Pipeline Layout Research Articles

Designing a Total Site for an entire lifetime under fluctuating utility prices

This paper describes a synthesis of Total Site in order to obtain additional energy savings by process-to-process heat integration. Enhanced Heat Integration and economically viable designs can be obtained by establishing an appropriate trade-off between the operating cost and the investment. The aim of this work was to improve the modeling of the Total Site by including proper pressure levels selection for intermediate utilities, preheating of intermediate utilities because of incomplete condensate recovery, pipeline layout design, and optimal pipe design with optimal pressure/temperature drops and optimal insulation thickness and heat losses during transportation along the pipes. Additionally, future utility prices are considered when synthesizing the Total Site as they are expected to influence the trade-off between investment and operating cost. A stochastic multi-period mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for the optimal synthesis of Total Site over its entire lifetime has been developed by including all the above-mentioned design aspects.

Failure Mode and Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Precast Ribbed Panels Used for Concrete Composite Slabs

Inverted T-shaped precast ribbed panels are used as single-span simply supported bottom plates in concrete composite slabs. The panels have regularly distributed holes in the ribs; therefore they are not only convenient for pipeline layout, but also work well with cast-in-situ concrete layer. An experiment of precast ribbed panels was carried out under out-plane vertical static loading; it was found that the panels were damaged due to concrete shear failure between rib holes near supports. This is different from mid-span bending failure observed in similar experiment by other scholars. The main reason is related to size effect of concrete shear plane. Then, finite element simulation was performed by using commercial software ABAQUS to model the failure mode and bearing capacity of the panel under out-plane vertical static loading, the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, an equilibrium method was proposed to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity for mid-span bending failure and concrete shear failure, respectively. Finally, parametric analysis with the equilibrium method was done to investigate influences of concrete strength and cross sectional dimension on the mechanical behavior of the precast ribbed panels. Compared with the test data and the finite element results, it is concluded that the proposed equilibrium method can predict the failure mode and ultimate bearing capacity of precast ribbed panels.

A Framewrok of Prototype Compressor Impeller Auto-Test System

This paper presents a framework of prototype compressor impeller auto-test system. Two type performance test can be held in a unique pipeline layout. Work conditions are accuratly under control. Status data is acquired synchronously and precisely. Performance evaluation is accomplished efficient. This framework is proved to be highly available to improve traditional manual test method.

Discussion on Design of Double-Deck Traffic Concrete Box Girder for City Bridge

For layout space in the limited land resources and improving the utilization efficiency of urban transportation bridge and traffic conditions, in this paper, according to the request of four lanes of roof, two-way urban light rail traffic in the box, considering the requirements of pipeline layout, water supply and drainage, and fire escape, lighting, ventilated at the same time, based on the existing related specification, give full play to the characteristics of the concrete box girder, preliminarily design out of the single box three rooms inclined web box girder for double-deck traffic of urban bridge, in order to provide the reference design.

The Programming Model about Petroleum Pipeline

Through two refineries to the railway line distance and the distance between the two refineries of different situations, the nonlinear programming model is set up. In the model through the economic and security programs for the laying of oil pipelines, pipeline price oil pipeline on the laying of the program, the city laying pipelines on the pipeline laying of additional costs related to the analysis of the problem, we solve the problem. We solve the problem of oil pipeline layout, and give the best solution to the laying of oil pipelines.

Pheromone-Based Ant Colony Algorithm for Optimal Proliferation of Research

In order to realize the water-saving irrigation of field plots path pipeline deployment management and control, the pheromone of ant colony algorithm for optimization design of. Ant colony algorithm (ACA) is a kind of Bionic Engineering with the development of the optimization algorithm, is mainly based on ant foraging in the search for the shortest path model and form. This article attempts in the existing ant colony algorithm combinatorial optimization of real defect on the basis of field plots, to coordinate as a data source, An improved ant colony algorithm for field plots wiring path design, thereby improving the ant colony algorithm in an iterative process to update the optimal solution ability, Finally in the same number of iterations to find path shorter, cost less rules, solve agricultural water-saving irrigation pipeline path optimization deployment problem. And in the VC++ program validation path optimization problems. The test results show that, under the same climatic conditions, route optimization design results can be deployed for water saving irrigation pipeline layout management provides reference basis and data support.

상수관망의 에너지 평가기법에 관한 연구

The systematic analysis and evaluation of required energy in the processes of drinking water production and supply have attracted considerable interest considering the need to overcome electricity shortage and control greenhouse gas emissions. On the basis of a review of existing research results, a practical method is developed in this study for evaluating energy in water supply networks. The proposed method can be applied to real water supply systems. A model based on the proposed method is developed by combining the hydraulic analysis results that are obtained using the EPANET2 software with a mathematical energy model on the MATLAB platform. It is suggested that performance indicators can evaluate the inherent efficiency of water supply facilities as well as their operational efficiency depending on the pipeline layout, pipe condition, and leakage level. The developed model is validated by applying it to virtual and real water supply systems. It is expected that the management of electric power demand on the peak time of water supply and the planning of an energy-efficient water supply system can be effectively achieved by the optimal management of energy by the proposed method in this study.

Investigating Straight-Pipe Pneumatic Conveying Characteristics for Fluidized Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying

This article presents results from an investigation into the pneumatic conveying characteristics (PCC) for horizontal straight-pipe sections for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of powders. Two fine powders (median particle diameter: 30 and 55 µm; particle density: 2300 and 1600 kg m−3; loose-poured bulk density: 700 and 620 kg m−3) were conveyed through 69 mm I.D. × 168 m, 69 mm I.D. × 148 m, 105 mm I.D. × 168 m and 69 mm I.D. × 554 m pipelines for a wide range of air and solids flow rates. Straight-pipe pneumatic conveying characteristics obtained from two sets of pressure tappings installed at two different locations in each pipeline have shown that the trends and relatively magnitudes of the pressure drops can be significantly different depending on product, pipeline diameter and length and location of tapping point in the pipeline (indicating a possible change in transport mechanism along the flow direction). The corresponding models for solids friction factor were also found to be different. There was no distinct pressure minimum curve (PMC) in any of the straight-pipe PCC, indicating a gradual change in flow transition (change in flow mechanism from dense to dilute phase). For total pipeline conveying characteristics, the shapes of the PCC curves and the location of the PMC were found to be significantly influenced by pipeline layout (e.g., location and number of bends) and not entirely by the dense-to-dilute-phase transition of flow mechanism. Seven existing models and a new empirically developed model for PMC for straight pipes have been evaluated against experimental data.

Design and Analysis of Vacuum Coating's Filtration System

A filtration system is designed for vacuum coating according to special requests. 3D model for system is established and analysed. Some parts of the system are introduced, such as important component, pipeline layout and analysis under external load. According to the principle of selection about important parts which contain vacuum pump and pressure tank, suitable parameters of parts can be confirmed. Modifying corresponding parameters can rebuild 3D model to realize FEA. Better parameters combination can be obtained by the means of contrast between the old and new model. That optimization of structure can make the medium of pipeline smoother and reduce complex pipe to realize cost savings as far as possible. Improving variables of filtration system can improve the efficiency of work.

Vision-based system of AUV for an underwater pipeline tracker

This paper describes a new framework for detection and tracking of underwater pipeline, which includes software system and hardware system. It is designed for vision system of AUV based on monocular CCD camera. First, the real-time data flow from image capture card is pre-processed and pipeline features are extracted for navigation. The region saturation degree is advanced to remove false edge point group after Sobel operation. An appropriate way is proposed to clear the disturbance around the peak point in the process of Hough transform. Second, the continuity of pipeline layout is taken into account to improve the efficiency of line extraction. Once the line information has been obtained, the reference zone is predicted by Kalman filter. It denotes the possible appearance position of the pipeline in the image. Kalman filter is used to estimate this position in next frame so that the information of pipeline of each frame can be known in advance. Results obtained on real optic vision data in tank experiment are displayed and discussed. They show that the proposed system can detect and track the underwater pipeline online, and is effective and feasible.

Lateral-pipe layout design in fixed-pipeline sprinkler irrigation systems

The lateral pipes in traditional fixed-pipeline sprinkler irrigation systems are usually the terminal pipes and are configured in a single-pipe longitudinal arrangement without further branching. All of the sprinkler heads are evenly distributed along each branch. However, conventional systems have a high-density sprinkler lateral-pipe layout, which leads to increased costs for fixed pipeline sprinkler irrigation systems. To lower the density of the pipeline layout and decrease the associated cost, we proposed a new type of lateral-pipe layout. Half of the original branches in a conventional layout were alternately removed, but the positions of the sprinkler heads on the original branches remained unchanged. The new layout was compared with the conventional design according to the lateral-pipe layout density and the amount of pipe material that was required. The results indicate that the new layout reduced the density of the lateral pipes. Key words: Irrigation, lateral pipe, layout, cost efficient.

Research on Oil Mist Condensation in Lubrication Pipe Based on CFD

Oil mist lubrication is currently widely used as a lubrication method now. It has some advantages as follows: low fuel consumption, uniform lubrication and high efficiency. In job site, oil mist condensation occurs in the pipeline, and this will not only reduce the efficiency, but also lead to accidents. Nowadays, CFD numerical simulation software has been widely applied in design, but the research of oil mist condensation in the transmission process based on CFD is very fare. In this paper, to choose the right the working parameters and a reasonable pipeline layout in job site, the oil mist condensation in the pipeline was simulated based on CFD. And it was found that, the diameter of oil mist particle is mainly influenced by temperature, and the best temperature range is made out.

Sugar Beet Performance Affected by Uniformity of N Fertigation

In common with the majority of crop species, in sugar beet nutrition nitrogen is an important element due to its role in sucrose utilization and plant growth. Application of precision agriculture, in order to apply the right amount of input at the right time in the right area, is appropriate to decrease chemical use and increase plant growth. Problem statement: More often farmers apply fertilizers with low efficiency, low uniformity and high price such as spinner spreader, boom spreader or application with planting machines simultaneously. Fertigation can reduce labor cost and may improve uniformity, effectiveness and timeliness of application. Approach: The main objective of this study was to determine spatial variability of sugar beet performance affected by urea fertigation as well as established a management strategy based on spatial variability of tubers and soil total N. This study was conducted in Fesaran village, Isfahan Province of Iran and limited to sugar beet (monogerm seed). Urea applied through sprinklers. Soil samples were taken to determine soil total N as well as sugar beet tubers samples to specify yield. Results of soil and crop analysis were used to produce spatial variability maps through GS+ and ArcGIS 9.2 software. Semivariogram results were used to perform an ordinary kriging to obtain interpolated values of selected variables from the sample points through and across the study area. Results: It was found that there was a low spatial variability of soil total N and yield which indicates that the soil has a homogenous total N as well as homogenous yield through and across the field. Yield variability map of sugar beet properties demonstrated that the higher yield was seen in the southern part of the study area where laterals were closer to pump. Conclusion: The results of urea fertigation through sprinklers showed pipeline layout and pump station position impact on variability of sugar beet properties.

Pipeline Design and Layout in Virtual Environment

Due to the difficulty of pipeline design and layout for complex mechanical products, a virtual reality-based method is proposed for pipeline design and routing in virtual environment. A parameter database is established for geometric design of pipelines according to their basic parameters in 3D models. Controlled-points and controlled-vectors are introduced to determine the position and direction of pipelines. Dynamic adjusting algorithm for straight pipelines and elbow pipelines in virtual environment are implemented respectively to joint and layout pipelines according to surrounding environment and features. A pipeline oriented virtual assembly environment system is developed, and some examples are given to demonstrate its function and validation.

Knowledge-based collaborative engineering of pipe networks in the upstream and downstream petroleum industry

This paper describes an approach to the development of a framework for the automation of the detailed engineering cycle based on the integration of concurrent and collaborative engineering models with knowledge-based engineering. The framework is illustrated by the example of pipe networks design and stress and flexibility analysis in the upstream or downstream petroleum industry. Engineering tools are integrated with a Multi-Agent System for helping stress analysis engineers to identify whether a given pipe arrangement can cope with weight, thermal and pressure stress at safe operation levels and suggesting available solutions on pipeline layout and support distribution based on historical cases. Overall, the system architecture is discussed and implementation details are provided.

Finite-Element Modeling of Aboveground Wavy Pipelines: Practical Approach

This paper presents how finite-element analysis can be used as a tool to design aboveground wavy pipeline layouts in order to avoid any excessive lateral movements under normal operating conditions. The paper also presents some field measurements of a typical pipeline layout and outlines the remedial work required to avoid having the pipeline from falling off its supports. A sensitivity analysis on the factors that affect the pipeline structural integrity was conducted using finite-element modeling. The effects of operating pressure, temperature, pipe diameter and wall thickness, pipeline wavelength, friction between the pipes and their supports, as well as support spacing on the pipeline lateral movements have been studied. It was found that the maximum pipeline lateral movement increases as the operating pressure, temperature, pipeline wavelength, and support spacing increase; whereas it decreases as the pipe diameter and wall thickness, friction coefficient and pipeline offset angle increase. The finit...

Evaluation of partial root-zone drying for potential field use as a deficit irrigation technique in commercial vineyards according to two different pipeline layouts

The use of partial root-drying (PRD) irrigation implies doubling pipelines instead of using a conventional single pipeline. However, pipelines can be spaced a short distance apart (e.g. 1 m) along the vine row (“D” layout) or joined with cable ties and laid as a single pipeline (“S” layout). Pipelines in “S” configuration are laid under the vine row, and in “D” at both sides of the vine row. These two different layouts can change the wetted soil zone and affect grapevine response to irrigation. The focus of this study was therefore on establishing the role of pipeline layout in vine-grape (cv. ‘Tempranillo’) response under semi-arid conditions in which PRD is managed as a deficit irrigation technique. Six irrigation treatments were applied, which resulted from the combination of Control (C, full irrigation), PRD and seasonal sustained deficit irrigation (SSDI), and “S” and “D” pipeline layouts. SSDI and PRD were irrigated to 50% C throughout the irrigation season, and C irrigation was scheduled according to a crop water balance technique. Midday stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf conductance (gl) indicated that, on the whole, PRD treatments had a slightly higher water status than SSDI treatments, but a substantially lower status than C treatments. Use of the “D” pipeline layout significantly reduced Ψstem in both PRD and SSDI treatments and in some instances for Control conditions, too. Berry yield, vine intercepted radiation, leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and gl were highly correlated with Ψstem. Differences in water status between PRD-S and SSDI-S, according to a sub-surface irrigation test, seemed to be more related to changes in soil evaporation losses and irrigation efficiency than to any intrinsic PRD effect. PRD-S accounted for water savings equivalent to 10% according to the ratio between applied water and grape production for the SSDI-S treatment, whereas PRD-D berry yield was not significantly different from that associated with the SSDI-S treatment. In conclusion, under the growing conditions of this experiment, PRD-S offered the possibility of slightly improving water conservation when irrigation was applied to the soil surface.

Development of software tools for calculating corrosion-erosion wear of pipelines at nuclear power stations

Matters concerning the development, certification, and application of software tools for calculating the rate of erosion-corrosion wear (ECW) of the walls of pipelines at nuclear power stations are discussed. The effect of deposits on the trustworthiness of the results from operational monitoring is analyzed. The influence of the layout of pipelines, degree of flow turbulization, geometry of pipeline system elements, and other factors on ECW is discussed. Approaches to development of a procedure for calculating the permissible thickness of pipeline walls experiencing ECW are considered.

Optimizing the layout and design of branched pipeline water distribution systems

Branched distribution systems are found in a large number of situations, including rural irrigation, reclaimed water distribution, and effluent disposal. Much research has been developed around optimizing pipeline design assuming a predetermined geographical layout of the distribution system. There has been less work done, however, on the problem of optimizing the configuration of the network itself, which is a particularly crucial issue in lower-income areas where the need for cost-effective irrigation systems is greatest. Generally, engineers develop the basic layout through experience and sheer intuition. In this paper, a method is developed for determining an optimal layout for a branched distribution system given only the spatial distribution of potential customers and their respective demands. The technique utilizes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) algorithm to optimize an empirically derived objective function. The method is tailored for practical application and allows the decision maker to simultaneously solve for the optimal customer/user base and pipeline layout. The method is illustrated with a simple example.

Numerical model for estimation of pipeline oil spill volumes

The Minerals Management Service Pipeline Oil Spill Volume Estimation Model (POSVEM) is a computer-based methodology to estimate discharges from seafloor pipelines. The system is composed of a Release Module and a Near Field Module, linked together with necessary databases through a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI allows the user to sketch a platform–pipeline layout, enter characteristic parameters, and run a quasi-3-phase flow model to estimate the volume of potential or actual leaks. Inputs to the model are parameters describing the configuration and characteristics of a pipeline system, the fluid it contains, and the leak or break from which the discharge occurs. Key outputs are the evolution of the release rate over time, the total mass of oil released, and the mean thickness of any eventual surface slick being formed. Test applications of the software are described.