/L for post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Among the collected samples about 46.80% and 51.11% samples of pre- and post-monsoon exceeded the permissible limit of fluoride. The water quality data and sources of the dissolved constituent were analyzed by Piper Trilinear Diagram, Gibbs Plot, and Chloro-Alkaline Indices. Besides these, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and health risk assessments were carried out for different age groups. PCA result shows that the water chemistry is controlled by geogenic activities. The health risk assessment results divulged the hazard quotient via ingestion (HQing) had a higher chronic hazard than the dermal pathway. Pre-monsoon HQing percentage values of groundwater and surface water for the age group of 6–12 months are 92.85 and 97.73, respectively, and all the samples of post-monsoon have HQing values greater than 1.

Groundwater quality assessment based on groundwater pollution index using Geographic Information System at Thettiyar watershed, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India

The present study was carried out to assess the drinking and irrigation water quality of groundwater resources of the Thettiyar watershed, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. The water quality of the study area is explained by using multiple water quality analysis techniques, such as water quality index, spatial assessment of groundwater through GIS-based interpolation technique, and also multivariate statistical analysis. Piper trilinear diagram was used to recognize the water type in the study area. The USSL diagram and Wilcox diagram were used in this study to identify the suitability of the irrigation water. A total of 50 groundwater samples were taken during the pre-monsoon and the monsoon. The samples were tested for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, and the major cations and anions. The results show that the groundwater in the study area is acidic; during pre-monsoon, the pH varies from 4.5 to 7.8 with an average of 6.3 and in the monsoon, the pH of water samples is 4.26 to 7.6 with an average of 5.64. The concentration of all other parameters is within the permissible limit. Pollution index of groundwater (PIG) unveiled that the study area has insignificant pollution in terms of drinking water quality. Factor analysis of groundwater revealed three pre-monsoon factors and four monsoon seasonal factors were obtained from this analysis. The varifactors resulting from the factor analysis have shown that the quality fluctuations are mainly due to activities such as water-rock interaction, dilution activity, and anthropogenic activities. Various analytical and statistical studies in the region have shown that the quality of groundwater is influenced by the combined activities of natural activities and anthropogenic events. The detailed study revealed that groundwater sources in the Thettiyar watershed are suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Role of Ion Chemistry and Hydro-Geochemical Processes in Aquifer Salinization—A Case Study from a Semi-Arid Region of Haryana, India

In the present study, a total of sixty groundwater samples, twenty each for the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons of 2018, were collected from selected locations in the Mewat district of Haryana, India. Electrical conductivity (EC) was measured at the site and total dissolved solids (TDS) were estimated. Samples were analysed for anions (chloride, sulphate, and bicarbonate) and cations (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium). Multiple regression analysis was performed to analyse the data and report the dominant ions. Piper trilinear diagram and Gibbs plots were used to find out the water type and the factors controlling the chemistry of the groundwater, respectively. The saturation index of CaCO3, CaSO4 and NaCl was determined, using the PHREEQC MODEL. Sodium and calcium among cations, and chloride among the anions, had the highest degree of affinity and strong significance for all three seasons. The calcium–chloride water type dominated for all three seasons and Gibbs plot depicted that most of the Na+/Na+ + Ca2+ and Cl−/Cl− + HCO3− ratios show the weathering of rocks to form minerals as the major reason behind the ionic chemistry of the groundwater. The highest level of dissolution is encountered in the case of NaCl, followed by CaSO4, whereas CaCO3 depicts precipitation. The geochemical aspects of weathering, evaporation and ion exchange are the major processes responsible for high salinity, and anthropogenic activities are leading to its expansion. The findings from this study will be useful in management and remediation of groundwater salinity of the region.

Hydrochemical characteristics and pollution source apportionment of the groundwater in the east foothill of the Taihang Mountains, Hebei Province

The east foothill of the Taihang Mountains, Hebei Province, is an important groundwater recharge and transport area in the North China Plain. It is of practical significance to study the groundwater hydrochemical characteristics of this area for rational groundwater regulation. In this study, the Chadha rectangular diagram and Piper trilinear diagram were adopted to identify the relevant hydrochemical processes, and the main groundwater hydrochemical type was the HCO3·SO4–Ca. Descriptive statistical methods, correlation analysis, major ion ratio determination and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to analyze the formation mechanism of groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics and to identify the sources of the main groundwater ions in the study area. The results showed that Ca2+ and HCO3− were the dominant groundwater cation and anion, respectively, and the Gibbs diagram demonstrated that the majority of groundwater samples occurred in the rock weathering-dominated area. Bivariate diagrams revealed that mineral dissolution and ion exchange controlled the groundwater geochemistry. The study area was seriously polluted by NO3–, which might be due to the application of farmland fertilizers and leakage of rural domestic sewage and garbage. PCA yielded three principal components (PCs), which represented processes influenced by salinity, human activity and fluoride impacts on the groundwater chemistry. The distribution of high-positive PC scores verified the influences of the various processes on the groundwater study area, which is an effective tool to formulate and implement management strategies for the sustainable development of groundwater areas.

Quality assessment of the surface and underground water in the region of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya

Surface and groundwater are the main sources of water supply in Libya. This study aims to assess the water quality index for drinking and irrigation purposes. 15 surfaces and 47 groundwater samples are collected in an area where lies in Al Jabal Al Akhdar region, northeast Libya. Water quality parameters such as temperature (T), pH levels, EC, TDS, TH, TAK, major cations ( Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+) and major anions (Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-, NO3-, SO42- and NO2-) were measured. Water quality indices including SAR, % Na, RSC, PI, MH, Kelly’s Ratio and PS were also computed. Main water types were classified based on Piper trilinear diagram. The results revealed a basic pH level for surface water with a maximum level of 7.88. In addition, it is also exhibited a basic pH level for groundwater in the wet season and changed from acidic to basic in the dry season with a maximum level of 8.1. This indicates high-level concentrations of bicarbonate in water samples as measured. It observed that the ratio between TDS and EC increased with the decrease of pH levels, which indicates more releasing inorganic matter. Calcium and sodium are the dominant cations while Bicarbonate and sulfate are the dominant anions in water samples. Based on the U.S salinity, the Wilcox, and the Doneen classifications, the obtained results revealed that the surface water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Meanwhile, the groundwater is classified between excellent and doubtful except for some samples that were classified as unfit for irrigation purposes. Furthermore and based on the Piper diagram, the water types are classified as calcium sulfate, sodium chloride and as calcium bicarbonate. The water statuses categorization, based on the computational method of water quality index for drinking and irrigation agree with that concluded by US salinity, the Wilcox, and the Doneen diagram.

HYDROCHEMICAL FACIES DESCRIPTION TO ASSESS THE WATER QUALITY OF HABBANIYA LAKE, IRAQ

The present study depicts the hydrochemical processes controlling the variance in the hydrochemical facies for sixteen samples obtained from Habbaniya Lake. The water samples were analyzed for the major ions (cations and anions) data in mg/l, total dissolved solids in mg/l, pH unitless, electrical conductivity in μS/cm, and temperature in °C. Piper trilinear (three-line) diagram indicates the overall of samples belongs to class 1 (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-), category I (SO42- - Cl- and Ca2+ - Mg2+), and permanent total hardness (calcium chloride type). The contribution of cations in the Habbaniya lake was almost the same percentage (no dominant cation), while the SO42- is the dominant ion of the surface water in the Habbaniya lake. The analytical values showed that overall the samples were freshwater and low enrichment salts within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization standards. Irrigation parameters and water quality index were calculated for samples to assess water for agricultural and drinking uses for the inhabitants of the study area. The basic exchange is the exchange of Na+ and K+ ions in water with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in materials which is exposed to weathering.

Groundwater Quality Characterisation of Selected Hand-dug Wells and Geological Implications in the Assin North Municipality, Ghana

Water from ten hand-dug wells from Assin North Municipality in Ghana were analysed at Ghana Water Company Limited Quality Assurance Laboratory, Ho in Ghana for various physico-chemical parameters. The analyses used standard methods with chemicals of AR grade; pH was measured with the Horiba Compact B-122 and Inolab 7300 Conductivity/TDS portable meter. Colour, turbidity, aluminium, copper, sulphate and total iron were analysed by spectrophotometry using Hach DR/2500 following standard methods. Flame photometer was used for determination of metal ions Na+, K+ and Ca2+. Silver nitrate method was used to estimate chloride, sulphate was determined by turbidimetric method. Total hardness was calculated by complexometric titration using EDTA. The results of the analyses show pH 6.0 to 7.2 with a mean of 6.5, conductivity from 300 to 800 μS/cm, TDS range from 90 to 400 mg/l. Piper Trilinear diagram revealed three main water types - calcium bicarbonate (Ca+Mg-HCO3) possibly sourced from Ca-plagioclase, biotite and amphibole; sodium chloride (Na-Cl) from Na-plagioclase, muscovite and chlorite; and mixed water types which may be due to the combined effect of Birimian metasedimentary rocks, Belt granitoid and pegmatites that released into the water through cation exchange and accounted for Na+ in the Na-Cl water type. Chloride in a few hand-dug wells may be linked to mineralogy crystallised from marine deposited sediments and infiltration of rainwater along fractures in the rocks. Hence most of the water samples have Na/Cl ratios<0.86. The rainwater in the area with weak acidity possibly infiltrated into the soil to cause appreciable concentration of HCO3- in the studied water. The total coliform values in water were less harmful as there was no faecal coliforms, though total microbial values in hand-dug wells X4 and X10 with total coliform values of 2.2 and 5.1 MPN/100ml respectively exceed the WHO guidelines. Hand-dug wells X4 and X6 in the study probably ended in aquifers in the weathered zone with the rest of the wells in fresh fractured horizons of the granitoids. Na/Cl ratios>1 (for water samples X1, X7 and X8) might have been due to contamination from anthropogenic sources. Pearson correlation indicates strong and positive correlation of TDS<Mg< Na with conductivity. All the water samples were safe for human consumption.

Evaluation of changes in groundwater quality caused by a water inrush event in Taoyuan coal mine, China

The effects of a water inrush event on the chemical composition of groundwater in a coal measures sandstone aquifer that is important for water supply was investigated at the Taoyuan coal mine in the Huaibei region in China. Changes in groundwater quality caused by the inrush event were investigated using statistical techniques, a Piper trilinear diagram, saturation index, ion combination ratios and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. These investigations indicated that Na+ + K+ and SO42− were the main cation and anion, and the average contents were 272 mg/L and 732 mg/L before water inrush, and 394 mg/L and 779 mg/L after water inrush, respectively. The concentrations of anions in groundwater before the inrush event were in the order SO42− > HCO3− > Cl− and the cation concentrations were in the order Na+ + K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. The chemical composition of groundwater was mainly SO4·Cl–Ca·Mg before water inrush event, and SO4·Cl–Na and Na–HCO3–Cl after this event. According to the saturation index method, gypsum, calcite, magnesite, and aragonite controlling the chemical composition of groundwater were reactive minerals in groundwater system. The oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of sulfate and carbonate minerals were main geochemical process before and after the event; while the oxidation of pyrite and cation exchange were enhanced after the water inrush event. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results showed that the type V water accounted for a large proportion of poor-quality groundwater. Groundwater quality in the aquifer near the mine generally deteriorated after the water inrush event.

Assessment of Groundwater Geochemistry of Vel River basin, Western Maharashtra, India

To study the chemistry of major ion in groundwater from Vel (Velu) River basin, sixty (60) samples of dug wells and bore wells were collected and analyzed using standard techniques given by APHA. It shows order of dominance for cations, Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and in anionic concentration as HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- in groundwater. The pH of groundwater is slightly alkaline (range: pH 7.0 - 8.1), while average values of Electrical Conductivity (EC) is about 2641 µS/cm indicating high mineralization of groundwater. In general, the cationic concentration (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) of the groundwater increase in the downstream side (from Northwest to South east), suggesting geological control on the composition of groundwater while highest concentration is in lower part of the basin are generally associated with the high salinity. In the major anions, bicarbonate (HCO3-) is higher due to rock-water interaction. Average value of chloride is about of 235 mg/L due to discharge zones along with anthropogenic activities. The geochemical data plotted on Piper Trilinear Diagram is showing dominant hydro-chemical facies: Ca2++Mg2+, Na++ K+, Cl-+ SO42- -HCO3- found in 83.3 % samples indicating the alkaline earth exceeding the alkalis and the strong acids exceeds the weak acids. The pH, Total Hardness (TH) and Magnesium (Mg2+) of the samples show more proportion of samples falling above desirable limit. Otherwise the quality of groundwater is good for drinking. The irrigation indices like SAR, KR and SSP were considered to evaluate groundwater suitability for irrigation. Comparing with SAR parameter all samples are excellent to good for irrigation. In SSP, 33.3 % samples are within permissible, while 66.6% samples are doubtful for irrigation purpose. In KR almost all samples (excluding 04 samples in lower side of basin) are suitable for irrigation. So, variations in climate, geology with anthropogenic activities are modifying the groundwater geochemistry of Vel River Basin.

Hydrogeochemistry and Overall Appraisal of Groundwater Status of Taldangra Block, Bankura District, West Bengal, India

South-western districts of the state of West Bengal, India are considered to be a significantly water-stressed area of the state because of unfavourable geological setting, subsurface lithology, soil cover and surface drainage pattern. Updated geohydrological data on micro-scale i.e., at subdivision or block-level are scanty for Bankura District, West Bengal. For the present study, a geo-hydrological survey was conducted in Taldangra block of Bankura District, West Bengal, during post and pre-monsoon session of 2017–18, to obtain an intense status on present groundwater quality of this water-stressed block. Variation of concentration of major affecting ions and spatial-temporal seasonal variations of water table elevation head and subsurface shift of predominant recharge and discharge zones of the block were demarked explaining the possible reasons. Suitability status of the groundwater for drinking, domestic and irrigation usages was also rated by the estimation of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), permeability index (PI), Piper trilinear diagram.

The application of geographical information system (GIS) approach for assessment of groundwater quality of Zahedan city, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran

The chemical analysis of groundwater samples in 29 well in the Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran was evaluated to determine the hydro-chemical processes and assessment of groundwater quality. In present study the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was used for Groundwater Quality Index(GQI). The value of this index was reported to be in the average range 48.21% that due to the high amounts of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), sulfate ( SO42−), chloride (Cl−) and sodium (Na+)in the water resources. The Gibbs diagram indicated that groundwater chemistry in this area has obtained mainly from evaporation dominance. Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics using Piper trilinear diagram indicates Na–Cl as the predominant hydrochemical facies. Estimates show that water quality in the area has declined. The reasons for the decline in groundwater quality include the lack of rainfall, incomplete feeding of the aquifer and geology of the surrounding area. Finally, solutions were proposed to maintain and improve groundwater quality in the region.

Identifying key factors of groundwater chemistry in three diverse Landscapes of Central Mexico

In order to understand the hydrogeochemical pattern, ground (n = 23) and surface water (n = 2) samples were collected from three different landscapes (mountain, plain, valley) of Hidalgo State, Central Mexico. Physicochemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, alkalinity, total acidity, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, CO2; cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+), anions (NO3−, Cl−, PO43−and SO42−) and dissolved geochemical elements (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd and As) were analyzed. Results illustrated they are neutral to slightly alkaline due to the dissolution of carbonates. Average concentrations of anions and cations presented an order of (in mg/l): Na+ (273) > Ca2+ (206) > SO42− (181) > Cl− (163) > Mg2+ (115) > NO3− (11.07) > PO43− (0.12) revealing the local geogenic and anthropogenic influences. High mean concentrations of dissolved trace metals (0.052 mg/l) in the mountains is attributed to their diverse geochemical environment of the terrain and climatic variability. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were below the permissible limits set forth by WHO and the Mexican Government. Piper trilinear diagram revealed that they are mainly of Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-SO4 type. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) indicated that nearly 96% are of excellent quality, while Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) showed that 68% of them are unsuitable for irrigation purposes.

Geochemical appraisal of fluoride contaminated groundwater in the vicinity of a coal mining region: Spatial variability and health risk assessment

The present study focuses on the geochemical characteristics and quality of potable groundwater in mining area, particularly with reference to fluoride (F−). Spatial variability in physicochemical parameters of groundwater samples (32) collected from Katras block coal mine area was analysed. Parameters such as total hardness, total alkalinity, calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and concentration of fluoride (F−) were found to be exceeding the Bureau of Indian standard (BIS) guidelines. The contributions of major cations and anions were found to be in the order of Ca2+ (44 %) > Na+ (40 %) > Mg2+ (15 %) > K+ (1%) and HCO3- (50 %) > Cl− (34 %) > SO42- (14 %) respectively, and aggregates of minor anions such as nitrate and fluoride constituted approximately 2% respectively. Piper trilinear diagram suggested dominance of Ca-Mg-Cl, CaCl and NaCl type of water, resulting in hard brackish water. Alkaline pH and high bicarbonate concentration provide suitable conditions for release of fluoride from fluorite and fluorapatite. Water quality index (WQI) indicated that most of the samples (53 %) of the study area belonged to "poor water", 41 % to "good water" and one sample was categorized as "excellent" type of water. Moreover, only one sample was classified as "not suitable for drinking purposes" with WQI value of 322.94. Health risk assessment for ingestion and dermal routes were carried out for various age groups based on chronic daily dose and hazard quotient, and results indicated that fluoride uptake through ingestion was more severe. Infants (6−12 months) were found to be at a higher risk when compared to higher age group population. To improve the existing groundwater quality and reduce associated human risks, suitable water management measures is also recommended.

Hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of the quality of water from Lake Bosomtwe for agricultural and human consumption

Abstract One of the six major meteoric lakes in the world, Lake Bosomtwe, is of great ecological significance for Ghanaians and the scientific community, most importantly for agricultural and human consumption. Water samples (n = 30) were collected to analyze the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water quality of the lake. Statistical methods including correlation, principal component, cluster analysis, Gibbs ratio, and the Piper–Trilinear diagram were used to analyze parameters. The Water Quality Index revealed that the lake water is not suitable for human consumption because measured pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, color, and bicarbonate exceeded their respective thresholds on all occasions. The calculated sodium absorption ratio (13.7–14.8) and soluble sodium percentage (94.43–95.43%) showed that the lake is not appropriate for irrigation as they exceeded their respective limit of 2 and 60%. The Gibbs ratio revealed that rock–water interaction is the underlying mechanism for water evolution. The Piper–Trilinear diagram revealed that alkalies earth and weak acids dominate the water chemistry of the lake. The dominant cation is sodium (82.22%), while the dominant anion is bicarbonate (79.39%). Five monitoring stations were identified, and the water quality was influenced by diverse anthropogenic and natural sources. The findings will provide a reference for policymakers and decision-makers at Lake Bosomtwe.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Bijnor District, India using Water Quality Index

In the present paper, geochemical characteristics of groundwater have been studied using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Piper trilinear diagram. The water quality index offers a quantitative representation of overall quality of water for any intended use and helps in pollution abatement programmes and management. Whereas, the Piper diagram shows graphical representation of the hydrochemical facies of a set of water samples. In the present work, twenty-five groundwater samples were collected from various locations in the Bijnor district. The samples were investigated for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total hardness, fluoride and trace metals. The Piper trilinear diagram showed ++ - that groundwater of the district is Ca-Mg-HCO type. Ca and HCO were found dominant ions among cations and 3 3 anions, respectively. The WQI was found in the range of 71 to 86, which indicated that the samples fall under the fair to good category. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) checks were also applied to examine the water quality for the drinking purpose. The results revealed that most of the water quality parameters are within the permissible limits except iron and manganese. Based on the results, groundwater of the Bijnor district needs treatment for drinking purpose for the locations where the WQI is found below 75.

Water quality index and GIS-based technique for assessment of groundwater quality in Wanaparthy watershed, Telangana, India.

A comprehensive study of 58 groundwater samples collected in the virgin area of Wanaparthy watershed (1600km2), Telangana, India, to assess the hydrochemistry, quality, water types and potability using hydrogeochemical characterization, WQI and GIS technique. Major ions concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, F-, NO3- and SO42- in groundwater were analysed using ion chromatography (IC). Physicochemical values of the potential of hydrogen (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined using Hanna portable meters, while total hardness (TH), alkalinity and bicarbonates are estimated by titrimetric methods. Results obtained enlighten the major anions and cations, which are found in order of Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- > F- and Na+ > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+ respectively. Among various ions measured, fluoride (18.97%), chloride (3.44%), nitrate (8.62%), sulphate (5.17%), sodium (34.48%) and calcium (1.72%) were found to above acceptable limit values of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking purposes. According to Piper trilinear diagram, two dominant hydrochemical facies, Na-Cl-SO4 and Ca-Na-HCO3 types, were identified. Gibbs diagram imparted the dominancy of samples in the territory are rock-water reaction and evaporation dominance. WQI shows 67.79% of samples pertain to the excellent to good water types reveal fit for drinking. Drainage pattern enumerated the concentration of the parameters measured are exceeding towards the downstream region, which might be due to the chemical reaction of rock-water interaction (infiltration and recharge). As the groundwater is the major source of drinking in the study area, a proper management plan has to implement before its quality deteriorated.

Health threats for the inhabitants of a textile hub (Tiruppur region) in southern India due to multipath entry of fluoride ions from groundwater

The main objective of the study is to assess the groundwater quality based on water quality index and health threats associated with fluoride contamination in the Tiruppur region of southern India. Totally 40 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3-, SO42−, NO3- and F−. The dominance of major cations and anions conforms to the following order Ca2+> Na+> K+> Mg2+ and Cl− > HCO3- > SO42-> NO3- > F−, respectively. About 48% of the groundwater samples indicated Ca–Mg–Cl water type in the Piper trilinear diagram. The Gibbs plot indicated that all the water samples fell under rock dominance. Water quality index (WQI) results showed that 22.5, 75 and 2.5% of the samples represented good, poor and very poor quality water types, respectively. The fluoride ions in groundwater of this region ranged from 0.1 to 2.70 mg/L with a mean of 1.33 mg/L. About 50% of the groundwater samples experienced fluoride concentration exceeding the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. Hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) were computed based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines to evaluate the health threats for infants, children, teens, women and men. The THI ranged from 0.14 to 3.76, 0.11 to 3.01, 0.07 to 1.93, 0.06 to 1.64 and 0.06 to 1.50 for infants, children, teens, women and men, respectively. The percentages of risks in terms of THI were respectively 78, 75, 55, 33 and 23% for infants, children, teens, women and men respectively. The health risk assessment indicated that infants are most vulnerable to fluoride intake in this region. Therefore, proper treatment should be done by the government organizations to provide safe groundwater for the inhabitants.

Water quality assessment and monitoring of Kashmir Himalayan freshwater springs-A case study

The present study envisages the importance of monitoring and management of freshwater springs of Kashmir Himalaya due to role they play in meeting ever-increasing drinking water demands and maintaining various ecosystem services. Therefore, some of the most pressing issues fundamental to the existence of springs is their monitoring and management because of their geological, ecological, scientific, cultural, religious and societal importance. Despite the key role that they play, springs are today continuously facing various types of threats. Springs have attained recently an extraordinary importance as they play role in providing drinking water, irrigation, sustaining habitats for fisheries, aquatic biodiversity, endemism, spiritual enrichment, recreation, aesthetics etc. especially in scenario of climate change threat predicted for Himalayas. In this backdrop a study directed to assess water quality status and potential of springs to offer the solution to ever-increasing water shortages was carried out. Identification of main threats to spring ecosystems and their subsequent monitoring and management in Kashmir Himalaya has been pleaded in this article. Major research highlights of the work revealed very well to excellent water quality class and Piper trilinear diagram of spring water depicted Ca–Mg–HCO3 water type. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) revealed significant variations whilst Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated four principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4) with higher Eigen values of 1.0 or more (1.4-9.5) accounting for 34.34, 30.03, 18.50 and 12.4% of the total variance respectively. Consequently, majority of the physico-chemical parameters (95.28%) loaded under PC1 and PC2 were having strong positive loading (>0.60) and are mainly responsible for regulating the hydrochemistry of spring waters. Cluster analysis revealed that springs like Kokernag, Achabal, Sherebagh, and Cheshmashahi and Dobinag fall in same cluster having 47-78% similarity while Verinag, Indraznag and Dobinag fall almost in same cluster showing similarity range of 61-80%.

Groundwater Hydrogeochemistry in Bukit Raya and Tenayan Raya, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Pekanbaru is growing rapidly and one of the largest in industry and commercial sector on Sumatera Island. Hydrogeological mapping and major elements in groundwater samples from protected wells were used to determine hydrochemical facies in Bukit Raya and Tenayan Raya sub-districts in Pekanbaru. A total of 14 groundwater samples were collected in May 2017. A Piper Trilinear diagram was employed to evaluate the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater. Results show that water table varies from 7.02 to 46.67 m in depth and flow toward the middle of research area which is Sail River. Based on groundwater table, the relationship between groundwater and river water was effluent. Hydrochemical facies of groundwater in the study area are dominated by sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium bicarbonate water type. Dominance of Na+ elements in facies is from the dissolution of Feldspar or Pyroxene in sand, and the Ca2+ element in facies is from the dissolution of Feldspar and Plagioclase in sand. The presence of Cl− element in facies is from salt crystals in rainwater, and the HCO3 − element in facies has contact with air and is dominated by rainwater. Lithology conditions in the study area are generally weathered so that the influence of rocks on rainwater is quite high.

Impact of Inorganic Contaminants from Dumpsite Leachates on Natural Waters in the Enugu Metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria

This study evaluates the impact of inorganic contaminants from dumpsite leachates on the quality of the natural water sources in the Enugu metropolis. The concentration of cations including sodium (Na + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), and potassium (K + ) and anions such as manganese (Mg 2+ ), bicarbonates (HCO 3 – ), sulphates (SO4 2– ) and chlorides (Cl – ) were analyzed in 9 surface and groundwater samples collected from the study area. Laboratory analyses of the samples reveal a concentration range of 8.05 – 20.15 mg/l for sodium, 0.15 - 8.11 mg/l for calcium, 0.11 – 1.03 mg/l for potassium, 0.02 – 3.04 mg/l for magnesium, 16.88 – 65.66 mg/l for bicarbonates, 14.28 – 60.99 mg/l for sulphate and 10 – 22.69 mg/l for chlorides in the natural waters of the study area. A general trend among the mean values of the cations in the water show that Na + >Ca 2+ >K + >Mg 2+ while the anion levels in the water samples are in the order HCO 3 – > SO4 2– >Cl – . Three water types were identified, based on characterization in the Piper trilinear diagram. They include Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-SO 4 and Ca-Mg-Na-K-Cl-SO 4 2- which are reflective of the contribution of various wastes in the area such as corrosive metals and sewage. In general, both water sources are alkaline to strongly acidic with all the tested inorganic parameters having concentrations that fall within the WHO acceptable limits. However, very high chloride values were recorded in the leachates indicating the possibility of organic contamination of the natural waters in the area.