Water Pipe Research Articles

Unexpected weakened formation of disinfection byproducts and enhanced production of halates by cupric oxide during chlorination of peptide-bound aspartic acid

Under the condition that the residual chlorine is guaranteed, the biofilm still thrives in drinking water distribution systems through secreting a large number of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), in which protein components are the primary precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), mostly in the form of combined amino acids. The aim of this study is to investigate the action of CuO on the formation of halates (XO3−, ClO3− and BrO3−) and DBPs (trihalomethanes, THMs; haloacetonitriles, HANs) with aspartic acid tetrapeptide (TAsp) as protein surrogate. The presence of CuO promoted the self-decay rather than TAsp-induced decay of oxidants, resulting in an increase in XO3− yield and a decrease in DBPs yield. It was CuO-induced weaker production of cyanoacetic acid and 3-oxopropanoic acid that induced the decreased yields of HANs and THMs, respectively. The FTIR and Raman spectra indicate a weak complexation between CuO and TAsp. Given this, the CuO-HOX/OX− complexes were inferred to be reactive to HOX/OX− but less reactive to TAsp. The study helps to better understand the formation of XO3− and DBPs during the chlorination of EPS, and propose precise control strategies when biofilm boosts in water pipes.

Inaccessible and Unaffordable? The State of Water and Sanitation Services in Nairobi, Kenya

As the limited water resources become increasingly stressed by factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change, the need for sustainable urban water management is more important than in the past decades. A large part of the world’s population still lacks access to clean water and sanitation, making achieving Sustainable Development Goals a challenge. Water is an indispensable resource and plays an important role in ensuring the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, there is a need to prioritize research on the availability, affordability, and access of water resources to promote sustainable water resource management. In this study, we reviewed academic articles and published reports from various institutions and organizations to assess water sources, infrastructure, coverage, accessibility, and affordability of water and sanitation services in Nairobi County. The study identified Nairobi’s main water sources as municipal water, primarily from surface water and groundwater. However, the capacities of the water sources, treatment plants, and wastewater treatment plants were found to be insufficient, resulting in water shortages in most parts of the city.Most of the infrastructures were also found to be insufficient and old, contributing to water distribution inefficiencies, frequent leakages, and pipe bursts which hampers water reliability. The study suggests prioritizing the water and sanitation sector in government budgets to increase infrastructure development investments and funding. Appropriate wastewater treatment methods should also be adopted and implemented to enable wastewater to meet water consumption standards and be potentially integrated into supply systems.

Peningkatan Fasilitas Air Bersih dan Sanitasi Lingkungan di Daerah Pedesaan melalui Kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata

The problems that occur at the research location are regarding clean water and sanitation such as dirty living environments, village facilities and infrastructure such as leaking clean water pipes, non-existent water storage tanks, and non-existent trash bins and RT signs in each RT, and The damaged village office monument needs attention. The location of the KKN activity is in Ngoranale Village, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This KKN activity is the result of collaboration between the local village government, community, students, and Field Supervisors (DPL). The aim of this activity is for students to gain learning experience by being directly involved with the community through problems found and finding solutions to problems regarding improving clean water facilities and environmental sanitation. There are several problems encountered at the location, so there needs to be a joint effort to reduce or overcome these problems. 1) carrying out preliminary activities to build clean water storage tanks, 2) making trash cans and RT signs, 3) repairing the village office monument, and 4) community service cleaning the environment of Ngoranale Village. It is hoped that the results of this activity will provide benefits to the government and local community, and can work together for next year's KKN activities.

Prevalence of, and perceptions regarding water pipe smoking amongst college students in Johannesburg, South Africa

Background: Water pipe tobacco smoking has similar health risks as other forms of tobacco use, such as increased risk of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer, decreased pulmonary function, as well as various other oral diseases. Because there are perceptions among young people that its health effects are less harmful, its use in this group is reportedly high, though its prevalence is not known. This study purposed to determine the prevalence and perceptions of water pipe smoking amongst Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college students in Johannesburg, South Africa.Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted among the students. Using the STATA statistical software, bivariate analysis was used to calculate the prevalence of water pipe smoking, and the chi square test was used to explore associations between socio-demographic variables and water pipe smoking. The quantitative questions on perceptions were analysed using summary statistics.Results: A total of 479 TVET students, 57.8% females and 42.2% males, with a mean age of 22 participated in the study. The prevalence of water pipe smoking was 61.6%, with more males compared to female students (70.8% vs 54.9%) using the pipe. More than half (62.2%) have a false perception regarding the health risks of water pipe smoking.Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of water pipe smoking and false perceptions about the health risks of water pipe smoking amongst TVET college students. Thus, the current Tobacco policy should be amended to include the regulation of water pipe smoking as well as increased health education about the dangers of smoking water pipe.

Preparing Vulnerable Communities: Disaster Mitigation Strategies for Economically Depressed Areas in Oklahoma

When disasters strike, vulnerable areas that are economically disadvantaged are adversely affected economically, culturally, and healthily, as the lack of resources and vulnerabilities amplify their problems. This research focuses on the population specifics of disaster vulnerabilities and targeted policies for economically depressed neighborhoods in Oklahoma. Relative to less susceptible entities, poor people are likelier to take damage from tornados, winter storms, wildland fires, and flooding because they lack the resources required for preparation, response, and recovery. Through an equity-focused lens, the study examines four key factors amplifying disaster risk: those due to aging critical infrastructure, lack of insurance and savings, health disparities, or the failure to plan adequately. Collapsed stormwater drainage systems, roads, bridges, and water pipes in financially deprived communities experience cracks in a hurry during duresses. With little or no funds, families earning every paycheck cannot afford to purchase rescue insurance or, in the case of names, save money to build an emergency fund, including money to cover repair costs, temporary housing, and other costs. This is, of course, made even worse by any previously existing medical, disability, or mental health issues as well, with poorer health outcomes than might usually be expected since access to healthcare services, treatments, and medications is also disrupted. Lastly, language and education barriers lead to the lower development of disaster plans; the delays include access to early warning systems and a need for more awareness of risks among vulnerable groups. Given these weaknesses, the study offers policymakers, funders, and resilience practitioner’s implementable policy, investment, and community-oriented intervention recommendations. The hazards can be lessened by prioritizing infrastructure upgrades, insurance reduction, and commitment to spread-out shelters and relief supplies. Long-term recovery programs financed specifically by equal aid promote program equity of rebuilding. Regarding inclusive messaging on public preparation and early warnings, local trusted institutions should be appropriated to reach a diverse population. Collaborative networks among government agencies, relief organizations, businesses, and grassroots associations can bolster response capacity. Their unified efforts on localized resilience initiatives advance strategic plans for the state's most economically fragile neighborhoods. Implementation should focus on those with the highest vulnerability markers and the least ability to prepare, respond, and recover independently— metrics assessing community functionality, equity factors, and recovering spending offer evidence-based progress milestones. With climate change projected to increase disaster severity in Oklahoma, research-driven and equitable resilience policies for marginalized communities can reduce prolonged suffering. Tailored preparation, outreach, critical system backups, and financial support lessen acute shocks and accelerate recovery. However, sustainable policy change relies on addressing root socioeconomic inequalities through systemic interventions beyond immediate disaster management.

Development of an In-Pipe Inspection Robot for Large-Diameter Water Pipes.

This paper describes the development of an in-pipe inspection robot system designed for large-diameter water pipes. The robot is equipped with a Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) sensor module. The robot system is intended for pipes with diameters ranging from 900 mm to 1200 mm. The structure of the in-pipe inspection robot consists of the front and rear driving parts, with the inspection module located centrally. The robot is powered by 22 motors, including eight wheels with motors positioned at both the bottom and the top for propulsion. To ensure that the robot's center aligns with that of the pipeline during operation, lifting units have been incorporated. The robot is equipped with cameras and LiDAR sensors at the front and rear to monitor the internal environment of the pipeline. Pipeline inspection is conducted using the MFL inspection modules, and the robot's driving mechanism is designed to execute spiral maneuvers while maintaining contact with the pipeline surface during rotation. The in-pipe inspection robot is configured with wireless communication modules and batteries, allowing for wireless operation. Following its development, the inspection robot underwent driving experiments in actual pipelines to validate its performance. The field test bed used for these experiments is approximately 1 km in length. Results from the driving experiments on the field test bed confirmed the robot's ability to navigate various curvatures and obstacles within the pipeline. It is posited that the use of the developed in-pipe inspection robot can reduce economic costs and enhance the safety of inspectors when examining aging pipes.

Adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on layered pipe scales and the effects of disinfectants in drinking water distribution systems

Pipe scales in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) potentially adsorb chromium (Cr). Meanwhile, the fate of Cr in pipe scales and water could be influenced by the disinfectants used in DWDS since they might influence the valence state of Cr. Therefore, the adsorption of Cr (Cr(VI) and Cr(III)) on pipe scales, the transformation between different valence states, and the effects of disinfectants present in DWDS are important research topics for improving tap water quality but have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This study investigated the properties of layered pipe scales and conducted adsorption kinetic experiments in single and binary Cr(VI) and Cr(III) systems, as well as experiments related to the oxidation and adsorption of Cr(III) under the influence of decaying disinfectants. According to the results, pipe scales exhibited distinct layered structures with varying mechanisms for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Cr(VI) was adsorbed through surface complexation on the surface and porous core layers, while redox reactions predominantly occurred on the shell-like layer. Furthermore, Cr(III) was adsorbed via surface precipitation on the three-layer pipe scales. Importantly, disinfectants promoted the transformation of Cr(III) to the less readily released Cr(VI) in pipe scales, reducing the Cr exposure risk from the pipe scale phase. Pipe scales also decreased the Cr(VI) concentration in water (almost 0 mg/L), enhancing the safety of DWDS. This study provides theoretical guidance on the safe operation of DWDS.

Simulation of thermal field in mass concrete with cooling pipes based on the isogeometric analysis method

As the water pipe cooling system is widely applied to controlling temperature in mass concrete structures, the precise simulation of the temperature field in mass concrete with cooling pipes embedded is meaningful. This paper presents an isogeometric analysis (IGA) with NURBS for heat transfer in mass concrete with consideration of the cooling pipe. The proposed method not only achieves the same level of accuracy with fewer nodes but also eliminates the time-consuming process of mesh in the traditional FEM. The coarsest parameter space which depicts small pipe and large concrete precisely is constructed to create an efficient model for numerical computation. In addition, the unique k-refinement in IGA is supposed to be the most appropriate encryption mechanism, and the knot insertion vector for effective refinement is calculated by considering the characteristics of temperature gradient distribution around the cooling pipes. In addition, a different calculation parameter has been discussed to show the stability and flexibility of the IGA. The obtained numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme in the simulation of transient temperature fields in concrete structures with cooling systems.

Modeling of low Mach number unsteady turbulent pipe flows

AbstractUnder adiabatic conditions, and neglecting temperature variations due to entropy production, we present a set of Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations for fluids of low compressibility, i.e., fluids in the liquid state. In the low Mach number limit, we specialize the RANS equations to the one-dimensional unsteady pipe flow, and we deduce the dimensionless number that plays a predominant role in the flow behavior. We reduce the system of equations to a linear damped wave equation, and use its analytical solution to investigate the propagation of large amplitude pressure waves in liquid-filled pipes (water hammer phenomenon). We test the model reliability by comparing the analytical solution of the proposed model against experimental data available in the literature.

Development of die drawing design factor prediction models for trenchless rehabilitation of water pipes: a case study

ABSTRACT Maintenance and replacement of aging water pipes are critical for urban development. To this end, trenchless rehabilitation methods that do not require excavation offer an efficient replacement for aging water pipes. Thus, this study developed a trenchless method using die drawing, which continuously inserts polyethylene (PE) liners into the reach point while maintaining traction in the host aging pipe. If the traction is removed after a certain period, the initially contracted liner pipe undergoes expansion under natural restoration and tightly adheres to the inner wall of the host pipe to achieve structural regeneration of the aging pipe. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the die drawing process using a rehabilitation design. Accordingly, we experimented with the die drawing method to achieve structural reinforcement using high elasticity PE liners. Thereafter, based on the experimental data, we developed prediction models to estimate traction, pipe restoration rate after traction release, and pipe restoration period. The developed models estimated the minimum required restoration period and provided deeper insights into the restoration behavior of the die drawing method employed in pre-equipment maintenance before on-site construction.

Performance comparison of air source heat pump coupling with solar evacuated tube water heater and that with micro heat pipe PV/T

Air source heat pump (ASHP) has been generally regarded as energy saving devices for winter heating, yet for low-income households, the operational costs for heating in low-temperature conditions may be prohibitively high. Solar evacuated tube water heater (SETWH) and photovoltaic/thermal are economical solar energy conversion devices. Integrating them into ASHP has been proven globally to significantly reduce heating costs. However, a performance comparison between the SETWH combined with ASHP (SETWH-ASHP) and of micro heat pipe photovoltaic/thermal (MHP-PV/T) combined with ASHP (MHP-PV/T-ASHP) heating systems remains unexplored. Therefore, for a 120 m2 building with underfloor heating water pipe, SETWH-ASHP and MHP-PV/T-ASHP heating systems were respectively developed on the TRNSYS software platform. Their accuracy was confirmed using prior experimental data, followed by performance simulation for the heating season. The result is that MHP-PV/T-ASHP heating system outperformed SETWH-ASHP heating system, showing a 19 % increase in solar fraction, a 2.2 boost in system energy efficiency ratio, a 12.3 % rise in primary energy saving rate, a 0.9-year shorter payback period, and a reduction of 494.7 kg in CO2 emissions over the heating season. The results offer practical guidance for the promotion and application of heating systems that combine efficient and low-cost solar conversion devices with ASHP.

Distribution characteristics and investigation evaluation of ammonia nitrogen in the soil and groundwater of a chemical plant

ABSTRACT In this study, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of ammonia nitrogen, and evaluated the pollution status of the soil and groundwater in this legacy site. The results revealed that the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the soil ranged from 2.36 to 32.7 mg/kg, and the areas with higher ammonia nitrogen concentration were the compression workshop, conversion workshop, sewage treatment area, and slag yard, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in these areas ranged from 10.1 to 32.7 mg/kg. The groundwater ammonia nitrogen concentration ranged from 0.04 to 1.47 mg/L, the average value was 0.526 mg/L. Soil and groundwater ammonia nitrogen pollution in the plant area was mainly attributed to the node leakage of waste water pipes, and the investigation and evaluation results revealed that the soil test results of this site are consistent with the corresponding screening values. As the groundwater in this site is not used for drinking and other purposes, its risk to human health is considered acceptable. The detection indicators of groundwater in some plots exceed the Class III or IV standards, so long-term monitoring and retrospective risk assessment are the focus of future risk management and control of the plots.

Failure evolution and mechanism of ground collapse due to exfiltration of shallowly buried water pipeline

Exfiltration of defective water pipelines is one of the leading causes contributing to the frequent ground collapses in congested urban areas; hence, revealing the failure evolution and mechanism of this hazard is essential to its prevention and mitigation. In this study, comprehensive experimental model tests were conducted first to characterize the evolution of soil erosion and ground collapse due to exfiltration of shallowly buried defective water pipes and examine the effects of six critical parameters, i.e., opening size and location, pipe pressure and buried depth, groundwater level, and exfiltration condition. Three failure behaviors of strata around leaking waterpipe were identified, i.e., minor disturbance (slight), formation and collapse of an erosion cavity (moderate), and soil fluidization (severe). Moreover, the ground loosening zone induced by cavity collapse could be roughly estimated using the modified flow ellipsoid theory; soil fluidization would occur once the ratio of water pressure head inside the pipe to its buried depth was greater than 2. Subsequently, a validated computational-fluid-dynamics and discrete-element-method (CFD–DEM) coupling method was employed to explore the microscopic mechanism of cavity erosion under the exfiltration flow. It was disclosed that the formation and expansion of a temporary cavity resulted from internal soil erosion, including the emigration of massive fine particles and aggregation of coarse particles around the defective pipe. Finally, the numerical simulation results indicated that cavity erosion would be exacerbated by increasing flow velocity and particle size-ratio, reducing soil fines content, and changing the opening from the pipe crown to its invert.

Vital infrastructures

Sustaining lives in urban environments depends on infrastructures – buildings, water pipes, sewers, energy distribution, or roads, among others. Their availability is particularly acute in Africa due to rapid urbanization, entrenched inequalities and persistent resource constraints. At the site of my ongoing research, Namibia’s capital Windhoek, the legacy of colonial segregation coupled with low incomes and lack of affordable housing have led to the mushrooming of ‘informal’ settlements with insufficient formal infrastructures. In these conditions, the necessity to satisfy basic needs, as well as aspirations of improvement, lead the residents to rely on improvisational skills, co-presence, and social relationships to innovate do-it-yourself (DIY) solutions as well as to appropriate, bypass and complement formal infrastructures. These arrangements are ‘vital infrastructures’ in two senses: both as facilitating and regenerating lives in the city, and as relying on the energies of the residents for their operation (which blurs the categories of provider and user). I argue that such vital infrastructures are a major force in the making of cities and urban lives, in Africa and beyond. While their immediate purpose is to solve practical problems, the social, transactional and political patterns that they entail lead to profoundly relational, co-constructed infrastructures and everyday governance.

Variable Pressure Difference Control Method for Chilled Water System Based on the Identification of the Most Unfavorable Thermodynamic Loop

A variable pressure differential fuzzy control method is proposed based on the online identification method for key parameters and the fuzzy subset inference fuzzy control method of the chilled water system network model. Firstly, a phase plane fuzzy identification method is proposed for the most unfavorable thermal loop. The study focuses on analyzing the trend of room temperature deviation and deviation change in different quadrants in the phase plane. Furthermore, we establish a chilled water pipe network model that recalculates flow variation in both the main pipe and each branch pipe section to eliminate the most unfavorable thermal loop. Finally, the test platform for the fan coil variable flow air conditioning water system was designed and constructed to meet the requirements of energy-saving regulation. Additionally, the network monitoring system for the test platform was completed. The calibration and debugging results demonstrate that the monitoring error is within ±5.0%, ensuring precise control of room temperature at the end of the branch within ±0.5 °C. Results demonstrate that our novel method exhibits superior stability in room temperature control compared to traditional linear variable pressure differential set point controls while achieving energy saving ranging from 4.7% to 6.5%.

An ensemble learning model for forecasting water-pipe leakage

Based on the benefits of different ensemble methods, such as bagging and boosting, which have been studied and adopted extensively in research and practice, where bagging and boosting focus more on reducing variance and bias, this paper presented an optimization ensemble learning-based model for a large pipe failure dataset of water pipe leakage forecasting, something that was not previously considered by others. It is known that tuning the hyperparameters of each base learned inside the ensemble weight optimization process can produce better-performing ensembles, so it effectively improves the accuracy of water pipe leakage forecasting based on the pipeline failure rate. To evaluate the proposed model, the results are compared with the results of the bagging ensemble and boosting ensemble models using the root-mean-square error (RMSE), the mean square error (MSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R2) of the bagging ensemble technique, the boosting ensemble technique and optimizable ensemble technique are higher than other models. The experimental result shows that the optimizable ensemble model has better prediction accuracy. The optimizable ensemble model has achieved the best prediction of water pipe failure rate at the 14th iteration, with the least RMSE = 0.00231 and MAE = 0.00071513 when building the model that predicts water pipe leakage forecasting via pipeline failure rate.

Implementing pictorial health warning labels on waterpipe tobacco products in Lebanon: A policy framework analysis of content, actors, context, and process.

Lebanon has one of the world's highest waterpipe (WP) consumption rates. Research has documented the effectiveness of implementing pictorial health warning labels (PHWLs) on WP products at encouraging smoking cessation and discouraging youth uptake of smoking. This study aims to gain insight into key informants' (KIs) views on the issuance, implementation, and compliance of a decree for PHWLs on WP products. Thirteen KIs (policymakers, media, and international/local non-government organization representatives) were interviewed online and asked about potential barriers and facilitators they saw to issuing and implementing a PHWL decree. They were shown examples of PHWLs and asked about processes needed for implementation and compliance. The policy triangle framework (content, actors, context, and process) was used to interpret findings. Although there was clear discrepancy and ambiguousness among the KIs' views regarding process and actors, there was more consensus and clarity around context and content. Challenges to implementation were: (1) multiple sources of production and supply of WP (2) uncertainty regarding the responsible actors for each step, (3) prioritization of a tobacco control decree amidst a political and economic crisis, and (4) challenges to practicality of applying PHWL on the WP given its multi-component nature. This research provides an in-depth understanding of KI's views regarding content, actors, context, and process in relation to the issuance, implementation, and compliance to PHWLs on WP products. Noted challenges require careful consideration if progress is to be made to introduce PHWLs. A growing research base has documented the potential effectiveness of PHWLs on reducing WP consumption.Findings of this study show that implementing PHWLs on WP products requires a distinct understanding of the policy environment and context, as well as content, actors, and processes.Implementing PHWLs on waterpipe tobacco products needs to address the complex nature of waterpipe smoking as a multi-component tobacco use method.

Investigating the research and development status and trends of constructed wetlands: A bibliometric and patent analysis

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been globally studied over the past few decades as promising energy-efficient and cost-effective green technology. As a result, it is critical to monitor the research and development (R&D) trend, research and innovative hotspots, sustainability status, development limitations, and key contributors at the forefront of this green infrastructure. The current study employs bibliometrics of research publications and patent analysis as the most effective carrier of technological information and significant R&D metrics to track the R&D trends in the field. Using the logistic model for S-curve analysis we predicted the technological life cycle of CW. Results from the study showed that (1) scientific publications and patents on CWs have experienced a steady growth at an annual rate of 22.2 % and 17.9 % respectively (2) China had the highest research and patent publications 77.6 % and 84 % respectively. However, the USA stood out as the most international collaborator in the field. (3) The analysis of co-occurrence keywords indicates that the significant hotspot of constructed wetlands research includes: “removal efficiency”, “performance”, and “wetland plants”. Whereas “sedimentation tank”, “inlet water pipe”, and “filter bed” were observed to be the innovative hotspots for CW development. (4) The S-curve analysis from the articles and patents shows technical saturation points of 4706 and 251 respectively with an estimated remaining time, an average of 15 years, which implies that presently the growth of CW is almost stagnant and has barely little potential for further growth. The current limitations of CW development and directions for future studies were outlined.

Evaluation of ANN model for pipe status assessment in drinking water management

ABSTRACT Non-revenue water due to pipe leakages presents a significant global challenge, impacting both the economy and environmental sustainability. The current approach to pipe management for water utilities in Sweden is mainly reactive; leaks are repaired when detected, sometimes with large costs if the leakage is extensive and critical. With this study, we want to focus on proactive pipe network management by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to estimate the probability of leakage in water pipes. The ANN model was trained on leaks that occurred over 10 years. A comparison with leaks reported after the training shows that the model succeeds in identifying groups of pipes with a higher leakage frequency. Evaluation of both new and historical leaks in four different water pipe networks in Sweden showed that a higher prediction value from the ANN model was linked to a higher occurrence of leakage. This indicates that the ANN model succeeds in identifying some of the combinations of attributes that lead to leakage. An evaluation of the input attributes in the ANN model found that the most important attributes for leakage prediction were pipe material, pipe age, adjacent problems on the pipe stretch, pipe length and pipe dimension.

A mechanistic deterioration point assignment model for water pipe condition assessment

ABSTRACT A pipe condition assessment model is required to implement effective and economical planned maintenance of the water distribution system. The application of such a model requires sufficient accuracy, which, however, is limited by the complexity of the pipe deterioration process and data storage capacity of the water utility. The majority of previous studies have focused on the improvement of assessment algorithms for data mining. In this study, a mechanistic deterioration point assignment (MDPA) model is developed to make advancements in the modes of data input and result output to enhance the model's accuracy and application scope for cast iron and steel pipes. In this MDPA model, (1) indicators/sub-indicators on external corrosion, external load, internal corrosion, and internal load are constructed and can be obtained by data estimation or techniques and (2) assessment results include both pipe overall condition and detailed conditions on corrosion and load, offering evidence for primary maintenance measures. The weights of the indicators/sub-indicators are estimated using the Bayesian statistics theory. The modelling results of pipe samples demonstrate that this MDPA model is an effective tool for pipe condition assessment.